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PubMed2003

Evaluation of growth potential of Crimean juniper (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) seedlings for the first growing season under Tekir forest nursery conditions in Kahramanmaras, Turkey.

In this study, growth potential of Crimean juniper (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) seedlings for the first growing season under Tekir Forest Nursery conditions in Kahramanmaras was evaluated. The height growth of Crimean juniper seedlings was relatively close to that of Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) seedlings produced in the same nursery, but their root collar diameters were fairly lower than that of Lebanon cedar seedlings. According to coniferous seedling standards of Turkish Standards Institute, the height growth of Crimean juniper seedlings was fairly good, but their root collar diameters were slightly small. In this respect, that 2+0 or 1+1 Crimean juniper seedlings are used in reforestation activities in the region would be more useful than 1+0 seedlings.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1997

Comparative in vitro and in vivo evaluation of himachalol in murine invasive aspergillosis.

Aspergilli are increasingly important infections in immunocompromised patients (ICP). The available antifungals often cause discrepancies in laboratory determination of MICs and a correlation in therapy. An effort was made to compare in vitro techniques for testing of antifungals, viz. polyenes, imidazoles, 5-fluorocytosine, amorolfine; and screened a phytoproduct- himachalol (a sesquiterpene alcohol) from Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud against A. fumigatus clinical isolates (24) by macrobroth two-fold seal dilution (TFSD), microbroth microtitre (MT) and disc diffusion (DD) techniques using various broth/agar media at varying periods of incubation. The best activity in terms of geometric mean (GM) (GM.MIC < 0.39 microgrmas ml-1) was obtained with SCZ in the broth by both MT or TFSD technique followed by ECZ (GM.MIC 0.39 micrograms ml-1) and ITZ (GM.MIC 0.39-0.8 micrograms ml-1) in RPMI-1640. Overall RPMI-1640 was found to be the most suitable growth medium for testing of azoles or amorolfine, and YNB for polyene and 5-FC. MT technique was the most sensitive quantitative, reproducible, rapid and economical compared to other techniques. The treatment of Swiss mice with himachalol (200 mg kg-1, po) once a day, for 7 days, provided 60% protection concomitantly with increased MST (15 days) against invasive aspergillosis. A combination of himachalol (200 mgkg-1) plus SCZ (5 mgkg-1) showed better regimen in the therapy evidenced by enhanced survival (80%) of mice significantly (p < 0.001) with prolonged MST (> 15 days) compared to control. The treatments also reduced cfu (mean log10) burden of A. fumigatus from kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

DNA vaccine using invariant chain gene for delivery of CD4+ T cell epitope peptide derived from Japanese cedar pollen allergen inhibits allergen-specific IgE response.

To establish a new immunotherapy for type I allergic diseases without allergic side effects, we attempted to develop a DNA vaccine encoding both a CD4+ T cell epitope site in a major Japanese cedar pollen allergen (Cry j 2) and an invariant chain (Ii) for the delivery of the epitope peptide into the MHC class II loading pathway. We constructed a plasmid DNA encoding the Ii mutant either by replacement of the core CLIP (class II-associated invariant chain peptide) with a peptide corresponding to the major Cry j 2 CD4+ T cell epitope in BALB/c mice, designated as p247-258 (pCPCJ2), or by fusion of the Ii with p247-258 at the C terminus (pIiCJ2). As expected, repeated inoculation of BALB/c mice with pCPCJ2 or pIiCJ2 induced no antibody response to Cry j 2. In contrast, intramuscular inoculation of BALB/c mice with pCPCJ2 or pIiCJ2 predominantly induced p247-258-specific Th1 cells, resulting in the inhibition of IgE response to subsequent Cry j 2 injections. Our results demonstrated that the plasmid DNA encoding the CD4+ T cell epitope and Ii can induce epitope-specific CD4+ T cell responses in vivo and the potential to regulate type I allergic reaction without allergic side effects.

Allergens↗
PubMed2001

Induction of oral tolerance to Japanese cedar pollen.

Oral tolerance is thought to play a role in preventing allergic responses and immune-mediated diseases. An improved mouse model of the oral tolerance to Japanese cedar pollen (JCP) as antigen was developed in order to detect induction of the tolerance, and the immunological characteristics of this model were also elucidated. Oral tolerance was induced by C3H/ HeN mice given an oral administration of 10 mg JCP 7 days before immunization with an i.p. injection of 0.1 mg JCP in complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA). The effects of oral JCP on systemic immunity were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in serum collected on day 7 or 14 after immunization. Oral tolerance to JCP was adequately induced on day 7 after immunization and was more effective in C3H/HeN mice than in BALB/c mice. The tolerance was primarily concerned with the decreased serum levels of antigen-specific IgG. In these mice, oral administration of JCP also suppressed various immune responses to the antigen including delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), total IgE level and anti-JCP IgG1 level. The suppression of these immune responses by the oral antigen was associated with a significant reduction in interleukin-4 (IL-4) production. These findings therefore indicate that this C3H/HeN mice model has potential use in detecting the induction of oral tolerance by JCP, and suggest that this tolerance model may be effective in the treatment and prevention of allergic responses caused by the antigen.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Effect of oral antigen administration on nasal blockage in experimental allergic rhinitis in guinea pigs.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: We evaluated the effectiveness of oral treatment with Japanese cedar pollen on experimental allergic rhinitis in guinea pigs. SUBJECTS: Male Hartley guinea pigs. TREATMENT: From 16 days before the first sensitisation, 1 and 100 mg/time/animal pollen suspension was orally administered twice weekly. Animals were then sensitised and repeatedly challenged with the pollen. METHOD: Guinea pigs were sensitised by intranasal instillation of cedar pollen extracts adsorbed onto Al(OH)3 at a dose of 0.3 microg pollen protein/0.3 mg Al(OH)3/3 microl/nostril twice a day for 7 days. Then the animal was challenged by inhalation with cedar pollen (1.8 mg/nostril) once every week. We evaluated the effects of the oral treatment with antigen on: 1) sneezing frequency, 2) nasal blockage after antigen challenge, 3) nasal hyperresponsiveness to histamine and leukotriene D4, and 4) titres of anaphylactic antibodies. RESULTS: During the course of the high dose administration, several animals died from a possible cytotoxicity, whereas the low dose caused no discernible change. The oral administration of the pollen at both the doses significantly inhibited nasal blockage, and the hyperresponsiveness to the stimuli was also strongly suppressed by the oral treatment. Inhibitory effectiveness did not differ substantially between the 1 and 100 mg/animal-treated groups. In contrast, neither sneezing frequency nor the increasing level of anaphylactic antibodies was influenced by the oral administration. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found that the pollen-induced nasal blockage and hyperresponsiveness were suppressed by the oral administration of the pollen in the sensitised guinea pig.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Mast cell hyperplasia induced by multiple challenge with cedar pollen in sensitised guinea pigs.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Because immediate allergic symptoms are aggravated by repetitive antigen challenges in a guinea pig model of Japanese cedar pollen-induced conjunctivitis, we determined whether conjunctival mast cells are different in number between the acute and chronic stages. METHODS: Sensitised guinea pigs were challenged by dropping a pollen suspension into their eyes once a week. Conjunctival tissue sections were stained with toluidine blue. Ophthalmic lavage was performed to assay for mast cell mediators. RESULTS: At the 20th and 40th challenges, the number of mast cells increased by 4- to 5-fold compared with the 1st challenge. Although mast cell degranulation was insignificant 10 min after the 1st challenge, the 20th and 40th challenges produced significant degranulation. After multiple challenges, the amount of histamine and tryptase-like activity in the lavage fluid was dramatically increased. CONCLUSION: Increased mast cells are associated with aggravated symptoms. Mast cell mediators may be involved in pathogenesis at the chronic stage.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

A gymnosperm ABI3 gene functions in a severe abscisic acid-insensitive mutant of Arabidopsis (abi3-6) to restore the wild-type phenotype and demonstrates a strong synergistic effect with sugar in the inhibition of post-germinative growth.

The CnABI3 gene of yellow-cedar is an orthologue of the ABI3/VP1 gene of angiosperms; it shares many common characteristics with other ABI3/VP1 genes, yet has unique characteristics as well. We examined whether this gymnosperm transcription factor can functionally complement an angiosperm species with a defective ABI3 gene. A severe Arabidopsis abi3 null mutant abi3-6 was stably transformed with the CnABI3 gene coding-region driven by a modified CaMV 35S promoter. Several of the visible mutant phenotypes (e.g., production of green seeds due to a lack of chlorophyll breakdown) were fully restored to those of the wild-type and the transformed seeds acquired desiccation tolerance. The functional complementation of the mutant also extended to the accumulation of several seed proteins (including seed-storage-proteins, alpha-tonoplast intrinsic protein, dehydrin-related polypeptides and oleosin), which were restored to wild-type levels. However, not all phenotypes were fully restored; sensitivities of transgenic seeds to exogenous ABA (as far as germination is concerned) were lower than that of the wild-type seeds, and flowering times were intermediate of those characteristic of wild-type and abi3-6 plants. A novel function for CnABI3, potentially related to a direct or indirect role in ER homeostasis was revealed. Two proteins with a molecular chaperone function in the ER (BiP and protein disulphide isomerase) were elevated in mutant seeds (indicative of ER stress); expression of the CnABI3 gene decreased the accumulation of these proteins to levels characteristic of the wild-type. These studies reveal the degree of conservation of ABI3 functions between gymnosperms and angiosperms as well as some novel functions of ABI3-related genes.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed2005

A study of the effectiveness of chemosurgery with trichloroacetic acid for Japanese cedar pollenosis in terms of the chemical mediator levels in the nasal discharge and results of nasal provocation testing.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of chemosurgery with 80w/v% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for the treatment of Japanese cedar pollenosis. The effectiveness of this treatment was evaluated in terms of the levels in the nasal washings of the chemical mediators histamine and eosinophil cationic protein, and the reactivity in the nasal provocation test. METHODS: Patients of cedar pollenosis were divided into two groups, the TCA-treated group (n=90) and the group that was not treated with TCA (nonTCA-treated group) (n=79), according to whether or not they received TCA treatment. In both the groups, the levels of the two aforementioned mediators in the nasal washings were measured during the pollen dispersal season. In addition, allergen provocation tests were performed using the disk method in volunteers from both the groups during the non-pollen dispersal season. The results of the above two determinations were compared statistically between the two groups. RESULTS: The results revealed significantly lower levels of the two mediators in the TCA-treated group than in the nonTCA-treated group (p<0.01). There was also a greater tendency for the subjects in the TCA-treated group as compared to those in the nonTCA-treated group to show negative reactivity in the allergen provocation test (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Regional suppression of the allergic reaction to Japanese cedar pollen appears to occur as a result of chemosurgery with TCA performed as a day surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Superheated steam pyrolysis of biomass elemental components and Sugi (Japanese cedar) for fuels and chemicals.

To develop a novel noncatalytic biomass refinery process that can be used as a portable process, superheated steam pyrolysis was investigated to produce both carbonized solid fuels and chemicals using a large-scale reactor. Individual biomass components and native biomass (Sugi, Japanese cedar) were pyrolyzed. Between 150 and 400 degrees C, the vaporizing fractions of cellulose, xylan, and kraft lignin were summarized using a numerical model. Cellulose was converted to glycolaldehyde, furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and levoglucosan, whereas xylan was converted to glycolaldehyde, furfural, and acetic acid. Kraft lignin produced a slight yield of phenol and guaiacol. The total vaporization fraction of Sugi and its vaporizing rate were explained sufficiently using a numerical model based on the weighted average of the vaporizing properties of the individual components. However, the yields of phenol, guaiacol, and acetic acid were underestimated, while the yields of furfurals and levoglucosan were overestimated. Possible synergetic effects among chemicals in the superheated steam pyrolysis of native biomass were also discussed.

Biomass↗
PubMed2005

Quantitative determination of benzalkonium chloride in treated wood by solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

Ammoniacal copper quat (ACQ) compound wood preservative is comprised of copper and quaternary ammonium compounds with benzalkonium chloride (BAC) as the active ingredient. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (LC-UV) was developed for quantitative determination of BAC in treated wood. Five species of wood were used, Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis), Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis), Sakhalin fir (Abies sachalinensis), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). BAC used in the present study was composed of 66% C12, 33% C14 and less than 1% C16. BAC was added to each wood species (500 mg) then extracted with HCl-ethanol (20 ml) and quantitatively determined with LC-UV (262 nm). Wood extractives from the heartwood of each species, except western hemlock, interfered with quantitative determination of BAC, but SPE with an Oasis MCX cartridge was effective in preventing this. Using the present methods, BAC homologue peaks were clearly confirmed without interference. Recoveries from wood ranged from 92 to 101% and the limit of quantitation was approximately 240 microg/g wood for the C12 and C14 homologues.

Abies↗
PubMed2005

Methane fermentation of Japanese cedar wood pretreated with a white rot fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora.

Methane fermentation of Japanese cedar wood was carried out after pretreatment with four strains of white rot fungi, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora ATCC 90467, CZ-3, CBS 347.63 and Pleurocybella porrigens K-2855. These fungi were cultivated on wood chip media with and without wheat bran for 4-8 weeks. The pretreated wood chip was fermented anaerobically with sludge from a sewage treatment plant. Pretreatments with C. subvermispora ATCC 90467, CZ-3 and CBS 347.63 in the presence of wheat bran for 8 weeks decreased 74-76% of beta-O-4 aryl ether linkages in the lignin to accelerate production of methane. After fungal treatments with C. subvermispora ATCC 90467 and subsequent 30-days methane fermentation, the methane yield reached 35 and 25% of the theoretical yield based on the holocellulose contents of the decayed and original wood, respectively. In contrast, treatment with the three strains of C. subvermispora without wheat bran cleaved 15-26% of the linkage and produced 6-9% of methane. There were no significant accelerating effects in wood chips treated with P. porrigens which has a lower ability to decompose the lignin. Thus, it was found that C. subvermispora, with a high ability to decompose aryl ether bonds of lignin, promoted methane fermentation of softwood in the presence of wheat bran.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2006

Batch study of liquid-phase adsorption of methylene blue using cedar sawdust and crushed brick.

This paper presents a study on the batch adsorption of basic dye, methylene blue, from aqueous solution (40 mg L(-1)) onto cedar sawdust and crushed brick in order to explore their potential use as low-cost adsorbents for wastewater dye removal. Adsorption isotherms were determined at 20 degrees C and the experimental data obtained were modelled with the Langmuir, Freundlich, Elovich and Temkin isotherm equations. Adsorption kinetic data determined at a temperature of 20 degrees C were modelled using the pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetic equations, liquid-film mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion models. By considering the experimental results and adsorption models applied in this study, it can be concluded that equilibrium data were represented well by a Langmuir isotherm equation with maximum adsorption capacities of 142.36 and 96.61 mg g(-1) for cedar sawdust and crushed brick, respectively. The second-order model best describes adsorption kinetic data. Analysis of adsorption kinetic results indicated that both film- and particle-diffusion are effective adsorption mechanisms. The Influence of temperature and pH of the solution on adsorption process were also studied. The extent of the dye removal decreased with increasing the solution temperature and optimum pH value for dye adsorption was observed at pH 7 for both adsorbents. The results indicate that cedar sawdust and crushed brick can be attractive options for dye removal from dilute industrial effluents.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Dynamic sorption of methylene blue by cedar sawdust and crushed brick in fixed bed columns.

The dynamic removal of methylene blue by cedar sawdust and crushed brick was studied in packed bed columns. The values of column parameters were predicted as a function of flow rate and bed height. On evaluating the breakthrough curves, the sorption isotherms of methylene blue onto cedar sawdust and crushed brick in 20 degrees C aqueous solution were experimentally determined in batch conditions. Both the Freundlich and the Langmuir models were found to fit the sorption isotherm data well, but the Langmuir model was better. A series of column tests using cedar sawdust and crushed brick as low-cost sorbents were performed to determine the breakthrough curves with varying bed heights and flow rates. To predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic parameters of the column useful for process design, five kinetic models; Bohart and Adams, bed depth service time (BDST), Clark, Wolborska, and Yoon and Nelson models were applied to experimental data. All models were found suitable for describing the whole or a definite part of the dynamic behavior of the column with respect to flow rate and bed height, with the exception of Bohart and Adams model. The simulation of the whole breakthrough curve was effective with the Yoon and Nelson and the Clark models, but the breakthrough was best predicted by the Wolborska model.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Structural basis for epitope sharing between group 1 allergens of cedar pollen.

The group 1 allergens are a major cause of cedar pollen hypersensitivity in several geographic areas. Allergens from several taxa have been shown to cross-react. The goal of these studies was to compare the structural features of the shared and unique epitopes of the group 1 allergen from mountain cedar (Jun a 1) and Japanese cedar (Cry j 1). An array of overlapping peptides from the sequence of Jun a 1 and a panel of monoclonal anti-Cry j 1 antibodies were used to identify the IgE epitopes recognized by cedar-sensitive patients from Texas and Japan. IgE from Japanese patients reacted with peptides representing one of the two linear epitopes within the highly conserved beta-helical core structure and both epitopes within less ordered loops and turns near the N- and C-termini of Jun a 1. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the Cry j 1, based on the crystal structure of Jun a 1, indicated a similar surface exposure for the four described epitopes of Jun a 1 and the homologous regions of Cry j 1. The monoclonal antibodies identified another shared epitope, which is most likely conformational and a unique Cry j 1 epitope that may be the previously recognized glycopeptide IgE epitope. Defining the structural basis for shared and unique epitopes will help to identify critical features of IgE epitopes that can be used to develop mimotopes or identify allergen homologues for vaccine development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Seasonal and long-term change in lead deposition in central Japan: evidence for atmospheric transport from continental Asia.

Long-range transport of air pollution from continental Asia is currently an important issue concerning the Japanese environment, especially in regions susceptible to acidification due to low buffering capacity, such as Murakami, Niigata prefecture, located on the west coast of central Japan. Evidence for long-range transport was obtained through lead and lead isotopic analysis of 84 archived precipitation filters, showing seasonal changes in lead deposition from May 1999 to May 2002. Lead deposition was highest in winter and spring (November through May) each year and lowest in summer. Computed 72-h back trajectories showed that in winter air masses were predominantly transported from the northwest, passing over northern China and eastern Russia, whilst in summer air masses predominantly originated from the southeast passing over Japan. Lead isotopic analysis showed higher (208)Pb/(206)Pb during winter, indicating that lead originated from a different source. A plot of (207)Pb/(206)Pb vs. (208)Pb/(206)Pb identified a thorogenic component, which is excess (208)Pb compared to a standard lead growth curve, indicative of certain lead ores and coals in continental Asia. The data provided evidence of long-range transport of lead from continental Asia to Japan. Bark pockets included within the trunks of two Japanese cedar trees harvested near Murakami, dating between 1972 and 1982, exhibited lead isotope ratios indicative of Japanese-sourced lead. In contrast, current (2003) bark showed thorogenic ratios, consistent with a relative decline in Japanese-sourced and increase in continental-sourced lead.

Air Movements↗
PubMed2001

IgE reactivity and cross-reactivity to Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) pollen allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis.

The natural occurrence of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis has been reported in dogs with atopic dermatitis. However, the reactivity to Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) pollen allergens in these dogs has not been reported. The present study was designed to investigate the reactivity to Japanese cypress pollen allergens in dogs sensitized to Japanese cedar pollen allergens. In 19 dogs with specific IgE to C. japonica pollen allergen, we measured the specific IgE to C. obtusa pollen allergen and examined the reactivity to the allergen by intradermal test. Of the 19 dogs, 18 had specific IgE to crude and purified major allergens (Cha o 1) of C. obtusa pollen. Most of the dogs showed a positive reaction to C. obtusa pollen allergens in the intradermal test. Allergenic cross-reactivity between Cha o 1 and Cry j 1 (a major allergen in C. japonica pollen) was observed by the ELISA inhibition method. Dogs sensitized to Japanese cedar pollen allergens demonstrate reactivity to Japanese cypress pollen allergens.

Allergens↗
PubMed2002

Birch-pollen sensitization in an area without atmospheric birch pollens.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the incidence of individuals with a subclinical allergy to birch pollen and the possible allergic association between birch pollen and other allergens in areas without atmospheric birch pollen. METHODS: Birch-pollen-specific immunoglobulin E concentration in sera, together with those for some other inhaled and ingested allergens, was measured in 409 male and 525 female patients (an average age of 58.6 years, born and raised in an area without atmospheric birch pollen) with suspicious nose and/or throat allergies. Concomitantly, types and concentrations of pollen grains in the regional air were examined. RESULTS: Of 934 patients 13.2% showed birch-pollen-specific immunoglobulin E although no birch pollens were observed in the atmospheric air. The rate was relatively low in comparison with those for clinically important inhaled allergens in this area: 35.2% for Japanese cedar pollen, 24.7% for house dust and 23.2% for cypress pollen. Spearman's rank correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis revealed that birch pollen correlated strongly with apple and some foodstuffs commonly ingested by all age groups (rho>0.6000, odds ratio>27.191). CONCLUSIONS: A considerably large number of patients with a subclinical allergy to birch pollen exist in an area without atmospheric birch pollen. Measurement of specific immunoglobulin E to birch pollen is important even in such areas for screening and diagnosing patients with oral allergy syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effect of fexofenadine hydrochloride on cedar pollinosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of fexofenadine hydrochloride (Allegra(R) tablets), an antihistaminic launched in 2001, in patients with cedar pollinosis by dividing them into two groups for comparison, i.e. the early-treatment group in which treatment was started before the initial day of the pollen scattering, and the therapeutic-treatment group in which treatment was started after the initial day of the pollen scattering. METHODS: Early-treatment group: patients who visited the hospital before the initial day of cedar pollen scattering were orally given one tablet of the drug twice daily. Therapeutic-treatment group: patients who visited the hospital after the initial day of cedar pollen scattering were orally given one tablet of the drug twice daily. The total number of cases in which the efficacy evaluation was possible was 37 cases (19 cases of the early-treatment group and 18 cases of the therapeutic-treatment group) after application of exclusion criteria. RESULTS: The useful rate of moderately effective or better against sneeze was 90% in the early-treatment group, and 78% in the therapeutic-treatment group, and there was a significant difference between both groups. The degree of satisfaction in the early-treatment group was 3.8 points, and 4.2 points in the therapeutic-treatment group, and the therapeutic-treatment group showed a higher score, but there was no significant difference between both groups. As adverse reaction, there was only one case of mild dizziness (2.7%), and no other adverse reactions such as sleepiness were observed. CONCLUSIONS: It was suggested that fexofenadine hydrochloride administered in patients with cedar pollinosis from before substantial pollen scattering might control their symptoms to mild ones, and might control worsening of their symptoms after the substantial pollen scattering, and, therefore, the drug was considered to be useful in early therapy.

Adolescent↗