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PubMed1997

Capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) grips for the use of stone tools.

This research examined capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) grips for the use of throwing, nut-cracking and cutting tools. We provided subjects with stones and apparatus that accommodated the use of stones as tools. Our subjects exhibited five grips, two of which the animals used when force was the primary consideration (power grips) and three of which the animals used when accuracy of sensory judgment and instrumentation was required (precision grips). We believe that the range of contexts in which capuchins use stone tools, combined with the ability of capuchins to employ both power and precision grips as part of their tool repertoire, indicate that Cebus apella can be used to identify grips that facilitated hominid lithic technology.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Social influences on the acquisition of sex-typical foraging patterns by juveniles in a group of wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus nigritus).

Foraging traditions in primates are becoming the subject of increasing debate. Recent evidence for such a phenomenon was recently provided for wild Cebus capucinus [Fragaszy & Perry, 2003]. To better understand the bases of animal traditions, one should examine intrapopulation behavioral variability and the influence of social context on within-group transmission of specific foraging patterns. We studied the variability of foraging patterns across age and sex classes, and the proximity patterns of juveniles to adults of both sexes in a group of wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus nigritus) living in the Iguazu National Park, Argentina. Foraging activity was examined for a period of 9 months in terms of proportions of focal samples devoted to foraging on certain food targets, microhabitats, and supports, and using specific foraging patterns. Proximity analyses were performed to reveal patterns of association between juveniles and adults. Sex differences in foraging behavior were present and overrode age differences. Overall, males ate more animal foods, foraged more for invertebrates on woody microhabitats (especially large branches), palms, and epiphytes, and used lower and larger supports than females. Females ate more fruits, foraged more on leaves and bamboo microhabitats, and used smaller supports than males. Juveniles were similar to adults of the same sex in terms of food targets, foraging substrates, and choice of supports, but were less efficient than adults. Proximity patterns indicated that juvenile males stayed in close spatial association with adult males and preferentially focused their "food interest" on them. This phenomenon was less evident in juvenile females. The degree to which juveniles, especially males, showed some of the sex-typical foraging patterns correlated positively with their proximity to adults of the same sex. These findings suggest that the acquisition of foraging behaviors by juvenile males is socially biased by their closeness to adults of the same sex.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Cytologic, hormonal, and ultrasonographic correlates of the menstrual cycle of the New World monkey Cebus apella.

Few reports on the reproductive physiology of Cebus apella have been published. In this study we characterized menstrual cycle events by means of vaginal cytology, ultrasonography (US), and hormonal measurements in serum during three consecutive cycles in 10 females, and assessed the probability that ovulation would occur in the same ovary in consecutive cycles in 18 females. The lengths and phases of the cycles were determined according to vaginal cytology. Taking the first day of endometrial bleeding as the first day of the cycle, the mean cycle length +/- SEM was 19.5+/-0.4 days, with follicular and luteal phases lasting 8.2+/-0.2 and 11.3+/-0.4 days, respectively. The follicular phase included menstruation and the periovulatory period, which was characterized by the presence of a large number of superficial eosinophilic cells in the vaginal smear. The myometrium, endometrium, and ovaries were clearly distinguished on US examination. During each menstrual cycle a single follicle was recruited at random from either ovary. The follicle grew from 3 mm to a maximum diameter of 8-9 mm over the course of 8 days, in association with increasing estradiol (E(2)) serum levels (from 489+/-41 to 1600+/-92 pmol/L). At ovulation, the mean diameter of the dominant follicle usually decreased by >20%, 1 day after the maximum E(2) level was reached. Ovulation was associated with an abrupt fall in E(2), a decreased number of eosinophilic cells, the presence of leukocytes and intermediate cells in the vaginal smear, and a progressive increase in progesterone (P) levels that reached a maximum of 892+/-65 nmol/L on days 3-6 of the luteal phase. The menstrual cycle of Cebus apella differs in several temporal and quantitative aspects from that in humans and Old World primates, but it exhibits the same correlations between ovarian endocrine and morphologic parameters.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cross-genus adoption of a marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) by wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus): case report.

We report a case of interspecies adoption of an infant marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) by wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus). The marmoset was an infant when it was first observed in the capuchin group on 3 March 2004. Since it first appeared it has been observed informally and frequently. In January 2005 systematic observations were made of the marmoset and a capuchin of similar age. Throughout its period of adoption the marmoset appeared to be socially integrated into the group, benefiting from nurturant behaviors exhibited by two successive adoptive "mothers" and pronounced tolerance from all members of the group. This case highlights the flexibility of both Callithrix and Cebus in accommodating variable social behaviors and other characteristics (including size) of social partners.

Adoption↗
PubMed2007

Cortisol response and ovarian hormones in juvenile and cycling female Cebus monkeys: effect of stress and dexamethasone.

We examined cortisol profiles in relation to ovarian hormones and their response to a repeated composite stressor with and without dexamethasone suppression. To evaluate the day-to-day changes in circulating cortisol relative to ovarian hormones, we subjected five adult female Cebus apella monkeys daily to restraint, sedation, transport to a neighboring room for femoral venipuncture, and return to the cage throughout the menstrual cycle. The cortisol response to the repeated stressor for blood collection, its relationship with the ovarian function, and the effects of dexamethasone were evaluated in six juveniles (18-24 months old) and five adult females in the luteal phase. Blood was sampled at time 0; then the monkeys received the vehicle and their blood was sampled again at 1, 2, 4, and 24 hr. This experiment was repeated 3 weeks later, with dexamethasone (i.m. 2 mg/Kg) injected instead of vehicle. Plasma aliquots were assayed for cortisol, progesterone, and estradiol. The results revealed that from middle infancy and throughout adulthood, hypercortisolism is the norm in female Cebus monkeys. The high cortisol values remained unchanged across the cycle despite the cyclic changes in estradiol and progesterone levels. Juvenile monkeys exhibited a higher cortisol response to stress than adults, and both juvenile and adult monkeys exhibited the typical suppression by dexamethasone. A rapid suppression of progesterone co-occurred in parallel with cortisol after dexamethasone injection in juvenile monkeys, suggesting that most circulating progesterone originates in the adrenals. In contrast, adult females exhibited an overincrement of progesterone levels, in parallel with a rise in cortisol, in response to the stressor, and this effect was exacerbated by dexamethasone. The findings suggest that hypercortisolism is insufficient to disrupt ovarian development toward a normal cyclical function, and that ovarian steroids have no influence on day-to-day circulating cortisol levels. On the other hand, the overincrement of progesterone levels induced by stress and/or glucocorticoids during the early luteal phase is unlikely to interfere with the development of this phase and implantation in this monkey species.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Cross-site differences in foraging behavior of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus).

Researchers have identified a variety of cross-site differences in the foraging behavior of free-ranging great apes, most notably among chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and more recently orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), that are not due to obvious genetic or ecological differences. These differences are often referred to as "traditions." What is not known is whether this high level of interpopulation variation in behavior is limited to hominoids. In this study, we use long-term data from three Costa Rican field sites that are geographically close and similar ecologically to identify potential foraging traditions in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Foraging traditions are predicted in Cebus because of many behavioral and morphological convergences between this genus and the great apes. The processing techniques used for the same food species were compared across sites, and all differences found were classified as present, habitual, or customary. Proximity data were also analyzed to determine if social learning mechanisms could explain variation in foraging behavior. Of the 61 foods compared, we found that 20 of them are processed differently by capuchins across sites. The differences involve pound, rub, tap, "fulcrum," "leaf-wrap," and "army ant following." For most of the differences with enough data to analyze, the average proximity score of the "matched" dyads (two individuals within a group who shared a "different" processing technique) was statistically higher than the average proximity score of the remaining "unmatched" dyads.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluating social influences on food-processing behavior in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus).

Interpopulation variability in patterns of food processing, similar to what is described as "traditional" or "cultural" variation in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), was identified in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). However, recent comparisons of food processing in capuchins were conducted only at the population level, with relatively little attention given to variability among groups, age/sex classes, or individuals. This paper examines variability in the processing of specific food types within the context of various social networks (i.e., patterns of association, rank, and kinship) among free-ranging Cebus capucinus at Santa Rosa National Park in Costa Rica. We collected data on two groups of white-faced capuchins in 2001, identifying rates of "food interest" for each individual, as well as forms of processing for specific food types. Juveniles exhibited the most interest in the food-processing behavior of other group members, and food interest was directed most frequently toward adult females. We identified distinctive processing techniques for several food items (Luehea candida pods, Sloanea terniflora fruits, and caterpillars) that facilitated comparisons among individuals within groups. Food-processing techniques for Sloanea fruit and caterpillars appeared to vary independently of the social networks examined in this study. However, we found evidence that variation in Luehea candida processing is to some degree linked to both patterns of association and social rank. The potential influence of these variables on observed food processing patterns warrants further scrutiny.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Variability in food-processing behavior among white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica.

Observed patterns of variability in the food-processing behavior of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) across populations may reflect foraging traditions. However, there has been relatively little attention given to intrapopulation variability in food processing among groups and age/sex classes, making recent cross-population comparisons difficult to interpret. In this paper, we provide data on patterns of object use in foraging that we observed at Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica, for comparison with published data from a neighboring research site, Palo Verde National Park. We also describe the techniques used to process two food items consumed by Cebus capucinus at Santa Rosa, and discuss the factors that may underlie observed variability. We conducted a 6-month study on two groups of capuchins in 2001, and collected data on general activity and feeding patterns, rates and forms of object use, and distinctive processing techniques employed for two specific foods (Sloanea terniflora and Luehea candida). Rates of object-use behavior at Santa Rosa were considerably higher than those reported for Palo Verde and showed significant variation between groups and age/sex classes, as did patterns of Sloanea and Luehea processing. Observed differences in feeding rates between groups may reflect food availability or relative profitability, whereas variation between age/sex classes seems to reflect differences in the physical capabilities, foraging strategies, and the relative experience of mature and immature animals. Further research is needed to identify how a social context may influence the acquisition of food-processing techniques in juveniles and the development of foraging traditions in social groups.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Visual topography of V1 in the Cebus monkey.

The representation of the visual field in the striate cortex (V1) was mapped with multiunit electrodes in the Cebus monkey. Nine Cebus apella, anesthetized with N2O and immobilized with pancuromium bromide were studied in repeated recording sessions. In each hemisphere, V1 contains a continuous representation of the contralateral visual hemifield. The representation of the vertical meridian (VM) forms the external border of V1 except at the anteriormost portion of the calcarine fissure. The representation of the horizontal meridian (HM) divides the area so that the representation of the lower visual field is located dorsally, and that of the upper field ventrally. The convoluted surface of V1 can be only partially unfolded, and no precise "flattened" map can be obtained without introducing surface discontinuities. The visual topography of V1 is presented in a series of coronal sections and in "flattened" maps. The representation of the central visual field is magnified relative to that of the periphery in V1. The evaluation of the cortical magnification factors measured along isoeccentric and isopolar dimensions in the partially unfolded model of V1 revealed anisotropies in the representation of the visual field with larger magnification along isopolar lines than along isoeccentric lines. Receptive field size increases with increasing eccentricity, whereas point image size decreases with increasing eccentricity.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Telencephalic cholinergic system of the New World monkey (Cebus apella): morphological and cytoarchitectonic assessment and analysis of the projection to the amygdala.

While the cholinergic projection from the nucleus basalis to the cortical mantle has received considerable attention, a similar projection to the magnocellular basal nucleus of the amygdala has not been studied in such detail. The present study analyzed the cholinergic basal forebrain projection to the amygdala in the Cebus apella monkey by using combined tract-tracing and immunocytochemical techniques. As a foundation for this assessment, the morphological and cytoarchitectonic organization of the cholinergic telencephalic system of the New World C. apella monkey was examined by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry. Although there were minor differences, the telencephalic cholinergic system of Cebus monkeys is similar to that seen in Old World nonhuman primates. ChAT-immunoreactive neurons were observed throughout the Ch1-4 regions of the basal forebrain, with subdivisions of the Ch4 region similar to those previously described (Mesulam et al., '83a). Most cholinergic neurons were hyperchromic and magnocellular; however, some neurons were parvicellular. Like most species, cholinergic neurons were also observed throughout the striatum. However, unlike in rodents, cholinergic perikarya were not observed within the cortex or hippocampus. To analyze the cholinergic fiber projections from the basal forebrain to the amygdala, monkeys received an intraamygdaloid injection of the retrograde tracer horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin. Retrogradely labeled neurons that colocalized ChAT or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were found predominantly in the anterolateral portion of the CH4 region. Fewer double-labeled neurons were found in the anteromedial and intermediate portion of CH4 and in the CH3 region. Neurons that exhibited retrograde labeling were only occasionally discerned in the posterior portions of the CH4 region, in the medullary laminae of the globus pallidus, or lodged within the internal capsule. These data are discussed in terms of the putative role this cholinergic input might play in cognitive processing in primates.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1989

Visual area MT in the Cebus monkey: location, visuotopic organization, and variability.

The representation of the visual field in the dorsal portion of the superior temporal sulcus (ST) was studied by multiunit recordings in eight Cebus apella, anesthetized with N2O and immobilized with pancuronium bromide, in repeated recording sessions. On the basis of visuotopic organization, myeloarchitecture, and receptive field size, area MT was distinguished from its neighboring areas. MT is an oval area of about 70 mm2 located mainly in the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus. It contains a visuotopically organized representation of at least the binocular visual field. The representation of the vertical meridian forms the dorsolateral, lateral, and ventrolateral borders of MT and that of the horizontal meridian runs across the posterior bank of ST. The fovea is represented at the lateralmost portion of MT, while the retinal periphery is represented medially. The representation of the central visual field is magnified relative to that of the periphery in MT. The cortical magnification factor in MT decreases with increasing eccentricity following a negative power function. Receptive field size increases with increasing eccentricity. A method to evaluate the scatter of receptive field position in multiunit recordings based on the inverse of the magnification factor is described. In MT, multiunit receptive field scatter increases with increasing eccentricity. As shown by the Heidenhain-Woelcke method, MT is coextensive with two myeloarchitectonically distinct zones: one heavily myelinated, located in the posterior bank of ST, and another, less myelinated, located at the junction of the posterior bank with the anterior bank of ST. At least three additional visual zones surround MT: DZ, MST, and FST. The areas of the dorsal portion of the superior temporal sulcus in the diurnal New World monkey Cebus are comparable to those described for the diurnal Old World monkey, Macaca. This observation suggests that these areas are ancestral characters of the simian lineage and that the differences observed in the owl monkey may be secondary adaptations to a nocturnal ecological niche.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity in the new world monkey (Cebus apella) and human cerebellum.

The present study used the NGFR-5 monoclonal antibody raised against human nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) to determine the extent of NGFR immunoreactivity within the embryonic and young adult Cebus apella cerebellum as well as the human cerebellum. Immunohistochemically processed tissue revealed NGFR expressing Purkinje cell somata, axons, and dendrites, the latter being observed within the molecular layer of both adult species. Within all regions of the cerebellum we observed both darkly and lightly immunostained Purkinje cells. The proximal axons of these cells, which were visualized for short distances within the granular cell layer, appeared to contain bulbous aggregates of reaction product. In sagittal sections, the full extent of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree was observed in the more lightly stained portions of the cerebellum. In situ hybridization experiments revealed NGFR mRNA within Purkinje cells in a pattern similar to that seen with immunohistochemistry. The distribution of NGFR immunoreactivity within the cerebellum exhibits a general topographic organization with the heaviest and most consistent staining occurring within the archi- and neocerebellum and weaker staining within the paleocerebellum. In fetal Cebus monkey cerebellum obtained at gestational day 50 and 70, NGFR immunoreactivity was observed as a band composed of developing Purkinje cell neurites. These profiles were seen in the paleo- and neocerebellum, but not the archicerebellum. The present investigation is the first demonstration of NGFR immunoreactive profiles in the adult monkey and human cerebellum. These findings suggest that nerve growth factor may influence locomotor and vestibular behaviors that are mediated by cerebellar circuity. The precise mode of action for the NGF/NGFR system within the cerebellum remains to be determined.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Intracerebral infection of Cebus apella with the XJ-Clone 3 strain of Junín virus.

To assess the usefulness of the South American primate Cebus apella as a model for neurovirulence of Junín virus, eight monkeys were inoculated with 10(5) LD50 of the attenuated XJ-Clone 3 Junín virus strain by the intrathalamic route. After the second week, weight loss and polyadenopathies were observed in most animals, one-half of which had a transient leukothrombocytopenia. Moderate clinical central nervous system (CNS) involvement was present in four of eight monkeys, while the rest had only mild neurologic signs. All recovered except one, which developed a deep coma and was killed in a pre-mortem stage at 18 days post-infection (pi). Junín virus was isolated from the throat from five, from the blood from three, and from the brain from two monkeys. In the most severely ill animal, virus titers higher than viremia were detected in both inoculated and contralateral brain hemispheres, as well as in lung, lymph node, and small intestine. Junín antigens and "in vivo" bound immunoglobulins were detected by immunofluorescence (IF) in the brain of four animals at 18, 21, 40, and 155 days pi. Moderate lymphocytic parenchymal and meningeal infiltration were observed in the brain of four animals, and gliosis was also present in the most affected monkey. Although the clinical response to infection was not uniform, all infected monkeys developed high IF antibodies. Cebus apella cannot be used as a highly sensitive model for Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). However, the results obtained show that the XJ-Clone 3 strain can replicate in the primate CNS and to induce lesions and immunoglobulin deposition. In addition, viral persistence is suggested by the late detection of viral antigens in brain at 40 and 155 days pi.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effect of long-term feeding of soy-based diets on the pancreas of Cebus monkeys.

Feeding soy-based protein containing trypsin inhibitor causes pancreatic hypertrophy in the rat, and long-term feeding (up to 2 years) has revealed a high incidence of adenoma following hypertrophy. It was therefore of interest to determine whether the ingestion of soy-based protein has any adverse effects on the primate pancreas. A resource of 27 Cebus albifrons monkeys, previously used to evaluate the protein quality of several soy and milk proteins, has been maintained on semi-synthetic diets for 3 to 4 years; the protein sources for the diets were casein, lactalbumin, soy isolate and soy concentrate. In general the monkeys were in good physical health and their weights were appropriate for age and sex. Serum biochemical and hematological profiles were normal and there were no major differences between the groups. A pancreatic biopsy from both the head and tail region of the pancreas was taken from each monkey. Visual observation of the pancreas revealed no overt pathology; two independent histological examinations indicated no diet-related differences between groups, and biochemical analyses of trypsin, chymotrypsin, protein, DNA and RNA revealed no differences. It is concluded that feeding low level trypsin inhibitor-containing diets for up to 4 years caused no adverse effects in the pancreas of the Cebus nonhuman primate.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Sensorimotor unit activity related to intention in the pulvinar of behaving Cebus Apella monkeys.

Previous observations made in our laboratory in a waking behaving Cebus Apella monkey revealed that neurons of the Pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus discharged preferentially in relation to intentional movements of the limbs and eyes. We give here a description of further observations made in two waking, behaving Cebus Apella monkeys trained to perform two tasks: in the first to make saccadic eye movements to eccentrically placed visual targets; in the second, to make projection movements of the arm and hand to touch targets within arm's reach. The electrical activity of thalamic neurons was recorded extracellularly and records were made simultaneously of the horizontal eye movements and of tasks events. Four-hundred-sixty-five neurons were studied: of these, the activity of 272 could be correlated with behavioral events, while the remaining 193 could not be correlated or classified in this manner. The cells identified were classed in five groups, as follows: (1) neurons active during attentive fixation of a target, but which did not respond to our ordinary visual test stimuli; (2) neurons active during projection movements of the arm or manipulation with the hand, but which were not active during casual movements of the hand or arm, and which were not activated by passive somatic sensory stimuli; (3) those active before, during or after evoked saccadic movements of the eyes, but which were not activated by our testing visual stimuli; (4) neurons active during tracking movements of the eyes, or during projection movements of the arm, alone, but which discharged maximally when these two events occurred simultaneously; and, (5) neurons active during both saccadic movements of the eyes and during projection movements of the arm. We regularly observed, for each of these classes of neurons of the Pulvinar, that optimal correlated activity depended upon the intentional nature of the associated behavioral events, and the animal's attention to them. We conclude that there exists at the level of the Pulvinar a neural correlate of certain evolving behavioral events, and particularly of intentional activity such as the projection of the arm or the direction of gaze towards targets of interest in the immediately surrounding visual environment. The regions of the Pulvinar containing neurons with these properties are reciprocally related to association areas of the Neocortex known to contain neurons with similar properties. It can then be concluded from both anatomical and electrophysiological observations that the Pulvinar is an essential part of the system controlling these complex behavioral events.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1988

Complete pattern of ocular dominance stripes in V1 of a New World monkey, Cebus apella.

The presence of ocular dominance (OD) stripes in layer IVc of striate cortex (V1) is characteristic of all Old World simians so far studied. In contrast, some species of New World monkeys do not have ocular dominance stripes, and in those that do, the pattern of stripes may be different from that shown in Old World monkeys. This difference has led to the suggestion that OD stripes evolved independently in both groups. We have mapped the entire system of OD stripes in the New World monkey Cebus, by means of cytochrome oxidase histochemistry after monocular enucleation. A striking similarity was found between the patterns in Cebus and Macaca, which is suggestive of common ancestry, rather than parallel evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The behavioral effects of acute and chronic JL 13, a putative antipsychotic, in Cebus non-human primates.

RATIONALE: Neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs are the mainstay of treating acute and chronic psychosis. However, their efficacy is offset by a wide array of side effects, especially extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS). In an attempt to develop novel antipsychotic agents, several animal models have been developed to characterize the profile of new chemical entities. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the behavioral characteristics of JL 13, a potentially unique antipsychotic agent, three separate studies across a wide dose range in Cebus monkeys were conducted and compared with two studies of oral and parenteral haloperidol. METHODS: Twelve Cebus monkeys were tested with single i.m. doses of JL 13 (0.1-2.5 mg/kg), single p.o. doses (1.0-50.0 mg/kg), and 35 days of continuous p.o. (up to 25 mg/kg) treatments and were blindly evaluated. The same twelve monkeys were also tested with haloperidol i.m. (0.01-0.25 mg/kg) and nine of the monkeys also received haloperidol p.o. (0.1-5.0 mg/kg). Behaviors scored included sedation/arousal, locomotor activity, EPS of parkinsonism and dystonia, as well as reactivity. RESULTS: JL 13 produced mild to moderate and dose-related increased sedation and decreased locomotor activity. Minimal decreases in eye blinking rates were also noted as a consequence of sedation. Mild dystonia and parkinsonian symptoms of slow movement developed at the highest dose tested of 50 mg/kg p.o. in only 6 of 12 monkeys. This is 50 times higher than oral doses of haloperidol that would be needed to produce similar EPS effects. Dose-related EPS of dystonia and bradykinesia occurred in relation to decreased locomotor activity and reactivity to stimuli with haloperidol i.m. and p.o., which are features characteristically seen with traditional neuroleptics. CONCLUSIONS: The behavioral effects of JL 13 in non-human primates suggest this compound is well tolerated and may have a favorable antipsychotic benefit/risk ratio in the clinic, especially if antipsychotic efficacy occurs at doses well below those that can cause EPS.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

"Third tier" ventral extrastriate cortex in the New World monkey, Cebus apella.

The ventral extrastriate cortex adjacent to the second visual area was studied in the New World monkey Cebus apella, using anaesthetised preparations. The visuotopic organisation and myeloarchitecture of this region demonstrate the existence of a distinct strip of cortex, 3-4 mm wide, with an ordered representation of the contralateral upper visual quadrant, up to 60 degrees eccentricity. This upper-quadrant representation is probably homologous to the ventral subdivision of the third visual complex (V3v) of Old World monkeys, also known as the ventral posterior area. The representation of the horizontal meridian in V3v forms its posterior and medial border with V2, while the upper vertical meridian is represented anterior and laterally, forming a congruent border with the fourth visual area (V4). Central visual fields are represented in posterior and lateral portions of V3v, in the inferior occipital sulcus, while the periphery of the visual field is represented anteriorly, on the tentorial surface. Cortex anterior to V3v, at the ventral occipitotemporal transition, had neurones that had poor visual responses. No representation of the lower quadrant was found adjacent to V3v in ventral cortex. However, we observed cells with perifoveal receptive fields centred in the lower quadrant immediately dorsal to V3v, around the junction of the inferior occipital and lunate sulci. These observations argue against the idea that V3v is an area restricted to the ventral cortex in New World monkeys and support the conclusions of previous anatomical studies in Cebus that showed a continuity of myeloarchitecture and connectional patterns between ventral and lateral extrastriate cortices. Together, these data suggest that V3v may be part of a larger area that extends into dorsolateral extrastriate cortex, overlapping to some extent with the caudal subdivision of the dorsolateral area described in other New World monkeys.

Animals↗