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PubMed1992

Do the pictures influence scores on the Dartmouth COOP Charts?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of illustrations on COOP Chart responses. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized split-half design of 177 patients discharged from a medical centre during a 3 month interval. Patient responses were obtained. However, there are benefits from the use of illustrations. Further research measures. Demographic characteristics and health status. RESULTS: No response differences were observed between patients who received COOP Chart illustrations and those who did not receive illustrations. CONCLUSION: Pictures do not appear to affect responses to COOP Charts. However there are benefits of the use of illustrations. Also, further research should be conducted with other patient populations and other COOP Charts before conclusive statements can be made regarding the use of illustrations with the COOP Charts.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1987

Violence in Playboy magazine: a longitudinal analysis.

This paper analyzes the amount of violence in cartoons and pictorials from January 1954, through December 1983 in Playboy magazine. Inasmuch as the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography and Obscenity has focused upon magazines such as Playboy as potentially harmful to society because of the violence merged with sex, such an analysis is appropriate at this time. Each cartoon and pictorial for each issue of Playboy for the 30-year-period was examined for violent depictions. The average number of violent cartoons for the 30-year-period was 6.92/year or 0.58/issue. The average number of violent pictorials was less with an average of 1.89/year or 0.16/issue. The ratio of violent cartoons or pictorials to the total number of cartoons or pictorials was small. The ratio of violent cartoons to all cartoons was 25.2/1000 and for violent pictorials to all pictorials it was 8.6/1000. Moreover, the ratio of violent cartoons to total pages was 2.86/1000 and for violent pictorials 0.78/1000 pages. Although the overall number and ratio of violent cartoons and pictorials in Playboy over the 30-year-period examined was rare, a major question addressed was whether the amount of violence was increasing. Rather than a linear relation, a curvilinear relationship was observed with the amount of violence on the decrease in recent years. Although the effects of violence in sexual material is still being debated, those who argue for greater censorship of magazines such as Playboy because of its depictions of violence need a new rationale to justify their position.

Cartoons as Topic↗
PubMed1994

A structured pictorial questionnaire to assess DSM-III-R-based diagnoses in children (6-11 years): development, validity, and reliability.

This paper presents a structured pictorial instrument, the Dominic questionnaire, to assess mental disorders in 6- to 11-year-old children. Ninety-nine drawings represent situations corresponding to DSM-III-R based ADHD, CD, ODD, MDD, SAD, OAD, and SPh. However, cognitive limitation of 6- to 11-year-old children do not allow for time-related measurement. The instrument takes 15-20 min to administer. Reliability and validity of the Dominic questionnaire were studied in Parent DISC-2 positive and negative outpatient and general population samples and against clinical judgement. The pictorial approach provides acceptable test-retest reliability and the instrument makes standardized assessment possible for children as young as 6 years of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Thin is "in" and stout is out" what animated cartoons tell viewers about body weight.

Relying upon a content analysis of one specific type of medium to which young people are exposed beginning at an early age, on a regular basis, and for many years (i.e., animated cartoons), the present study examines what types of messages are provided about being underweight, overweight and normal weight. This research examines the following issues: (1) How prevalent is weight-related content in animated cartoons? (2) Has this prevalence changed over time? (3) What "types" of characteristics tend to be associated with being thinner-than-normal or heavier-than normal? Results indicate that the prevalence of both underweight and overweight characters has changed dramatically over the course of the past several decades. These relationships are both curvilinear in nature, but in recent decades have demonstrated a significant increase in the proportion of all cartoons showing characters that are underweight and a simultaneous decrease in the prevalence of characters that are overweight. Many variables were found to differ based on cartoon characters' body weight including gender, age, intelligence, physical attractiveness, emotional states experienced, prosocial behaviors, antisocial behaviors, and overall goodness/badness. Whenever differences were found, the overriding tendency was for cartoons to provide positive messages about being thin and negative messages about being overweight.

Body Image↗
PubMed2006

Demonizing in children's television cartoons and Disney animated films.

The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of demonizing in the two major media that young children use (television and movies). Two content analyses were conducted using the animated feature films (n = 34) of the Walt Disney Company and after-school cartoons (n = 41). Each was coded for the modeling of the use of "evil" words when referring to a person, e.g., monster, devil, demon, wicked. Seventy-four percent of the Disney films contained "evil" references, with an average of 5.6 references per film. Forty-four percent of the after-school cartoons contained "evil" references, with an average of one per cartoon. The results are discussed within the context of children's repeated exposure to popular animated movies and cartoons and their learning to demonize people who engage in perceived "bad" behaviors.

Cartoons as Topic↗
PubMed1992

Keeping one in the air: iconography of the newly extracted tooth.

Tooth extraction remains a universally identifiable symbol of dentistry. Descriptions of the procedure in art and literature suggest three attributes of the dentist in the act of removing teeth: skill, power, and healing. Elements of the dentist's cultural identity are examined in light of the abundant imagery of dental extractions.

Cartoons as Topic↗
PubMed1988

Perceptual asymmetries in left- and right-handers for cartoon and real faces.

We examined 40 left-handers and 40 right-handers on two free-vision tests of face processing. A chimeric face composed of a smiling half-face joined to either a neutral half-face (real faces) or a sad half-face (cartoon faces) and its mirror image were presented on each trial. Subjects judged which chimeric face looked happier, the one with the smile to the left or the one with the smile to the right. Right-handers, but not left-handers, had a highly significant leftward attentional bias, since chimeras with the smile to the left were judged happier than those with the smile to the right. The cartoon- and real-face tasks did not differ in the mean perceptual asymmetries they elicited. However, correlations between attentional-asymmetry scores for the two tasks, although high for both left- and right-handers, were significantly smaller than task reliabilities. Thus, the cartoon- and real-face tasks overlap to a major extent in the lateralized processes they measure, but to a lesser extent, they also index different lateralized processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Improving task comprehension in the measurement of health state preferences. A trial of informational cartoon figures and a paired-comparison task.

Information concerning people's relative preferences for health care outcomes is usually obtained using questionnaires which ask subjects to imagine health states of various kinds. When using illness- or treatment-specific states, elaborate descriptions of patients' quality of life may adequately convey to the rater a sense of the real situation. Such descriptions are not possible with generic questionnaires, which frame outcomes in general terms, such as pain, limits on activities, etc. This study evaluated two methods for facilitating task comprehension with generic preference-assessment instruments: (1) use of informational figures that provide visual representations of the described health state, and (2) measurement of preferences by means of a paired-comparison task. The use of figures did not change rating variance or the number of counter-intuitive ratings, but did improve one-week test-retest reliability. Paired comparisons had reliability comparable to the direct rating tasks and reduced the number of counter-intuitive ratings, although not to a statistically significantly extent.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Surfacing Filipino student nurses' perspectives of comfort and comforting viewed through metaphorical lens.

BACKGROUND: Comfort has been an integral component of nursing interventions. It is also supposed that the degree to which comfort is evidenced in nursing performance depends in great measure on the way forthcoming nurses perceive the said construct during their educational training. OBJECTIVE: This study purports to describe student nurses' outlook of the words "comfort" and "comforting", through conscious doodling, and at the same time to find out instances of similarity or striking distinctions in students' perception on the said terms. METHOD: A sample of 163 freshmen and 116 senior students were provided with a 2-part questionnaire. The first part used a robotfoto to determine the student subject's cartographic sketch. In the second part, a sheet of paper was given to each respondent who was asked to sketch a particular object, event or thought with which he associates the words, comfort and comforting. Moreover, a brief explanation of their illustrations was also called for. Metaphor representations were drawn up and analyzed and clustered according to their similarities in meaning, representation and the number of times the sketches were utilized by the respondents in order to comprehend how they interpret their sketches. CONCLUSIONS: Interestingly, this study yielded four major aspects that reflected the respondent's perception on the words "comfort" and "comforting", namely; physiologic, socio-environmental, psycho-spiritual and emotional. Results of this qualitative study did not show any marked difference in the interpretation of the construct under investigation on the comparison of the student's perception of the terms "comfort" and "comforting".

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

fMRI activation of the fusiform gyrus and amygdala to cartoon characters but not to faces in a boy with autism.

Abnormal hypoactivation in the amygdala and fusiform gyrus, brain areas that participate in face processing and social cognition, has consistently been demonstrated in persons with autism. We investigated activity in these areas in a boy with autism, DD, who had a special interest in "Digimon" cartoon characters. DD individuates Digimon faster than familiar faces and objects, but he individuates familiar faces no faster than objects. In contrast, a typically developing boy with an interest in "Pokemon" cartoon characters is equally fast at individuating faces and Pokemon and faster at individuating faces and Pokemon than objects and Digimon. In addition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we show that DD activates his amygdala and fusiform gyrus for perceptual discriminations involving Digimon but not for those involving familiar or unfamiliar faces. This pattern of activation is not seen in the typically developing control with an interest in Pokemon or in a second comparison case who has autism but no interest in Digimon. These results have important implications for our understanding of autism, cortical face specialization, and the possible role of the amygdala in the development of perceptual expertise.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2000

Reading the mind in cartoons and stories: an fMRI study of 'theory of mind' in verbal and nonverbal tasks.

Previous functional imaging studies have explored the brain regions activated by tasks requiring 'theory of mind'--the attribution of mental states. Tasks used have been primarily verbal, and it has been unclear to what extent different results have reflected different tasks, scanning techniques, or genuinely distinct regions of activation. Here we report results from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study (fMRI) involving two rather different tasks both designed to tap theory of mind. Brain activation during the theory of mind condition of a story task and a cartoon task showed considerable overlap, specifically in the medial prefrontal cortex (paracingulate cortex). These results are discussed in relation to the cognitive mechanisms underpinning our everyday ability to 'mind-read'.

Adult↗