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PubMed1995

[Main infectious agents involved in the etiology of lung diseases of small ruminants in northern Cameroon].

Between 1990 and 1992, 91 necropsies of small ruminants affected with pulmonary illness led to the isolation of the following strains of Mycoplasma (M.): M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC, M. ovipneumoniae, M. agalactiae, M. sp. type D2 and M. arginini. Eleven Pasteurella multocida strains (serotypes A1, A3, A5, A7 and D2) and 11 Pasteurella haemolytica strains (serotypes 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 and 9) were isolated. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Actinomyces pyogenes, Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Bacillus sp. and Mycobacterium sp. were also isolated. Thirty-two antibiograms were performed on Pasteurella, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Actinomyces pyogenes strains. Eighty eight p. cent were sensitive to penicillin G and oxytetracycline, and 84% to chloramphenicol; 50% were not sensitive to spiramycin and 47% to streptomycin. One Capripoxvirus strain was isolated on sheep. Pest of small ruminants (PPR) virus was detected by immunocapture ELISA test performed on some lung samples. Two serological surveys, one for contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (898 goats), between 1991 and 1993, and one for PPR (902 sheep and goats) in 1993, were conducted in the North and Far North provinces. No antibody against contagious caprine pleuropneumonia was detected. Among the animals in the sample, PPR prevalence was 64 +/- 7% in the Far North province and 14 +/- 3% in the North province. Concerning control measures, a vaccination campaign against small ruminant pasteurellosis appears to be hardly feasible because of the antigenic diversity of the isolated Pasteurella strains. PPR is endemic especially in the Far North province. The efficiency of a vaccination campaign against PPR must be estimated with a field survey.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Expression of the major core structural protein (VP7) of bluetongue virus, by a recombinant capripox virus, provides partial protection of sheep against a virulent heterotypic bluetongue virus challenge.

A recombinant capripox virus was constructed containing a cDNA copy of genome segment 7 of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 1 from South Africa (BTV 1SA), which expressed high levels of the major BTV core protein VP7 in infected lamb testis (LT) cells. Sheep vaccinated with this recombinant virus developed antibodies to VP7 (detected by ELISA) but no neutralizing antibodies to either the homologous or heterologous BTV serotype, prior to challenge (BTV 1 or BTV 3, respectively). Following challenge with a virulent heterotypic strain of BTV (BTV3 SA), all of the animals developed clinical signs of disease, indicating that they were infected and that the challenge virus did replicate. While all of the control animals died, six of the eight animals that were vaccinated with the recombinant capripox virus expressing VP7 recovered fully. This is the first report of a significant level of cross serotype protection against the lethal effects of a challenge with virulent BTV, produced by vaccination with a single BTV core protein, which did not generate a neutralizing antibody response.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Single radial haemolysis for the detection of goat pox virus antigen and antibody.

The single radial haemolysis (SRH) test was standardised for the detection of goat pox antigen and antibody. In this test soluble antigens, and serum prepared against soluble antigens were used for coupling sheep erythrocytes to detect goat pox antibody and antigen, respectively. This test was compared with the agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) and counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) test; the 2 most commonly used tests for goat pox diagnosis. SRH was found to be as sensitive as AGPT and CIE in detecting antigen and antibody (chi 2 = 2.9, P > 0.05).

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of different serological tests for the diagnosis of goat pox using soluble antigens.

A reverse-phase passive haemagglutination (RPHA) test was developed and standardised after coupling glutaraldehyde- and tannic acid-treated sheep erythrocytes with the soluble goat pox virus (GPV) antigens for the detection of GPV antibody in goat sera. The RPHA test was as sensitive as the latex agglutination (LA) test, and more sensitive than precipitation tests viz. agar gel precipitation and counter immunoelectrophoresis. Nevertheless, the LA test was practically the most useful.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The current status of sheep pox disease.

Sheep are the moving banks of shepherds and their economic contribution in terms of meat, wool and skin/hide is immense. Various infectious diseases jeopardize the optimum productivity; among which sheep pox is more important as the disease restricts the export of sheep and their products besides other economic losses. Although, clinical signs are indicative of the disease but a laboratory confirmation is necessary for unequivocal diagnosis and studying epidemiology. The causative agent, sheep pox virus (SPV), is antigenically and genetically closely related to goat pox virus (GPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), the other members of the genus capripox virus. In some countries, SPV and GPV are cross infective to small ruminants posing problem in diagnosis and epidemiology. However, recent studies have showed that the viruses are phylogenetically distinct and can be differentiated by molecular tools. Prophylaxis using attenuated vaccines is the choice of control measure as the immunity is long lasting. Detailed information on isolation, identification, pathology, epidemiology, diagnosis and prophylaxis would not only help in updating the knowledge of scientific fraternity but will be useful to the policy makers in order to formulate appropriate measures for control and eradication of the disease. This synthesis is to present an up-to-date review of the disease and its control to provide the reader with an overview of the problem.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A bivalent vaccine against goat pox and Peste des Petits ruminants induces protective immune response in goats.

Safety and immunogenicity of an experimental combined vaccine comprising attenuated strains of Peste des Petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and goat poxvirus (GTPV) was evaluated in goats. Goats immunized subcutaneously with 1 ml of vaccine consisting of 10(3) TCID(50) of each of PPRV and GTPV were monitored for clinical and serological responses for a period of 4 weeks postimmunization (pi) and postchallenge (pc). Specific antibodies directed to both GTPV and PPRV could be demonstrated by indirect ELISA and competitive ELISA, respectively following immunization. All the immunized animals resisted challenge with virulent strains of either GTPV or PPRV on day 28 pi, while control animals developed characteristic signs of disease. Specific antigen could be detected in the unvaccinated control animals after challenge but not from any of the immunized goats. Bivalent vaccine was found to be safe and induced protective immune response in goats as evident from sero conversion as well as challenge studies, indicating that component vaccines did not interfere with the immunogenicity of each other.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A comprehensive review of goat pox and sheep pox and their diagnosis.

Sheep and goats occupy a premier place in the livestock industry and contribute significantly to the world economy. Their populations are threatened by a number of health hazards, among the most notable of which are goat pox and sheep pox. These diseases inflict substantial losses in terms of reduced productivity and lower quality of wool and leather. They pose a major obstacle to the intensive rearing of sheep and goats and considerably hamper international trade. A comprehensive knowledge of goat pox and sheep pox would help in the diagnosis, prevention and control as well as the management of these diseases in a proper and effective manner. Although the two diseases are easily identified from the clinical signs and host species affected, laboratory tests are needed for confirmation. A battery of simple but highly efficient diagnostic methods and reagents is available for goat pox and sheep pox. However, the best way to control these diseases is the prophylactic immunization of all susceptible animals with a potent and efficacious vaccine, especially in areas where these diseases are endemic.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of hyperimmune sera against goat pox viral antigens.

Laboratory diagnosis of goat poxvirus (GPV) requires suitable diagnostic reagents (sera and antigens). GPV-infected scab suspension has been used as antigen for production of hyperimmune sera (HIS) by several workers (Pandey and Singh, 1972; Tantawi et al., 1980; Sharma et al., 1988). This antiserum sometimes reacts non-specifically in routine laboratory tests such as the agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) and counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) (Sharma et al., 1988). Production of specific goat pox antiserum involves its adsorption with healthy goat-skin triturate. The present work evaluated various HIS raised against different antigens of GPV in order to develop an antiserum for laboratory diagnosis of goat pox infections without any non-specificity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A classical live attenuated vaccine for sheep pox.

A classical live attenuated sheep pox vaccine was prepared using the Ranipet strain of sheep pox virus (SPV) at the 50th passage in a secondary lamb testicular cell system. The TCID50 and RD50 were 10(9.63)/ml and 10(9.51)/ml. respectively. The SID50 of SPV challenge virus was 10(5)/ml. The vaccine was found to have no adverse effects in laboratory animals, and was safe and effective in SPV seronegative lambs. In the field, 660 sheep were vaccinated with an immunizing dose containing 1 x 10(2) TCID50. Randomly selected vaccinated sheep mounted good cell-mediated immunity and humoral responses as measured by glucose utilization test and serum neutralization test, respectively, for the study period of 6 months.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Immunohistochemical detection of antigen in lamb tissues naturally infected with sheeppox virus.

The present study describes the detection of sheeppox virus antigen in various lamb tissues, using an immunohistochemical technique, in sheeppox cases which occurred naturally. Sheeppox viral antigen was detected in the cytoplasm of sheeppox cells and degenerated epithelial cells of the skin, lungs and digestive tract involving typical sheeppox lesions. Nuclear staining was also observed in some typically deformed nuclei of sheeppox cells. The immunostaining of sheeppox virus showed a correlation with the presence of sheeppox cells and degenerated epithelial cells resembling them. Additionally, in order to confirm the presence of sheeppox virus in the skin and lung samples, direct electron microscopy was performed and sheeppox virus was only demonstrated in two skin samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Modelling the potential impact of exotic diseases on regional Australia.

Recent international initiatives for disease control suggest that, in the future, the consequences for trade of an exotic disease outbreak may not be as severe as estimated in the past. If zoning were to be accepted by Australia's trading partners, then the major effects may be felt at the regional rather than the national level. A study, using an integrated epidemiological/economic model, was undertaken to compare the impacts of 3 important exotic diseases (foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and sheep pox) in 3 different regions of Australia. The study demonstrated that there are significant differences between the size and effect of different disease outbreaks. Regional factors influence not only the way that the disease will spread and manifest itself, but also the effects on local communities. Foot-and-mouth disease caused more economic losses than sheep pox or classical swine fever. The major determinant of differences in the effects of the diseases between regions was the nature of the regional economies. The less diversified the economy, the greater the effect of an exotic disease outbreak in relation to the size of that economy.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Adverse reactions in cattle to a capripox vaccine.

Capripox vaccine (strain 0240) caused severe generalised skin reactions in vaccinated dairy cattle in two herds, whereas beef cattle did not develop reactions. All the reacting animals developed lumpy skin disease-like lesions. The incidence of skin lesions in first-lactation cows in herd A was 22.9 per cent and in herd B 29.3 per cent, mainly in the post-calving period. In older cows, the incidence was 10 per cent in herd A and 12.4 per cent in herd B. In herd B the high-yielding lactating cows were the most severely affected. There was a decrease of 3.5 per cent in milk production in each herd over a period of 12 days, and six first calving animals (3.5 per cent) and six cows (1.5 per cent) were slaughtered. A capripox virus was isolated from the animals with severe lesions, and was also demonstrated by electron microscopy. The histopathological lesions were similar to those of lumpy skin disease. The extent of the lesions appeared to be stress-related and, to a lesser degree, correlated with age and breed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Genome Annotation Transfer Utility (GATU): rapid annotation of viral genomes using a closely related reference genome.

BACKGROUND: Since DNA sequencing has become easier and cheaper, an increasing number of closely related viral genomes have been sequenced. However, many of these have been deposited in GenBank without annotations, severely limiting their value to researchers. While maintaining comprehensive genomic databases for a set of virus families at the Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center http://www.biovirus.org and Viral Bioinformatics - Canada http://www.virology.ca, we found that researchers were unnecessarily spending time annotating viral genomes that were close relatives of already annotated viruses. We have therefore designed and implemented a novel tool, Genome Annotation Transfer Utility (GATU), to transfer annotations from a previously annotated reference genome to a new target genome, thereby greatly reducing this laborious task. RESULTS: GATU transfers annotations from a reference genome to a closely related target genome, while still giving the user final control over which annotations should be included. GATU also detects open reading frames present in the target but not the reference genome and provides the user with a variety of bioinformatics tools to quickly determine if these ORFs should also be included in the annotation. After this process is complete, GATU saves the newly annotated genome as a GenBank, EMBL or XML-format file. The software is coded in Java and runs on a variety of computer platforms. Its user-friendly Graphical User Interface is specifically designed for users trained in the biological sciences. CONCLUSION: GATU greatly simplifies the initial stages of genome annotation by using a closely related genome as a reference. It is not intended to be a gene prediction tool or a "complete" annotation system, but we have found that it significantly reduces the time required for annotation of genes and mature peptides as well as helping to standardize gene names between related organisms by transferring reference genome annotations to the target genome. The program is freely available under the General Public License and can be accessed along with documentation and tutorial from http://www.virology.ca/gatu.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Modulation of macrophage functions by sheeppox virus provides clues to understand interaction of the virus with host immune system.

BACKGROUND: Poxviruses encode a range of immunomodulatory genes to subvert or evade the challenges posed by the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the inactivated poxviruses possessed immunostimulating capacity and were used as a prophylactic or metaphylactic application that efficiently reduced susceptibility to infectious diseases in different species. This fact is intensively studied in different genera of poxviruses. However, little is known about the basic mechanisms adopted by sheeppox virus (SPPV). SPPV causes an acute disease of sheep that recently, has been observed to reinfect its host in spite of vaccination. RESULTS: By injecting inactivated or attenuated sheeppox virus SPPV vaccine in adult male Swiss mice, SPPV was found to reduce macrophages' functions in a local event that occurs at the site of application 12 h after vaccine administration as indicated by increased level of IL-10 and decreased level of SOD from cultured peritoneal macrophages. In contrast increased levels of IL-12, and SOD activity from cultured splenic macrophages, lymphocyte response to PHA-P, and in-vivo response to T-dependant Ag were detected. These effects were observed in both attenuated and inactivated SPPV, but more prominent in attenuated one. CONCLUSION: The results of this study help to elucidate, the phenomenon of existence natural SPPV infections in sheep instead of vaccination and the basic mechanisms responsible for the immunostimulating capacity of sheeppox virus. Locally, SPPV shows evidence for an immune escape mechanism that alleviates the host's immune response. Later and systemically, the virus protects the host from any fatal consequences of the immune system suppression.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Immunohistochemical evaluation of inflammatory infiltrate in the skin and lung of lambs naturally infected with sheeppox virus.

The present study describes immunophenotypic characteristics of inflammatory infiltrate in the skin and lung of lambs naturally infected with sheeppox virus (SPV). Three lambs revealed typical cutaneous and pulmonary lesions of sheeppox. Histologically, cutaneous and pulmonary lesions consisted of hyperplastic and/or degenerative changes in the epithelium with mononuclear cells, neutrophils, and typical sheeppox cells (SPCs), which had a vacuolated nucleus and marginated chromatin with occasional granular intracytoplasmic inclusions. The inflammatory infiltrate in pox lesions in both skin and lung was characterized by the presence of MHC II+ dendritic cells, CD4+, CD8+, gammadelta+ T cells, IgM+ cells, and CD21+ cells. Loss of expression of MHC I and MHC II antigens was observed in the affected areas of skin and lung. SPCs, stained with anti-SPV antibody, were also positive for CD14 and CD172A, antigens expressed on monocytes and macrophages. CD14 and CD172A negative SPCs were considered to be SPV infected degenerated epithelial cells or fibroblasts.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

An outbreak of sheep pox on a sheep breeding farm in Jammu, India.

An outbreak of sheep pox occurred in December 2001 on a sheep breeding farm in Jammu, India. The farm maintains three exotic breeds of sheep, i.e. American Merino, Rambouillet and Australian cross. The disease agent was confirmed as sheep pox virus by clinical and post-mortem examination as well as laboratory testing. Typical pock lesions were dispersed over the body of the affected animals with nodular lesions observed in the lung tissue of the dead animals. Sheep pox virus antigen and antibody were detected in infected tissue and convalescent sera, respectively, with serological tests. Viral deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from the infected tissue and amplified using a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction. Sheep of the Rambouillet breed were found to be most susceptible to infection with morbidity and mortality rates of 26.9% and 8.3%, respectively. Morbidity and mortality rates in the entire flock were 18.4% and 6.3%, respectively. The grazing and migration pattern indicates that the disease was probably introduced to the farm by local sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Development and evaluation of a multiplex PCR-based dual-platform targeted sequencing framework for precise differentiation of lumpy skin disease virus.

BACKGROUND: Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) shares over 96% genomic identity with goatpox and sheeppox viruses, presenting severe diagnostic challenges due to cross-reactivity. METHODS: To address this bottleneck, we established a targeted sequencing framework integrating multiplex PCR with short-read and long-read platforms. By sequentially screening target pathogens, identifying low-homology genes, and designing short and gradient long-fragment primer pools, we evaluated these dual-platform panels using highly homologous poxvirus samples. RESULTS: The short-read panel stably detected target viruses at inputs as low as 5.26 ×101 copies/μL. Under strict alignment criteria, LSDV mapping rates reached 42.91%, suppressing non-target signals to 3.05%. The Nanopore-Targeted Sequencing (NTS) long-amplicon strategy successfully eliminated homologous interference. By applying length-dependent diagnostic thresholds (≥ 100 reads for short amplicons; ≥ 50 reads for long amplicons), precise species-level identification was achieved, maintaining near-zero cross-reads (0-5) in ultra-long regions. Crucially, the field-deployable NTS workflow enabled complete detection in approximately 4 h. CONCLUSION: This complementary strategy seamlessly meets both laboratory demands for high-sensitivity enrichment and frontline requirements for rapid typing, providing a reliable tool for LSDV surveillance, mutation tracking, and outbreak control.

Capripoxvirus differentiation↗