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PubMed1992

Sex ratio and mortality in a laboratory colony of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

In a retrospective study sex ratio and mortality were analysed in a captive colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Seven hundred and thirty-five infants in 294 litters (20 singletons, 119 twins, 140 triplets, 14 quadruplets) out of 57 breeding females were evaluated. The sex ratio at birth was 0.95 males:1.0 females. The frequency of males and females, as well as the sex composition of twins and triplets confirm the assumption of dizygotic twinning in the common marmoset. According to age at death, 9 categories were differentiated, with perinatal mortality being the highest. Once early infancy had passed the probability of a common marmoset infant of our colony reaching childhood is nearly 95%. Sixty per cent of all liveborn infants survived beyond 18 months. Mortality of infants at birth from primiparous mothers did not differ from that of pluriparous females, nor did the survival rate of infants with the filial generation the respective female had reached (F1 to F6). Females with a high ratio of triplets and quadruplets had a lower reproductive success than females with a majority of singleton or twin deliveries. Differential mortality between males and females was not observed. The frequency of stillbirths was not strongly related to parity, but was to litter-size. Most stillborn babies were seen in sets of quadruplets, most abortions in singletons. A normal socialization in a stable social environment, as well as not pairing the animals before they are fully adult, are considered important factors in good breeding success and infant survival.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1990

The facial artery of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

The facial artery and its ramifications in 7 adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were studied by the plastic injection method. The findings obtained are discussed in comparison with those for other primates. In the submandibular region, the facial artery arose from the external carotid artery at the height of the atlas via the linguofacial trunk on 10 of the total of 14 sides examined and independently on the other 4 sides. This common trunk always gave rise to the superior thyroid artery. The facial artery passed anterolaterally between the styloglossus muscle and the intermediate tendon of the digastricus muscle, giving off the styloglossal and the submandibular glandular branches, and anteroinferiorly medial to the pterygoideus medialis muscle. In a position anterior to this muscle, the submental artery and masseteric branch were derived. The submental artery gave off the medial pterygoid, the digastric, the cutaneous, the sublingual glandular and the mylohyoid branches, and then continued up to the median line, where it terminated to supply the genioglossus muscle. In the facial region, the facial artery passed anterosuperiorly along the anterior margin of the masseter muscle on 12 sides and away from it forwards on 2 sides, giving off the premasseteric branch in one of these 2 sides. It gave rise to the cutaneous, the buccal and the buccinator branches, the inferior labial artery and the communicating branch with the zygomatic artery. It terminated to divide into the superior labial and the naris lateral arteries, although the latter was lacking on 4 sides. The inferior labial artery gave off the mandibular marginal, the inferior labial marginal and the inferior labial glandular branches and terminated to anastomose with the mental artery. The superior labial artery divided into the superficial and deep branches, each of which continued as a nasal septal branch. The facial artery of the common marmoset usually ascended along the anterior margin of the masseter muscle and did not reach the medial angle of the eye.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Morphological and histochemical effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p dioxin (TCDD) on marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) testes.

The testes of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), which had been treated with a single dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (0.3 microgram to 10 micrograms/l kg body weight (BW)) were studied after 7 days using morphological and histochemical techniques. Light microscopic and electron microscopic examination revealed decreased intercellular contact in the germinal epithelium, as indicated first by enlarged intercellular spaces between the Sertoli's cells and between the Sertoli's cells and neighboring germ cells (i.e., spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes), particularly in the basic compartment of the germinal epithelium. Second, decreased intercellular contact was indicated by the accumulation of premature spermatids and spermatocytes in the tubular lumen after TCDD treatment. The Sertoli's cells exhibited an increased amount of lipids, phagolysosomes, and vacuoles in their cytoplasm. Spermatids were frequently affected by TCDD, particularly during early spermiogenesis. These alterations included vacuolization of the cytoplasm and the development of additional germinal vesicles. This special effect on spermiogenesis became even more evident quantitatively by determination and counting of tubular stages in semithin sections. Tubular determination on the basis of the appearance of spermatids revealed that the ratio of tubular stages I to III became lower and that of stages V to VII became higher, dose dependently, indicating a maturation stop at the beginning of spermiogenesis caused by TCDD treatment. After TCDD treatment, Leydig's cells were morphologically unaffected, but histochemical investigations revealed decreased activity of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD). The sensitivity of the applied methods was different in view of the level of unaffection. The effect of Leydig's cells, as indicated by the decreased activity of 3 beta-HSD, had already been found at a dose of 1 microgram/kg BW TCDD, whereas clear-cut morphological and morphometrical effects were seen at 3 micrograms/kg BW for the first time. Moreover, with the special effect on spermiogenesis in marmoset monkeys, the findings demonstrate that the toxicity of TCDD on testicular morphology is species specific.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1992

Zonal differentiation of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) endometrium.

The differentiation of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) endometrium under different steroid hormone levels was investigated by electron microscopy and by the binding of different antibodies directed against collagen types. Based on differences in the glandular and interglandular compartments, the endometrium of sexually mature common marmosets consists of 3 zones: basal, adluminal and luminal. Hormone-dependent appearances are characterised. With low steroid concentrations, intercellular spaces between glandular epithelial cells occurred in the adluminal and the luminal areas. Epithelial cells of the basal region exhibited coated pits and phagolysosomes together with large apical protrusions. Under oestrogen dominance, phagolysosomes, fat vesicles and apical protrusions were evident in epithelial cells in the adluminal region. Secretory granules and concentric glycogen accumulations were a characteristic feature in epithelial cells of the adluminal and basal regions. With high progesterone concentrations, large empty vesicles were found with a higher frequency in adluminal than in basal epithelial cells. Using FITC-labelled antibodies against types V and VI collagen, binding was apparent adluminally in close vicinity to basement membranes, whereas reactivity was seen in the entire interglandular region of the basal area during this phase. Our findings indicate specific microenvironments with distinctive structural characteristics in the marmoset endometrium that are hormone dependent during all phases of the endometrial cycle. They are not related to menstruation, appear to be characteristic for primates and could reflect epithelial-mesenchymal interaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Age determination of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) by radiographic examination of skeletal development.

Seventy-four animals were examined radiographically to determine the skeletal development of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) from 6 months of age. Twenty-one epiphyses were examined and five stages of ossification were described for each. The animals were divided into nine groups, according to age, and a table of the stage of ossification and age was produced, which may be used for determining the age of animals of unknown history.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗
PubMed1991

Ontogeny of monooxygenase activities in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

The pre- and postnatal development of monooxygenases in the liver and adrenal gland of marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) was investigated. Cytochrome P450 was detected in the fetal adrenal gland, but aldrin epoxidase, ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase, and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities were below detection limits. Although fetal hepatic cytochrome P450 was not detected, low activities of aldrin epoxidase and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase, but no ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, could be detected in fetal liver. These enzymes attained adult marmosets activities when the offspring were approximately 2 months of age.

7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Collection and analysis of semen from the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

The authors examined the seminal characteristics of 16 male common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) to provide baseline data for future studies of the reproductive biology of this species. Semen samples were collected by electroejaculation. There was considerable inter- and intra-male variation in all seminal characteristics. The median seminal volume was 30 microliters (range 8 to 85 microliters), and the median total sperm count was 5.1 x 10(6) sperm (range, 0.1 to 43 x 10(6]. The median progressive sperm motility was 48% (range, 10% to 76%), and 49% of the sperm exhibited normal morphology (range, 24% to 81%). Three types of sperm head abnormalities and eight types of tail defects were noted. Tail defects were common (median, 50%; range, 17% to 76%), whereas head defects were relatively rare (median, 4.5%; range, 0% to 24%). The results indicate that semen samples can be routinely collected from this species, but considerable inter- and intra-male variation can be expected. It is therefore important to examine several semen samples from each male marmoset to obtain an accurate seminal picture.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

Plasma vitamins A and E and hydrogen peroxide-induced in vitro erythrocyte haemolysis in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Plasma total lipid, cholesterol, all-trans retinol (vitamin A) and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) concentrations, and the susceptibility of erythrocytes to hydrogen peroxide-induced haemolysis in vitro were investigated in healthy laboratory-bred common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). The concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and total cholesterol were similar to those of control human subjects. The mean lipid concentration was higher (P less than 0.025) and the retinol concentration lower (P less than 0.001) in the marmosets. The susceptibility of the erythrocytes of the marmosets to hydrogen peroxide-induced haemolysis was high, both in absolute value and relative to the controls. Changes in phospholipid and fatty acid composition might have rendered the red cells susceptible to oxidative stress.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Connective tissue of the livers of newborn and adult marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Immunofluorescence microscopic and electron microscopic investigations revealed components of the matrix and of the basal lamina (collagen type I, III, IV and V, BL-heparan sulfate and fibronectin) in the sinus wall (Disse's space) of the livers of newborn and adult marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Collagen type I was missing in both the two age groups. Small amounts of laminin were present in the livers of newborn and absent in those of adult animals, whereas collagen type III occurred in the form of delicate fibres. Light microscopic inspection showed a continuous distribution of all other components in the sinus wall. The amount of collagen type III and V increased depending on the age. Electron microscopic investigations revealed single or bundled fibrils (20-30 nm) and filaments (10-12 nm). After addition of tannic acid, plaques of a fine-filamentous network and incorporated granules were observed. After addition of resting Ruthenium Red, electron-dense granules (20-60 nm) were irregularly distributed in the structureless space, resting on collagenous fibrils and cell membranes. The fibrils were allocated to collagen type III, the filaments to collagen type V. The plaques were supposed to contain heparan sulfate, collagen type IV and fibronectin. The absence of a Lamina densa of the basal lamina was attributed to the absence of laminin which probably plays an important role in the formation of this layer. Differences in the distribution pattern of the matrix components and thus a functional mosaic of the permeability of Disse's space were assumed. The complete absence of collagen type I and laminin in the lobules makes the adult marmoset liver especially suited for studies on the importance of this collagen type under pathological conditions, since both components are expressed in this way.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Lymphocyte subsets in the young and aging marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

T lymphocytes were studied in healthy young and old marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Data indicate that monoclonal antisera to human T lymphocyte antigens can be used to identify these cells in marmosets. Total T and suppressor T cells were lower in the older group; there were no differences in helper T or in B cells. Helper/suppressor ratios (T4/T8) were increased in the older group. Thus, immune system alternations with aging and/or immune deficiency syndromes may be studied in this animal model using available reagents.

Aging↗
PubMed1987

Determination of ovulation and pregnancy in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) by monitoring of urinary hydroxypregnanolone excretion.

In Callithrix jacchus the urinary excretion of hydroxypregnanolone (5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha, 7 alpha-diol-20-one) shows a luteal rise during the ovulatory cycle. This progesterone metabolite can therefore be used as an indication of ovulation, implantation, and subsequently for the persistence of the pregnancy. The excretion can be monitored by high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and postchromatographic derivatization after enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugate. Profiles of urinary hydroxypregnanolone levels are presented and correlated with luteinizing hormone excretion. The method is noninvasive and therefore suited for long-term studies in these monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Identification of the main gestagen metabolite in marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) urine by NMR and MS spectroscopy.

Hydroxypregnanolone is the most abundant progesterone metabolite in the urine of marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). The substance is excreted as conjugate. The concentration of this steroid may be monitored by high performance, thin layer chromatography and postchromatographic derivatization. Hydroxypregnanolone was purified and subsequently identified by NMR spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The exact chemical structure is 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha, 7 alpha-diol-20-one.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Endogenous N-excretion and minimal protein requirement for maintenance of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

The protein requirement for maintenance of the marmoset Callithrix jacchus was investigated by factorial calculation via the N balance technique. Six adult male marmosets were fed a protein-free pelleted diet for 22 days. When a low protein diet (6%) was fed in the preperiod, only 7 days were necessary and when fed a higher protein diet (18%) 10 days were necessary to reach a minimum of N excretion during protein depletion. Body weight losses averaged 11% and food intake was 21% lower in the protein free period. The average endogenous urine N (EUN) was 62.1 mg N and endogenous fecal N (EFN) 49.2 mg N/kg W0.75. Body surface losses (BSN) were assumed to be 20 mg N/kg W0.75. The total endogenous loss of 131.3 mg N/kg W0.75 is similar to that of other species. Net protein utilization (NPU) of well balanced proteins, determined near the N equilibrium, was 51.8%. The calculated net protein requirement amounts to 313.6 mg N/kg W0.75, which corresponds to a dietary protein content of 6% in a diet of high caloric density, (about 19-20 MJ/kg dry matter) when the food intake is 3.3% of body weight.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1988

Refractoriness of Callithrix penicillata red blood cells to Plasmodium falciparum in vivo and in vitro.

Attempts to infect the New World marmot Callithrix penicillata with Plasmodium falciparum were unsuccessful. Attempts were also made to infect red blood cells of C. penicillata and Saimiri sciureus with P. falciparum in vitro, and these too were unsuccessful due to a high rate of hemolysis produced by apparently adverse culture conditions. It is concluded that modifications to the existing culture conditions will need to be made before successful parasitemia can be induced in vitro in simian erythrocytes.

4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental infections of simians with human malaria: attempts to infect Callithrix penicillata with Plasmodium falciparum.

After reviewing the use of non-human primates of the Old and New Worlds for human malaria research, we concluded that another experimental animal which is easily available to use and possible to rear indoors is needed. Thus, we studied the susceptibility of the marmoset Callithrix penicillata to Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic infections. The marmosets received various P. falciparum human isolates, directly from a patient and from continuous cultures. The Palo Alto strain, which has been adapted to the night monkey Aotus trivirgatus and further maintained in the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus was also used. In a total of 20 marmosets we performed 31 inoculations, with 10(5) to 10(9) parasites, intraperitoneally, intracardiacly or intravenously. Blood samples from each animal were examined daily up to day 90 post-inoculation. None of the intact marmosets developed patent infections. Four out of 19 C. penicillata, previously splenectomized, showed circulating parasites for up to five days after intravenous inoculation with the Palo Alto strain, becoming negative thereafter. Neither the addition to the simian diet of p-aminobenzoic acid, essential for the parasite metabolism, nor drug-immunosuppression, improved the marmoset susceptibility to P. falciparum.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Presence of pH2-sensitive circulating interferon among Callithrix jacchus marmosets.

Significant and relatively stable levels of serum-interferon were demonstrated in a Callithrix jacchus population. This circulating interferon was acid-sensitive in all cases, classifying it as immune or "gamma-type" interferon. Our results in these hematopoietic chimeras suggest that the presence of immune-type or at least pH 2-sensitive interferon could be related to the presence of two allogenic lymphocyte populations in each marmoset.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The postnatal development of the temporomandibular joint of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

The temporomandibular joints (TMJ) of 55 male and 50 female common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with an age range of 1 day- to < 12-yr-old have been studied to extend the knowledge on the craniomandibular articulation of this primate. Details of changes in the bone structure, gross and functional anatomy, and histologic appearance of the marmoset TMJ during the neonatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood are compared with those which occur in the TMJ of man. It is concluded that further investigations on the structure and function of the marmoset TMJ and jaws may establish this nonhuman primate as a valuable analog for TMJ research in man.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Skin reaction in Callithrix jacchus penicillata to phytohemagglutinin.

Sixty marmosets (Callithrix jacchus penicillata) were intradermally tested with phytohemagglutinin. It was possible to classify this population into three groups on the basis of the reactions: 1. negatives, 2. those which showed just local hemorrhage, and finally 3. a group which developed a wheal as well as hemorrhage. The biopsy at the site of the reaction demonstrated several microscopic foci. This finding contrasted with the homogeneous cellular infiltration found in the human controls.

Animals↗