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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

First outbreak of callitrichid hepatitis in Germany: genetic characterization of the causative lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strains.

Callitrichid hepatitis (CH) is a highly fatal, rodent-borne zoonosis of New World primates (family Callitrichidae) caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). It is unclear whether virulence in Callitrichidae is associated with specific genetic or phylogenetic markers of the virus as only a partial S RNA sequence of a single CH-associated isolate is known. In a period of 10 months, three pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea) and one Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii) died from CH in a German zoo. LCMV was most likely transmitted by wild mice. Infection was associated with characteristic histopathological lesions in liver, brain, and lymphoid tissue. Virus sequences from all callitrichids and a captured mouse were > or =99.2% identical. LCMV strains from a pygmy marmoset and the Goeldi's monkey were isolated in cell culture and the 3.4-kb S RNA was completely sequenced. Both strains differed considerably in their genetic and phylogenetic characteristics from known LCMV strains, including the previously described CH-associated strain. These data show that CH is widespread and can be caused by distantly related LCMV strains.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Molecular analysis of SV-40-CAL, a new slow growing SV-40 strain from the kidney of a caged New World monkey with fatal renal disease.

A decline of the Callimico goeldii population in American zoos is presently occurring due to glomerulonephritis of unknown etiology. We hypothesized that this emerging idiopathic fatal renal disease (IFRD) was caused by a virus. We therefore attempted to isolate virus from the kidneys three C. goeldi in Illinois that had IFRD. Along with other viruses, Simian virus 40 (SV-40) strain CAL was isolated. SV-40-CAL is currently the slowest-growing natural isolate of SV-40 in CV-1 cells. Inefficient SV-40-CAL growth in CV-1 cells stems from two features: a suboptimal protoarchetypal regulatory region, and a Large tumor antigen gene sequence like that of SV-40 strain T302, previously considered the slow-growing natural isolate of SV-40. To our knowledge, this is the first documented isolation of SV-40 from a New World monkey outside of a laboratory setting. Though SV-40 is renaltropic, the role of SV-40-CAL in IFRD is uncertain. Transmission of SV-40 to C. goeldii through anthropogenic activity is suspected.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pasteurella haemolytica infection in a Goeldie's monkey.

An adult male Callimico goeldii died spontaneously. At necropsy, small whitish foci were found randomly distributed on the liver surface. Histologically, the foci were composed of mixed inflammatory cells with predominant polymorphonuclear cell infiltration and central areas of necrosis. Microbiological cultures revealed a Gram-negative coccoid-bacilli with bipolar staining. Biochemical analysis revealed that the microorganism was Pasteurella haemolytica.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Molecular phylogeny of the New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, primates) based on two unlinked nuclear genes: IRBP intron 1 and epsilon-globin sequences.

Nuclear sequences of the 1.8 kilobase (kb) long intron 1 of the interstitial retinol-binding protein gene (IRBP), previously determined for 11 of the 16 extant genera of New World monkeys (superfamily Ceboidea, infraorder Platyrrhini), have now been determined for the remaining 5 genera. The maximum parsimony trees found, first with IRBP sequences alone and then with tandemly combined IRBP and epsilon-globin gene sequences from the same species, supported a provisional cladistic classification with the following clusters. Subtribes Callitrichina (Callithrix, Cebuella), Callimiconina (Callimico), Leontopithecina (Leontopithecus) and Saguina (Saguinus) constitute subfamily Callitrichinae, and subfamilies Callitrichinae, Aotinae (Aotus), and Cebinae (Cebus, Saimiri) constitute family Cebidae. Subtribes Chiropotina (Chiropotes, Cacajao) and Pitheciina (Pithecia) constitute tribe Pitheciini; and tribes Pitheciini and Callicebini (Callicebus) constitute subfamily Pitheciinae. Subtribes Brachytelina (Brachyteles, Lagothrix) and Atelina (Ateles) constitute tribe Atelini, and tribes Atelini and Alouattini (Alouatta) constitute subfamily Atelinae. The parsimony results were equivocal as to whether Pitheciinae should be grouped with Atelinae in family Atelidae or have its own family Pitheciidae. The cladistic groupings of extant ceboids were also examined by different stochastic evolutionary models that employed the same stochastic process of nucleotide substitutions but alternative putative phylogenetic trees on which the nucleotide substitutions occurred. Each model, i.e., each different tree, predicted a different multinomial distribution of nucleotide character patterns for the contemporary sequences. The predicted distributions that were closest to the actual observed distributions identified the best fitting trees. The cladistic relationships depicted in these best fitting trees agreed in almost all cases with those depicted in the maximum parsimony trees.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Phylogenetic relationships of the Callitrichinae (Platyrrhini, primates) based on beta2-microglobulin DNA sequences.

The phylogenetic relationships of callitrichine primates have been determined by DNA sequence analyses of exons 1, 2, and 3 of the beta2-microglobulin gene. Parsimony, distance, and maximum likelihood analyses of ca. 900 base pairs of 21 taxa, representing all callitrichine genera, indicated that Saguinus was the most basal offshoot. Within Saguinus, S. fuscicollis appeared as the first divergent lineage followed by an unresolved trichotomy formed by S. mystax/S. imperator, S. midas/S. bicolor, and S. oedipus. A second callitrichine lineage was formed by Leontopithecus; each of the three species studied showed identical nucleotide sequences. Callimico appeared as the sister taxon of Callithrix/Cebuella. Genetic distances within this latter group were very small, although a stronger association between Cebuella and species of the Callithrix argentata group was observed. The inclusion of Cebuella in the genus Callithrix is suggested. These studies indicated that tamarins are more plesiomorphic than marmosets in agreement with the phyletic dwarfism hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The skin primates. XLIV. Numerical taxonomy of primate skin.

Data on 84 characteristics of the skin of 36 species of primates were extracted from a series of articles describing the histological and histochemical properties of the skin of primates. The data were subjected to a cluster analysis. The results were in reasonably good agreement with orthodox primate taxonomies although some exceptions were apparent. The species clustered into four main groups approximately comparable to Prosimii, Cercopithecoidea, pithecoidea, and Hominoidea are commensurate with standard taxonomic practice. Within the Ceboidea, however, the Atelinae and Alouattinae tend to group with the Hominoidea, Aotus and Saimiri show variable placements, and Callimico groups with the Callithricidae.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Phylogenetic significance of the skin of New World monkeys (order primates, infraorder Platyrrhini).

The combined properties of a given cutaneous system, like other characters classically employed by systematic zoologists, are useful criteria in the assessment of primate taxonomy and phylogeny. From the synthesis of all available data, it is also concluded that (1) the results define a baseline regarding the normal histology and histochemistry of the skin of most genera and many species of New World monkeys; (2) intrageneric and intraspecific subtleties in cutaneous variation exist in primate integument; (3) single and multiple cutaneous traits contribute to the characterization and accurate identification of most levels of taxa within the primate hierarchy; (4) some traits, however, negate recent taxonomic practices, e.g., the familial position of Callimico; (5) basic cutaneous patterns confirm currently accepted concepts of taxonomy and phylogeny; and (6) the various cutaneous signatures of extant platyrrhines record a history of adaptive radiation in isolation, and suggest that the designation of at least two distinct families is warranted.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1986

Comment on the evolution of claw-like nails in callitrichids (marmosets/tamarins).

A recently proposed scenario for the evolution of a unified complex of exudativory, vertical clinging, and claw-like nails in callitrichids is examined. Consideration of behaviors and morphologies exhibited by Callimico goeldii leads to a decoupling of this "complex," with the early occurrence of claws and vertical clinging in the callitrichid lineage and only later, in some descendents, the development of exudativory and possible related behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Hand specialization, sympatry, and mixed-species associations in callitrichines.

Hand morphology in callitrichines (i.e., tamarins, marmosets, and Goeldi's monkey) is correlated with positional and foraging behaviors. This study examines hand shape in callitrichines using an allometric approach. It addresses a series of questions relating hand anatomy, insect foraging behavior, and resource partitioning in callitrichines. The main questions are: 1. Do the hands of Leontopithecus differ in shape from all other callitrichine taxa allowing it to perform highly manipulative prey foraging behaviors? 2. Are the hands of Saguinus fuscicollis adapted to manipulative foraging, and are they functionally similar to Leontopithecus' hands? 3. Is hand morphology in S. fuscicollis more similar to the hand morphology of sympatric tamarin species with whom it does not form mixed species troops (S. nigricollis and S. tripartitus) than to those sympatric tamarin species with whom it does form mixed troops (S. mystax, S. labiatus, and S. imperator)? Measurements of hand length (HL), width (HW), and thickness (HT) were taken from 1350 museum specimens of callitrichines (Callithrix, Cebuella, Leontopithecus, Saguinus, and Callimico), squirrel monkeys (Saimiri), and owl monkeys (Aotus). The analysis indicates that hand shape covaries with foraging strategy. Specifically, the hands of Leontopithecus are adapted for manipulative foraging and are relatively longer and more slender than the hands of other callitrichines. A similar pattern is observed in the hands of S. fuscicollis, S. tripartitus and S. nigricollis. These latter species, however, differ significantly in shape from all other tamarin species. Large differences in hand morphology are observed among tamarin species that form mixed-species troops. These anatomical differences may permit resource partitioning and coexistence among these closely related taxa. Hand shape, expressed as log HLGM (logged hand length divided by the geometric mean of all measurements), is a good predictor of manipulative and non-manipulative prey foraging techniques employed by callitrichines.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

DNA evidence on the phylogenetic systematics of New World monkeys: support for the sister-grouping of Cebus and Saimiri from two unlinked nuclear genes.

Previous inferences from epsilon-globin gene sequences on cladistic relationships among the 16 extant genera of Ceboidea (the New World monkeys) were tested by strength of grouping and bootstrap values for the clades in the most parsimonious trees found: for this epsilon data set enlarged with additional Cebus and Saimiri orthologues; for another nuclear DNA sequence data set consisting of IRBP (interstitial retinol-binding protein gene) intron 1 orthologues; and for tandemly combined epsilon and IRBP sequences. Different ceboid species of the same genus always grouped strongly together as demonstrated by results on Cebus (capuchin monkeys), Saimiri (squirrel monkeys), Callicebus (titi monkeys), Aotus (night monkeys), Ateles (spider monkeys), and Alouatta (howler monkeys). Other strong groupings that could be represented as monophyletic taxa in a cladistic classification were: Cebuella (pygmy marmoset) and Callithrix (marmoset) into subtribe Callitrichina; Callitrichina, Callimico (Goeldi's monkey), Leontopithecus (lion tamarin), and Saguinus (tamarin) into subfamily Callitrichinae; Callitrichinae, Aotus, Cebus, and Saimiri into family Cebidae; Cacajao (uakari monkey) and Chiropotes (saki) into subtribe Chiropotina; Chiropotina and Pithecia (bearded saki) into tribe Pitheciini; Pitheciini and Callicebus into subfamily Pitheciinae; Brachyteles (woolly spider monkey), Lagothrix (woolly monkey), and Ateles into tribe Atelini; and Atelini and Alouatta into subfamily Atelinae. In addition the epsilon and IRBP results congruently grouped (but at lesser strengths) Brachyteles and Lagothrix into subtribe Brachytelina within Atelini, and also Cebus and Saimiri into subfamily Cebinae within Cebidae. Because the IRBP results weakly grouped Pitheciinae with Cebidae, whereas the epsilon results weakly grouped Pitheciinae with Atelinae, the present evidence is best represented in an interim cladistic classification of ceboids by dividing the superfamily Ceboidea into three families: Atelidae, Pitheciidae, and Cebidae.

Alouatta↗
PubMed1998

Phylogeny of neotropical monkeys: the interplay of morphological, molecular, and parasitological data.

Separate independent hypotheses of the phylogenetic relationships among the Platyrrhini monkeys have been produced in a recent past, either based upon morphological or molecular data, but the results are generally conflicting and the phylogeny of the group still is debated. The high host specificity observed among primates and their oxyurid parasites allows to consider the result of a morphologically based cladistic analysis of the pinworms of the Platyrrhini as an estimate of the phylogeny of these monkeys. Using the matrix representation method this "parasite-tree" is combined, using parsimony analysis, with several conflicting molecular or morphological hypothesis of the phylogeny of the host group. The results are discussed with respect to previously published classification, or composite computations of the phylogeny, of the Neotropical monkeys. Comparison of different hypothesis makes apparent several stable groups: (i) the Callithrichidae + Saimiri, (ii) the Atelidae/Alouattidae, (iii) the Pitheciidae, and (iv) the Alouattidae/Atelidae + Pitheciidae. In addition, the parasite and the molecular trees support close relationships between Callimico and Callithrix/Cebuella. The study also makes apparent that the parasite tree generally portrays the results of other studies, both when they are congruous and when they are conflicting. This is interpreted to be additional evidence for close coevolution between the Platyrrhini and their specific pinworms. Because, whatever the combination of data being considered no consensus can be found on the exact position of Aotus and Callicebus, and because it is likely that the earliest radiation of the Platyrrhini could be comparable to an evolutionary burst, which renders identification of homologous characters difficult, it is suggested that, possibly, not enough discriminating tracks of the evolutionary paths have been conserved to allow to resolve this uncertainty in the future.

Alouatta↗
PubMed1999

Phylogenetic relationships of the New World monkeys (Primates, platyrrhini) based on nuclear G6PD DNA sequences.

In order to test hypotheses about the phylogenetic relationships among living genera of New World monkeys, 1.3 kb of DNA sequence information was collected for two introns of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) locus, encoded on the X chromosome, for 24 species of New World monkeys. These data were analyzed using a maximum parsimony algorithm. The strict consensus of the three most-parsimonious gene trees that result shows support for the following clades: a pitheciine clade including Callicebus within which Chiropotes and Cacajao are sister taxa, an Alouatta-atelin clade within which Brachyteles is the sister taxon of Lagothrix and which is sister to another clade containing the callitrichines, and a callitrichine/Aotus/Cebus/Saimiri clade. Within the callitrichines, Callimico is the sister taxon of Callithrix. Cebus and Saimiri form a clade. These results are broadly consistent with previously published DNA sequence analyses of platyrrhine phylogeny and provide additional support for groupings provisionally proposed in those earlier studies. Nevertheless, questions remain as to the relative phylogenetic placement of Leontopithecus and Saguinus, the branching order within the Aotus/Cebus/Saimiri/callitrichine clade, and the placement of the pitheciine clade relative to the atelines and the callitrichines.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Can molecular data place each neotropical monkey in its own branch?

Four different DNA datasets, representative of all extant neotropical primate genera, were tandemly aligned, comprising some 6,763 base pairs (bp) with 2,086 variable characters and 674 informative sites. Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Neighbor-Joining analyses suggested three monophyletic families (Atelidae, Pitheciidae and Cebidae) that emerged almost at the same time during primate radiation. Combined molecular data showed congruent branching inside the atelid clade, placing Alouatta as the most basal lineage followed by Ateles and a more derived branch including Brachyteles and Lagothrix as sister groups. In the Pitheciidae, Callicebus was the most basal lineage with respect to Pithecia and to the more derived sister groups (Cacajao and Chiropotes). Conjoint analysis strongly supported the monophyly of the Cebidae, grouping Aotus, Cebus and Saimiri with the small callitrichines. Within callitrichines, Cebuella merged with Callithrix, Callimico appeared as a sister group of Callithrix/Cebuella, Leontopitecus as a sister group of the previous clade, and Saguinus was the earliest callitrichine offshoot. Two major points remained to be clarified in platyrrhine phylogeny: (i) the exact branching pattern of Aotus, Cebus, Saimiri and the callitrichines, and (ii), which two of these three families (Atelidae, Pitheciidae and Cebidae) are more closely related to one another.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Molecular cladistic markers in New World monkey phylogeny (Platyrrhini, Primates).

Transpositions of primate-specific Alu elements were applied as molecular cladistic markers in a phylogenetic analysis of South American primates. Seventy-four human and platyrrhine loci containing intronic Alu elements were PCR screened in various New World monkeys and the human outgroup to detect the presence of orthologous retrotransposons informative of New World monkey phylogeny. Six loci revealed size polymorphism in the amplification pattern, indicating a shared derived character state due to the presence of orthologous Alu elements confirmed by subsequent sequencing. Three markers corroborate (1) New World monkey monophyly and one marker supports each of the following callitrichine relationships: (2) Callithrix and Cebuella are more closely related to each other than to any other callitrichine, (3) the callitrichines form a monophyletic clade including Callimico, and (4) the next living relatives to the callitrichines are Cebus, Saimiri, and Aotus.

Alu Elements↗
PubMed2004

Chromosome painting comparison of Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Callitrichine, Platyrrhini) with man and its phylogenetic position.

Using human probes of whole chromosomes, the homoeologies between human and Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Platyrrhini) karyotypes were established. Thirty-three conserved segments were observed between the two species. Intrachromosomal rearrangements between the two species were identified using hybridization of chromosome arm probes of human chromosomes 1 and 3. We also used chromosomal data to investigate phylogenetic relationships of Callitrichines. These data were encoded using Cebus capucinus , a species which kept fairly ancestral chromosomes, as reference. Two equi-parsimonious trees, including reversion or convergence events, were obtained. The monophyly of Callitrichines is confirmed. They share nine chromosomal rearrangements at least. The Cebuella-Callithrix group forms a clade sharing five rearrangements at least. According to the tree considered, the Tamarins, Leontopithecus and Saguinus share two chromosomal rearrangements restricted to these two taxa or none. Callimico accumulated seven chromosomal rearrangements unshared with other taxa, at least. To avoid convergence and reversion events, we propose the hypothesis of a network (or populational) evolution. Six chromosomal rearrangements would have occurred during the period of this network evolution. Finally, the karyotype of the last common ancestor to all Callitrichines has been reconstructed. It possessed 48 chromosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Evolution and differentiation of MSHR gene in different species.

Coat color offers some prospects for evolutionary studies due to its large amount of presumably adaptive coat color variation and conserved genetic mechanisms of generating different coat colors in different species. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MSHR) gene is responsible for intraspecific and interspecific color variation in mammals and birds. A total number of 206 MSHR gene sequences belonging to 84 species, 58 genera, and 20 families were analyzed to investigate its evolution and differentiation in different species. Most of the species have 954 bp and stop codon TGA. Species in Callithrix and Callimico have a stop codon mutation from TGA to TGG and elongate 81 bp with TAG as stop codon. Species in Phasianidae, Fringillidae, and Lemuridae also use TAG as stop codon. The Sus scrofa had an insertion of AACCAGACC encoding Asn-Gln-Thr from 85 to 93 bp. In Bovidae, a brown strain of cow with 966 bp due to the 12-bp duplication of GGCATTGCCCGG from 670 to 681 bp encoding for Gly-Ile-Ala-Arg was found. Teiidae has the smallest number of total mutations (6), silent mutations (3), nonsynonymous mutations (3), average number of nucleotide differences (1.519), synonymous nucleotide diversity (pi(s) = 0.0030), and nonsynonymous nucleotide diversity (pi(a) = 0.0029), and Hominidae, Lemuridae, Canidae, and Teiidae have higher ratio of pi(a)/pi(s) (0.537-0.973). The reconstructed phylogenetic tree of MSHR gene of families is basically consistent with the taxonomy of National Center for Biotechnology Information.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Immunodiffusion systematics of the primates. Part V. The Platyrrhini.

Evolutionary relationships between New World monkeys and marmoset genera and the place of the Ceboidea within the primates are considered in terms of the immunological specificity of ceboid proteins. Antigenic distances between the New World primates are measured using antisera produced in rabbits to nine ceboid genera: Alouatta, Aotes, Ateles, Callicebus, Cebus, Chiropotes, Lagothrix, Saimiri and Saguinus. A cladogram constructed on the basis of increasing degrees of antigenic distance between branches depicts Ceboidea as a monophyletic assemblage within which Alouatta is grouped with the Atelinae genera, Lagothrix and Ateles, Chiropotes joins Cacajao and Cebus joins Saimiri. The joining of the cebid genera Aotes and Callicebus with callithricid genera Callimico and Saguinus into a single complex lineage suggests that Cebidae is a paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxon. A phylogenetic taxonomy for Platyrrhini is proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The current status of the New World monkey phylogeny.

Four DNA datasets were combined in tandem (6700 bp) and Maximum parsimony and Neighbor-Joining analyses were performed. The results suggest three groups emerging almost at the same time: Atelidae, Pitheciidae and Cebidae. The total analysis strongly supports the monophyly of the Cebidae family, grouping Aotus, Cebus and Saimiri with the small callitrichines. In the callitrichines, the data link Cebuela to Callithrix, place Callimico as a sister group of Callithrix/Cebuella, and show Saguinus to be the earliest offshoot of the callitrichines. In the family Pithecidae, Callicebus is the basal genus. Finally, combined molecular data showed congruent branching in the atelid clade, setting up Alouatta as the basal lineage and Brachyteles-Lagothrix as a sister group and the most derived branch. Two major points remain to be clarified in the platyrrhine phylogeny: (i) what is the exact branching pattern of Aotus, Cebus, Saimiri and the small callitrichines, and (ii), which two of these three lineages, pitheciines, atelines or cebids, are more closely related?

Animals↗