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PubMed1985

Cardiogenic shock associated with calcium-channel and beta blockers: reversal with intravenous calcium chloride.

Two cases in which oral ingestion of beta blocker and slow calcium-channel blocker was associated with profound hypotension and bradycardia are reported, including one case in which serum levels of both drugs were documented in the normal range at a time of severe clinical toxicity. Though unresponsive to usual therapeutic interventions, both patients showed an immediate and dramatic response to intravenous calcium chloride. It is recommended that intravenous calcium chloride be considered in any patient using routine doses of these two agents who presents with hypotension and/or bradycardia.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1999

Firmness and phytochemical losses in pasteurized yellow banana peppers (Capsicum annuum) as affected by calcium chloride and storage.

The effect of calcium chloride brine treatment on firmness and retention of phytochemicals in pastuerized yellow banana peppers was studied. Shear force values declined during processing and storage, but CaCl(2) treatment resulted in greater firmness retention. Processing reduced ascorbic acid content by 63%, and after 124 days, <10% of ascorbic acid remained. Quercetin and luteolin contents declined 45% during processing, but levels stabilized during storage. Capsaicinoid content was stable during processing and storage. CaCl(2) treatment did not affect ascorbic acid, flavonoid, or capsaicinoid retention during pasteurization and storage. Retention of phytochemicals appeared to be related to their solubility and structural properties.

Calcium Chloride↗
PubMed1979

Optical studies of the phase behavior of monodomain samples of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine containing calcium chloride.

Optical birefringence of the phases exhibited by monodomain samples of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine containing 0.1 M-6 mM calcium chloride is measured over a range of temperature and water content. Little change was observed in the birefringence for this calcium chloride content range, and a phase diagram is constructed from these data and compared with that of monodomain samples of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and water. Effects of the presence of calcium chloride are most pronounced at low temperature and water content but the interaction with phosphatidylcholine cannot account for the effects observed with calcium on intermembrane interactions.

Birefringence↗
PubMed1978

[Effects of calcium gluconate and calcium chloride on cardiocirculatory parameters in man (author's transl)].

In 44 patients with congenital or acquired heart disease, functional class II--IV NYHAC, the effects of calcium gluconate (10 ml 10%) and calcium chloride (10 ml 5.5%) on hemodynamics, inotropy and myocardial oxygen consumption were investigated during and immediately after cardiosurgical procedures. There was a significant increase in blood pressure, left ventricular pressure, total systemic resistance, cardiac index, stroke index, peak dp/dt and myocardial oxygen consumption as well as in arterial perfusion pressure during extracorporeal circulation due to i.v.-injection of either one of the drugs. The positive inotropic effects were more pronounced after application of calcium chloride. In emergency situations during anaesthesia or resuscitation, therefore, calcium chloride seems to be of more advantage than calcium gluconate.

Calcium Chloride↗
PubMed1991

Propranolol overdose--a dramatic response to calcium chloride.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of severe propranolol overdose which responded dramatically to the administration of calcium chloride. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 22-year-old female Caucasian who was unemployed arrived by ambulance to a hospital emergency department after propranolol overdose. She was convulsing and in electromechanical dissociation. An electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with broad QRS complexes. She had no relevant medical history. INTERVENTION: Resuscitation with basic and then advanced life support and administration of oxygen, adrenaline, atropine, fluids and bicarbonate gave no response. Calcium chloride, however, repeatedly produced a dramatic restoration of blood pressure and a narrowing of the QRS complexes. She made a good recovery with no sequelae. CONCLUSION: Calcium chloride may have a role to play in propranolol overdose.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Facilitating cervix dilatation of the non-pregnant uterus by intracervical administration of gels containing prostaglandin and calcium chloride].

In a prospective, randomised study, 50 non-pregnant patients were treated intracervically with 3 ml 5% tylose, 50 micrograms sulprostone, 100 micrograms sulprostone gel, 3 ml 2.5 mM or 9.0 mM calcium chloride gel in order to soften the cervix 12-14 hours before diagnostic curettage. The gel was not used in a further 20 patients. To objectively demonstrate the priming effect, the force required for dilatation of the cervical canal was measured in Newtons, using a mechanical tonometer both before gel application and before the operation. In comparison with the administration of tylose only, the intracervical application of either sulprostone gel or calcium chloride gel led to a significant improvement in cervical dilatability. Tylose alone had a slight but measurable effect on the cervix. An increase in sulprostone from 50 micrograms to 100 micrograms or calcium molarity from 2.5 mM to 9.0 mM brought no further improvement in the dilatory effect. Dilatation-induced cervical lesions could be avoided by preoperative cervical ripening. After application of sulprostone, 3 out of 20 patients experienced doses-dependent uterine cramps, while all patients treated with calcium chloride gel were free of side effects. The intracervical administration of sulprostone and calcium chloride gel allowed gentle dilatation of the non-pregnant cervix, thus lowering the risk of uterine lesions. Under clinical aspects, cervical priming facilitates diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, which, in exceptional cases, can be performed without anaesthesia.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2004

The effect of calcium chloride in treating hyperkalemia due to acute digoxin toxicity in a porcine model.

BACKGROUND: The administration of intravenous (IV) calcium to treat hyperkalemia resulting from digoxin poisoning is considered potentially dangerous, based on a body of older literature which, in sum, reported increased cardiac glycoside toxicity with calcium administration (increased arrhythmias, higher rate of death). OBJECTIVE: This pilot study sought to determine if the administration of calcium chloride when compared to normal saline would affect time to death when given to hyperkalemic, digoxin toxic swine. METHODS: Digoxin IV at 0.25 mg/kg was determined to be appropriately toxic for this study. When arrhythmias consistent with hyperkalemia developed, animals were given either IV calcium chloride (CaCl) bolus (10 mg/kg, Group 1, n=6) or normal saline volume equivalent (Group 2, n=6). Three intervals were observed: Interval 1: time interval from digoxin administration (T0) to when ECG changes consistent with hyperkalemia developed (at which point calcium chloride or normal saline was administered); Interval 2: time interval from the development of ECG changes consistent with hyperkalemia to asystole; Interval 3: time interval from digoxin administration to asystole. Both groups were monitored for changes in heart rhythms, serum potassium levels, and time to asystole. RESULTS: The intravenous digoxin dose of 0.25 mg/kg induced hyperkalemia, arrhythmias, and death approximately 1 h after administration in all animals studied. Group 1: Interval 1 averaged 18.75 (S.D. +/-7.96) min, Interval 2 averaged 16.75 (S.D. +/-17.17) min, and Interval 3 averaged 35.5 (S.D. +/-14.49) min range; Group 2: average Interval 1 24.8 (S.D. +/-4.71) min, Interval 2 averaged 19.5 (S.D.+/-15.92), Interval 3 averaged 44.3 (S.D. +/-13.80) minutes. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups at any time interval, Interval 1 (p=0.43), Interval 2 (p=0.65), Interval 3 (p=0.40). There was no difference in serum potassium throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: The administration of intravenous CaCl in the setting of hyperkalemia from acute digoxin toxicity did not affect mortality or time to death at the dose administered.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cardiovascular effects of low dose calcium chloride infusions during halothane anaesthesia in dorsally recumbent ventilated ponies.

The effects of calcium chloride administered at low infusion rates on the cardiovascular depression and the blood calcium balance were studied during a constant halothane anaesthesia in dorsally recumbent ventilated ponies. A pronounced cardiopulmonary depression characterized by decreases of all cardiac parameters and lowering of the mean arterial blood pressure was observed after the initial anaesthetic stabilization period of 30 minutes in the ponies. A significant decrease in the total calcium plasma concentration together with a constant ionized and complexed calcium fraction was present after the stabilization period. Calcium chloride administration at different infusion rates (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg/kg/min) induced a dose-dependent increase in mean systemic blood pressure, probably due to the observed increase in total peripheral resistance. A dose-dependent gradual decrease in heart rate, probably mediated by the increased vagal activity, was observed after the calcium infusions. The stroke volume increased also in a dose-dependent way. Cardiac output, arterial blood gases or packed cell volume were not influenced by the exogenous calcium infusions. The observed increases in mean pulmonary artery pressure and total pulmonary resistance were probably time-related responses. Overall, only the effects of the exogenous calcium on the peripheral vasculature, namely a vasoconstriction leading to an increase in blood pressure, were present in this study. Although LV dP/dt max was not measured in this study, minor positive inotropic effects of the exogenous calcium infusions might nevertheless be possible since the observed increase in stroke volume could be an indication of an increase in the ventricular contractility function. The different fractions of the calcium in the plasma (total and ionized & complexed calcium) increased during the exogenous calcium infusions but the proportion of the fractions remained always constant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed1993

Effects of calcium chloride on verapamil- and diltiazem-pretreated isolated rat hearts.

The effects of calcium chloride on cardiac responses to verapamil and diltiazem were investigated using isolated and perfused rat hearts with a Langendorff technique. Ionized calcium concentrations were increased approximately from 0.5 mM to 2.2 mM when the hearts were pretreated with 0.2 mg/L of verapamil or 0.28 mg/L of diltiazem, or were untreated with calcium blockers. Calcium significantly counteracted the negative inotropic effect produced by diltiazem and verapamil. In contrast, the negative chronotropic effects of both diltiazem and verapamil were potentiated by increasing concentrations of ionized calcium, and this potentiation was not eliminated by 1.0 mg/L of atropine. An atrioventricular block was induced by both verapamil and diltiazem when ionized calcium concentrations were lower than normal. It is suggested from this study that, although calcium chloride counteracts the negative inotropic effects of verapamil and diltiazem, abruptly increased ionized calcium may cause severe bradycardia clinically.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The effect of monoacetin and calcium chloride on acid-base balance and survival in experimental sodium fluoroacetate poisoning.

Sodium fluoroacetate (compound "1080") was injected intravenously, 3 mmol/kg, to artificially-ventilated anesthetized cats. Blood pressure, ECG, acid-base parameters and serum ionized calcium were monitored in four groups of cats. Group A served as control. Group B cats were treated with calcium chloride to restore normal values of serum ionized calcium. Group C was given monoacetin (glyceryl monoacetate), 0.5 ml/kg every 30 min. Both monoacetin and calcium chloride were given to cats in group D. Fluoroacetate poisoning caused significant decrease in ionized calcium and severe metabolic acidosis with increased levels of lactate and pyruvate. The lactate to pyruvate ratio remained normal as long as there was no significant drop in blood pressure. Correction of blood ionized calcium prolonged survival from 94 to 166 min (group B). Monoacetin prolonged average survival time to 166 min. Metabolic acidosis was aggravated in monoacetin-treated animals (group C). Combined treatment with monoacetin and calcium chloride did not prolong mean survival time above 166 min.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed1992

A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled evaluation of calcium chloride and epinephrine for inotropic support after emergence from cardiopulmonary bypass.

Forty hemodynamically stable patients were randomized to receive an intravenous bolus of either calcium chloride (5 mg/kg) (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) (phase I). Six minutes later, they received either an epinephrine (30 ng.kg-1.min-1) (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) infusion (phase II). Hemodynamic and ionized calcium measurements were obtained in phase I at baseline and at 3 and 6 min after the bolus, and in phase II, at 3 and 6 min (study times 9 and 12 min) after initiation of the infusion. Compared with placebo, calcium did not significantly increase cardiac index but significantly increased mean arterial pressure. Calcium improved cardiac index from 2.46 +/- 0.12 (mean +/- SEM) to 2.74 +/- 0.12 L.min-1.m-2; likewise, placebo improved cardiac index from 2.51 +/- 0.15 to 2.74 +/- 0.15 L.min-1.m-2. Mean arterial blood pressure increased with calcium from 74 +/- 2 to 82 +/- 3 mm Hg compared with a placebo change of 74 +/- 2 to 76 +/- 2 mm Hg. Patients who received the epinephrine infusion (n = 20) demonstrated a significant increase in cardiac index at time 12 min compared with patients receiving only placebo (n = 20). Cardiac index of the epinephrine group increased from 2.56 +/- 0.15 to 2.92 +/- 0.22 L.min-1.m-2, whereas in the placebo group it decreased from 2.86 +/- 0.13 to 2.78 +/- 0.12 L.min-1.m-2. Prior administration of calcium did not alter the subsequent response to epinephrine (n = 10) compared with patients receiving epinephrine alone (n = 10). We conclude that cardiac index improves with time without drug therapy after bypass. Calcium chloride increases mean arterial blood pressure but not cardiac index immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass, whereas low-dose epinephrine significantly increases both cardiac index and mean arterial blood pressure without causing tachycardia in these patients. Calcium chloride (5 mg/kg) did not augment or inhibit the hemodynamic response to an epinephrine infusion.

Calcium↗
PubMed1990

[The efficacy of the use of calcium chloride for preventing postoperative shivering].

Administration of calcium chloride at a dose of 14 mg/kg of body weight in 16.6% of patients cupped off the postoperative tremor of muscles, in 73.4%--contributed to shortening of its duration from (52 +/- 8) down to (35 +/- 10) min, in 10%--stimulated it. The changes in body temperature, central and peripheral hemodynamics, acid-base state were studied.

Calcium Chloride↗
PubMed1992

New uses for calcium chloride solution as a mounting medium.

Fresh cross sections of stems (Psilotum nudum, Coleus blumei, and Pelargonium peltatum) and roots (Setcreasea purpurea) 120 microns thick were fixed in FPA50 (formalin: propionic acid: 50% ethanol, 5:5:90, v/v) for 24 hr and stored in 70% ethanol. The sections were transferred to water and then to 1% phloroglucin in 20% calcium chloride solution plus either hydrochloric, nitric, or lactic acid in the following ratios of phloroglucin-CaCl2 solution:acid: 25:4, 20:2, or 15:5. The sections were mounted on slides either in one of the three mixtures or in fresh 20% calcium chloride solution. A rapid reaction of the acid-phloroglucin with lignin produced a deep red color in tracheary elements and an orange-red color in sclerenchyma. Fixed and stored leaf pieces from Nymphaea odorata were autoclaved in lactic acid, washed in two changes of 95% ethanol, transferred to water, and treated with the three acid-phloroglucin-calcium chloride mixtures. The abundant astrosclereids stained an orange-red color similar to that of sclerenchyma in the sections. In addition, a new method is reported for specifically staining lignified tissues. When sections or leaf pieces are stained in aqueous 0.05% toluidine blue O, then placed in 20% calcium chloride solution, all tissues destain except those with lignified or partially lignified cell walls. Thus, toluidine blue O applied as described becomes a reliable specific test for lignin comparable to the acid-phloroglucin test.

Calcium Chloride↗
PubMed1994

Physico-chemical characterization of products of unfolding of cytochrome c by calcium chloride.

Cytochrome c (cyt c) denaturation by calcium chloride (CaCl2) and guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) denaturation in presence of low fixed concentrations of CaCl2 has been carried out by UV/Vis spectrophotometry at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C. The unfolding process was followed by measuring changes in difference molar extinction coefficient around 400 nm and delta epsilon 290. The products of denaturation were further characterized by intrinsic viscosity ([eta]) measurements. It has been observed that the reversible unfolding of cyt c by CaCl2 occurs in two distinct stages or involves three species (or states) namely N<-->X<-->D. Characterization of the native state, N intermediate state, X and the end product, D suggests that (i) During N<-->X only heme is exposed and no secondary structure unfolding occurs so that X state remains as compact as the native state. (ii) Stage X<-->D shows the melting of secondary structure. (iii) The end product corresponds to a random coil. and (iv) Thermodynamic characterization of the end product shows that heme plays an important role in the stability of the protein and removal of heme will lead to the unfolding of cyt c. Mixed denaturation shows a highly cooperative reversible transition between the native and denatured conformation. Analysis of the mixed results shows that (1) Gdn+ does not have any binding site (s) on the native cyt c, (2) there is one binding site for Ca2+ which stabilizes the protein, and (3) the binding constant, ks, is 5 M-1 for Ca2+.

Calcium Chloride↗
PubMed2006

Reaction of layered sodium disilicate SKS-6 with calcium chloride solution as revealed by solid state NMR spectroscopy: exploring the calcium ion extracting mechanism of SKS-6.

Solid-state 1H, 29Si NMR and 23Na MQMAS NMR spectroscopy combined with X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) technique was used to study the reaction between layered sodium disilicate SKS-6 and calcium chloride solution with different concentrations. Based on the experimental results the calcium ion extracting mechanism of SKS-6 was demonstrated to be via ion replacement, during which calcium ions replace sodium ions and combine with the non-bridging oxygen in SKS-6 for charge compensation, and simultaneously sodium ions leave the interlayer. This ion-replacement process was greatly influenced by the substitution of sodium ions by protons as well as the calcium ions concentration. Increasing calcium ions concentration favors the replacement of sodium ions by calcium ions, but prevents sodium ions from being substituted by protons.

Journal Article↗