Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CUES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Negative anticipatory contrast and preference conditioning: flavor cues support preference conditioning, and environmental cues support contrast.

In 2 experiments, access to a 0.15% saccharin solution was followed on alternating days by access to a 32% sucrose solution and the same saccharin solution. In Experiment 1, rats increased both intake of and preference for a flavored saccharin solution that predicted sucrose, but neither effect was found using a predictive odor cue alone. Experiment 2 replicated the predictive flavor results but showed suppression of saccharin intake when environmental cues predicted sucrose. When both flavor and environment predicted sucrose, saccharin intake did not change, but preference for the predictive flavor increased. Discriminative taste cues appear to facilitate the development of preference conditioning, but environmental cues favor negative anticipatory contrast effects. Also, preference conditioning and contrast may develop concurrently and compete for expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effects of work task cues and play task cues on information processing, judgment, and motivation.

How task cues affect cognition, attitudes, and behavior was explored in this laboratory study with 82 master of business administration students. Linguistic analysis of responses to the same puzzle task, cued as either work or play, revealed that task cues influenced how information was perceived and was used to form judgments and to shape behavioral responses. Ss performing work tasks attended more to information about the quantity of their performance and made more streamlined, goal-directed responses. Ss performing play tasks attended more to information about the quality of their performance; made more elaborated, image-laden responses; and were more intrinsically motivated. Links among task cues, cognitive processes, and performance were explicated through path analysis. Task cues affected performance outcomes indirectly by instantiating associated cognitive orientations: a means orientation in play and an ends orientation in work.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The effect of cue-familiarity, cue-distinctiveness, and retention interval on prospective remembering.

Five experiments investigated the effects of cue familiarity, cue distinctiveness, and retention interval on prospective remembering. Results showed that (1) performance in a prospective memory task is facilitated when the cue is unfamiliar and/or distinctive; and (2) it is impaired by 3-minutes' delay between the instructions and the task (Experiment 1). A beneficial effect of distinctiveness was also found when perceptual rather than semantic distinctiveness was tested (Experiment 2). Experiments 3 and 4 ruled out the hypotheses that "unfulfilled expectancy" of an event (i.e. non-appearance of the cue during training) (Experiment 3), or some sort of "habituation" in the target context (Experiment 4), may have caused the low performance observed in the delayed conditions. Finally, results from Experiment 5 showed that delay negatively affected prospective remembering when it was filled with either a demanding interpolated activity (practice in a STM task) or an undemanding motoric activity (repetitive hands movements). Unfilled delay and an undemanding verbal activity (counting) were found not to affect prospective memory. Implications for the mechanisms underlying prospective remembering are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Volitional covert orienting to a peripheral cue does not suppress cue-induced inhibition of return.

Detection reaction time (RT) at an extrafoveal location can be increased by noninformative precues presented at that location or ipsilaterally to it. This cue-induced inhibition is called inhibition of return or ipsilateral inhibition. We measured detection RT to simple light targets at extrafoveal locations that could be designated for covert orienting by local or distant cues. We found that cue-induced inhibition cooccurred in an additive fashion with the direct effects of covert orienting, i.e., it detracted from facilitation at attended locations and increased the disadvantage for unattended locations. Thus, cue-induced inhibition cannot be suppressed by a volitional covert orienting to the cued location; the co-occurrence of different facilitatory and inhibitory effects confirms the simultaneous operation of multiple independent attentional mechanisms during covert orienting.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Variability of facilitation and inhibition as a function of cue validity and cue-stimulus intervals in the orienting of sustained attention.

45 subjects performed a cued vigilance task in which location cues were presented at intervals of 150, 350, or 550 msec. before the display of the stimulus, that is, three cue-stimulus intervals. Targets preceded by valid location cues led to a normal decrement in vigilance over time, whereas targets preceded by invalid location cues produced an increment in sensitivity (d'). The results suggested that under certain conditions shifts of attention may enhance vigilance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of personalized cueing and provided cueing on the facilitation of verbal labeling by aphasic subjects.

This study investigated the effects of two associative learning tasks on aphasic subjects' labeling of novel symbols. It was designed to determine if aphasic subjects need to develop their own associations for word-symbols pairs (personalized cueing) to obtain the long-term labeling benefits observed in prior research or if comparable results are obtained when "ready-made" associations are used during training (provided cueing). The results showed that the two cueing techniques were equal in their ability to elicit correct responses from the subjects. The results also demonstrated the long-term effectiveness of both cueing procedures on the subjects' labeling accuracy up to 30 days after training was discontinued.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Does exposure to internal cues enhance exposure to external cues in agoraphobia with panic? A pilot controlled study of self-exposure.

BACKGROUND: The value of internal (interoceptive) cues for exposure is under debate and so was tested in a pilot controlled study. METHODS: Outpatients with panic disorder and severe agoraphobia were randomised to 10 weeks of self-exposure to either (1) both internal (interoceptive) and external cues (n = 12) or (2) external cues only (n = 14). Both groups were trained in slow deep breathing and asked to carry out daily self-exposure homework. Neither group had cognitive restructuring. RESULTS: By post-treatment and follow-up all outcome measures improved significantly in both treatment groups. The two groups did not differ significantly in outcome, though slightly more patients who had exposure to both internal and external cues improved 50% or more on phobic avoidance and fear. CONCLUSIONS: A larger controlled study is now worthwhile to tell if such small differences can be significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Cues they use: clinicians' endorsement of risk cues in predictions of dangerousness.

Clinical predictions of violence are a necessary part of clinical practice despite extensive literature validating the use of actuarial rather than clinical prediction. The current study examined clinicians' use of risk cues in predictions of violence. Clinicians identified several risk cues as significant in clinical assessments of risk, including a history of assaults, hostility, medication noncompliance, paranoid delusions, presence of psychosis, and family problems. However, further results indicated that clinician-endorsed risk cues lack predictive power in the present sample.

Criminal Psychology↗
PubMed2005

Renewal of cue-elicited urge to smoke: implications for cue exposure treatment.

The effects of cue exposure therapy are limited, because renewal after extinction is an important source of relapse. In this study, 33 smokers were exposed to a cue predicting smoking availability and a cue predicting smoking unavailability in one context (acquisition context A). Following extinction in another context (extinction context B), a test for renewal took place in the original acquisition context A (i.e. ABA renewal). Urge to smoke was measured using a Visual Analogue Scale. Renewal of differential conditioned urge responding occurred when participants were tested in the acquisition context, while differential urge responding remained extinguished when tested in the extinction context. This experiment provides evidence that ABA renewal occurred in smokers. Clinical implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A learning model of binge eating: cue reactivity and cue exposure.

In the present article, a learning model of binge eating is presented. It has been hypothesized that, parallel to drug intake, the craving and excessive food intake of binge eaters is cue controlled. Research in support of the model is reviewed and a series of predictions about clinical and non-clinical issues is derived from the model. Amongst other things, the model predicts that binge eating might be successfully treated with cue exposure and response prevention. Practical issues are discussed and preliminary pilot studies on cue exposure for bingers are reviewed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Neural activation profile elicited by cues associated with the anxiogenic drug yohimbine differs from that observed for reward-paired cues.

Cues associated with dangerous or rewarding outcomes can themselves elicit neural activation. Previous work in rats has shown that cues associated with morphine, cocaine, nicotine or palatable food can elicit enhanced expression of the immediate-early gene product Fos in discrete brain regions. Activation of the prefrontal cortex has been shown to be particularly prominent. Some studies have also shown prefrontal cortical activation following exposure to fear-inducing stimuli. To investigate the specificity of regional brain Fos activation, we treated rats with an anxiogenic drug, yohimbine (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)), or water once per day for 10 consecutive days in a test environment distinct from their home cages. Yohimbine elicited a robust locomotor response that progressively sensitized over days. After a 4-day interval, rats were reintroduced to the paired environment, without drug treatment. Rats re-exposed to the environment where they had previously been treated with yohimbine showed conditioned increases in motor activity compared with controls. Fos expression was increased in several brain regions, including the basolateral amygdala, but was unchanged in prefrontal cortex, in contrast to what has been reported for rewarding drugs. These observations show a neural activation profile elicited by cues associated with the anxiogenic drug yohimbine and further support the hypothesis that prefrontal cortex has a specific role in reward expectancy.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1995

Time cues block the CS, but the CS does not block time cues.

Analysis of conditioned defensive freezing in rats revealed that prior pairings of a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and footshock in Context 1 at Time 1 failed to give that tone CS the power to block conditioning to Context 2 at Time 2. This failure of an excitatory CS to block conditioning of time cues was not reciprocal. When the stimulus roles were reversed, excitatory time cues blocked conditioning to the tone CS. This asymmetry in blocking is best explained by the notion that time cues have special access to the association-formation mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Utility of monaural spectral cues is enhanced in the presence of cues to sound-source lateral angle.

The contention that normally binaural listeners can localize sound under monaural conditions has been challenged by Wightman and Kistler (J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101:1050-1063, 1997), who found that listeners are almost completely unable to localize virtual sources of sound when sound is presented to only one ear. Wightman and Kistler's results raise the question of whether monaural spectral cues are used by listeners to localize sound under binaural conditions. We have examined the possibility that monaural spectral cues provide useful information regarding sound-source elevation and front-back hemifield when interaural time differences are available to specify sound-source lateral angle. The accuracy with which elevation and front-back hemifield could be determined was compared between a monaural condition and a binaural condition in which a wide-band signal was presented to the near ear and a version of the signal that had been lowpass-filtered at 2.5 kHz was presented to the far ear. It was found that accuracy was substantially greater in the latter condition, suggesting that information regarding sound-source lateral angle is required for monaural spectral cues to elevation and front-back hemifield to be correctly interpreted.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2003

Neural processing of gravito-inertial cues in humans. IV. Influence of visual rotational cues during roll optokinetic stimuli.

Sensory systems often provide ambiguous information. For example, otolith organs measure gravito-inertial force (GIF), the sum of gravitational force and inertial force due to linear acceleration. However, according to Einstein's equivalence principle, a change in gravitational force due to tilt is indistinguishable from a change in inertial force due to translation. Therefore the central nervous system (CNS) must use other sensory cues to distinguish tilt from translation. For example, the CNS might use dynamic visual cues indicating rotation to help determine the orientation of gravity (tilt). This, in turn, might influence the neural processes that estimate linear acceleration, since the CNS might estimate gravity and linear acceleration such that the difference between these estimates matches the measured GIF. Depending on specific sensory information inflow, inaccurate estimates of gravity and linear acceleration can occur. Specifically, we predict that illusory tilt caused by roll optokinetic cues should lead to a horizontal vestibuloocular reflex compensatory for an interaural estimate of linear acceleration, even in the absence of actual linear acceleration. To investigate these predictions, we measured eye movements binocularly using infrared video methods in 17 subjects during and after optokinetic stimulation about the subject's nasooccipital (roll) axis (60 degrees /s, clockwise or counterclockwise). The optokinetic stimulation was applied for 60 s followed by 30 s in darkness. We simultaneously measured subjective roll tilt using a somatosensory bar. Each subject was tested in three different orientations: upright, pitched forward 10 degrees, and pitched backward 10 degrees. Five subjects reported significant subjective roll tilt (>10 degrees ) in directions consistent with the direction of the optokinetic stimulation. In addition to torsional optokinetic nystagmus and after nystagmus, we measured a horizontal nystagmus to the right during and following clockwise (CW) stimulation and to the left during and following counterclockwise (CCW) stimulation. These measurements match predictions that subjective tilt in the absence of real tilt should induce a nonzero estimate of interaural linear acceleration and, therefore, a horizontal eye response. Furthermore, as predicted, the horizontal response in the dark was larger for Tilters (n = 5) than for Non-Tilters (n = 12).

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Visual orientation and self-perceptions of children in an external-cue-relevant or cue-irrelevant task situation.

On the basis of visual orientation on a block design task, 180 kindergarten through fifth-grade children were assigned to 3 categories of task approaches: (a) inner directed or task oriented (TO), (b) information seeking (IS), and (c) approval seeking or cue dependent (CD). The performance and self-perceptions of the children were then examined as they worked on a concept-identification task in which an external cue was either relevant or irrelevant. The results showed that performance of the children in the 3 categories on the task was differentially affected by the manipulated cue conditions, though not consistently across grade levels. The relationship between task-approach categories and self-perceptions also differed over grade levels.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Discriminative cues produced by NPY do not generalize to the interoceptive cues produced by food deprivation.

Exogenous administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) into the third ventricle causes a rapid and robust feeding response in sated rats. The current experiment was designed to assess whether the interoceptive cues produced by exogenous NPY administration generalize to those produced by another orexigenic treatment: 24-h food deprivation. Rats were placed in a chamber after receiving either NPY or saline infused into the third ventricle for a total of six sessions (three after NPY and three after saline). Half of the rats were given a brief foot shock after NPY and not after saline, while the other half received the opposite contingency. The pattern of behavioral immobility for the two groups differed with the rats "freezing" significantly more to the treatment (NPY or saline) paired with shock. Then rats were tested for generalization by placing them in the chamber either after 0- or 24-h food deprivation with no NPY or saline administration or any foot shock. Behavioral immobility during the generalization test of rats that had been trained with shock following saline was greater than that for rats that had been trained with shock following NPY, independent of whether testing occurred when the rats were 0- or 24-h food deprived. This outcome indicates that interoceptive stimuli produced by NPY are no more similar to internal cues produced by 24-h food deprivation than to the stimulus consequences of ad lib feeding. These and other recent findings suggest that food deprivation activates processes or mechanisms different from those that underlie the orexigenic effects of NPY.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Development of alcohol-associated cues and cue-induced brain activation in alcoholics.

The objective of this study was to develop new standardized alcohol-associated cues and assess their effects on brain activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Pictures of alcoholic and neutral beverages and affectively neutral pictures were presented to 44 abstinent alcoholics and 37 age-matched healthy control subjects. We assessed the skin conductance response, and the elicited arousal and valence. Alcoholics and control subjects did not differ in arousal, valence or skin conductance response evoked by alcohol-associated and affectively neutral stimuli, while nonalcoholic beverages were rated as more unpleasant and arousing by alcoholics compared with control subjects. In the fMRI pilot study, alcohol and abstract pictures were presented to six abstinent alcoholics and induced a significant activation of brain areas associated with visual emotional processes such as the fusiform gyrus, parts of the brain reward system (basal ganglia and orbitofrontal gyrus) and further brain regions in the frontal and parietal cortices associated with the attention network. These observations suggest that standardized pictures of alcoholic beverages can be used to assess brain circuits involved in the processing and evaluation of alcohol cues.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Inactivating one hippocampus impairs avoidance of a stable room-defined place during dissociation of arena cues from room cues by rotation of the arena.

Unilateral intrahippocampal injections of tetrodotoxin were used to temporarily inactivate one hippocampus during specific phases of training in an active allothetic place avoidance task. The rat was required to use landmarks in the room to avoid a room-defined sector of a slowly rotating circular arena. The continuous rotation dissociated room cues from arena cues and moved the arena surface through a part of the room in which foot-shock was delivered. The rat had to move away from the shock zone to prevent being transported there by the rotation. Unilateral hippocampal inactivations profoundly impaired acquisition and retrieval of the allothetic place avoidance. Posttraining unilateral hippocampal inactivation also impaired performance in subsequent sessions. This allothetic place avoidance task seems more sensitive to hippocampal disruption than the standard water maze task because the same unilateral hippocampal inactivation does not impair performance of the variable-start, fixed hidden goal task after procedural training. The results suggest that the hippocampus not only encodes allothetic relationships amongst landmarks, it also organizes perceived allothetic stimuli into systems of mutually stable coordinates. The latter function apparently requires greater hippocampal integrity.

Animals↗