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PubMed1996

The responses of skin blood flow, mean arterial pressure and R-R interval induced by cold stimulation with cold wind and ice water.

This study was designed to evaluate the peripheral circulation response to cold wind stimulation. Skin blood flow (SBF), ECG R-R intervals (RRs) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured in ten healthy men under strictly controlled conditions. Cold wind flow and ice water bath were prepared as cold stimulations. The subjects were exposed to each cold stimulation and the values of the responses were simultaneously recorded. The cold wind stimulation reduced SBF (maximally 40.4 +/- 3.2%) and increased MAP (maximally 106.9 +/- 1.3%), but did not affect RRs. On the other hand, all parameters were affected by the ice water stimulation, which reduced SBF to 16.4 +/- 1.2% and RRs to 85.1 +/- 3.0%, and increased MAP to 130.6 +/- 2.4% compared with the control state. All subjects suffered from intense pain during the ice water but not the cold wind stimulation, and two of them were eliminated from this study because of vagotonia. After phentolamine iontophoresis was used to block the receptor of peripheral alpha-adrenergic nerve terminals, the cold wind stimulation did not affect SBF. These results suggest that cold wind stimulation is a useful test for evaluating peripheral alpha-adrenergic nerve function in relation to cold sensation, without increase of RRs and noxious pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Coronary artery bypass grafting and aortic valve replacement with cold cardioplegia in a patient with cold-induced urticaria.

BACKGROUND: Cold-induced urticaria is an uncommon but well described phenomenon in which a spectrum of responses may result from exposure to a cold stimulus. Patients with cold-induced urticaria who require cold cardiopulmonary bypass are at risk for hypotensive episodes. OBJECTIVE: To describe the case of a 69-year-old man with documented cold-induced urticaria who required aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass surgery. METHODS: After receiving a prophylactic anti-inflammatory regimen, the patient underwent cold cardiopulmonary bypass. After systemic cooling to 32 degrees C, cold blood cardioplegia was administered at 4 degrees C to obtain initial cardiac standstill. Thirty minutes before anticipated rewarming, anti-inflammatory medications were again administered. After rewarming to 37 degrees C for more than 33 minutes, he was successfully weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass without inotropic or pressor support and with normal pulmonary compliance. The prophylactic regimen was continued postoperatively. RESULTS: The patient was extubated 11 hours after surgery, and with the exception of a brief, self-limited episode of atrial fibrillation, his course was uneventful. He experienced no urticaria, angioedema, or hypotension and was discharged home on the fourth postoperative day. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is likely that the need for cold cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in patients with cold-induced urticaria is uncommon, it is encouraging that such a regimen may allow for the successful completion of the surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Symptom severity patterns in experimental common colds and their usefulness in timing onset of illness in natural colds.

Mean total symptom severity scores for subjects with experimental rhinovirus colds peak 48 h after viral inoculation. Also, total symptom scores for natural rhinovirus and nonrhinovirus colds peaked on day 2 of illness in a long-term, noncompensated epidemiology study. In contrast, the mean total symptom scores for compensated patients receiving placebo in natural cold treatment trials peaked on day 1. Comparisons by day indicated that scores for symptoms reported as occurring on day 1 in the natural cold treatment trials corresponded with experimental cold scores for symptoms reported 48 h after viral inoculation. Comparisons of frequency and cumulative distribution scores for the 2 groups indicated that natural colds in the treatment trials were of longer duration than reported. A mean total symptom severity score of <or=7 would capture 95% of experimental colds 24 h after inoculation while excluding 30.5% of natural colds on day 1 of illness. Histories given by compensated patients in natural cold treatment trials are inaccurate.

Common Cold↗
PubMed1975

Reduced urinary noradrenaline excretion during rest, exercise and cold stress in trained rats: a comparison between physically-trained rats, cold-acclimated rats and warm-acclimated rats.

Physically trained rats were compared with cold-acclimated rats. Trained as well as cold-acclimated rats showed cardiac and adrenal hypertrophy. Cardiac noradrenaline (NA) content was increased in both groups of rats but only the trained rats had an increased cardiac NA concentration. The adrenal NA content was increased in both groups but only the trained rats had an increased adrenal content of adrenaline (A). The spleen of trained rats had an increased NA content, while that of cold-acclimated rats had a decreased NA content. The submandibular glands of cold-acclimated rats were enlarged and had an increased NA content. Trained as well as cold-acclimated rats had lower urinary NA excretions during rest, after exercise and during cold stress when compared with controls. However, only the trained rats had a reduced net increment in NA excretion after exercise, whereas there was no difference between the increments of cold-acclimated and control rats. Six months after cessation of training, ex-trained rats still had an increased heart ratio and a reduced urinary NA excretion after exercise. It is suggested that physical training induces "cross tolerance" to cold stress, while cold-acclimation does not lead to "cross tolerance" to acute exercise.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1987

Exercise during intermittent cold exposure prevents acclimation to cold rats.

1. Energy balance and brown adipose tissue growth were examined in four groups of male Wistar rats: (i) sedentary, living at 24 degrees C (warm), (ii) exercise-trained, 2 h daily, living at 24 degrees C, (iii) living at 24 degrees C but exposed to -5 degrees C, 2 h daily and (iv) living at 24 degrees C but exercise-trained while being exposed to -5 degrees C, 2 h daily. 2. Cold exposure during exercise training appeared to have little additional influence on body composition following 28 days of treatment; body mass gain, in addition to protein and fat gains, of exercised cold-exposed rats were similar to the gains observed in exercised warm-exposed control animals. However, in sedentary cold-exposed rats protein, fat and body mass gains were significantly lower than the gains measured in sedentary rats not exposed to cold. 3. Metabolizable energy intake, expressed mass-independently, was similar in sedentary warm-exposed rats and both groups of animals that were exercise-trained. Metabolizable energy intake was increased almost 15% in sedentary cold-exposed rats. 4. Energy expenditure (mass independent), excluding the net cost of exercise training, was not different in sedentary warm-exposed and exercised rats; energy expenditure was almost 20% higher in sedentary cold-exposed rats. 5. Total protein and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contents of brown adipose tissue were more than doubled in sedentary rats exposed to cold; protein and DNA levels were similar among the other three groups of rats. 6. Treadmill running during daily, 2 h exposure at -5 degrees C appears to prevent the cold acclimation responses that occur in sedentary rats receiving similar cold exposure.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2003

Cold shock response and major cold shock proteins of Vibrio cholerae.

When exponentially growing Vibrio cholerae cells were shifted from 37 degrees C to various lower temperatures, it was found that the organism could adapt and grow at temperatures down to 15 degrees C, below which the growth was completely arrested. There was no difference between the patterns of the cold shock responses in toxinogenic and nontoxinogenic strains of V. cholerae. Gel electrophoretic analyses of proteins of cold-exposed cells revealed significant induction of two major cold shock proteins (Csps), whose molecular masses were 7.7 kDa (CspA(VC)) and 7.5 kDa (CspV), and six other Csps, most of which were much larger. We cloned, sequenced, and analyzed the cspV gene encoding the CspV protein of V. cholerae O139 strain SG24. Although CspA(VC) and CspV have similar kinetics of synthesis and down-regulation, the corresponding genes, cspA and cspV, which are located in the small chromosome, are not located in the same operon. A comparative analysis of the kinetics of synthesis revealed that the CspV protein was synthesized de novo only during cold shock. Although both CspA(VC) and CspV were stable for several hours in the cold, the CspV protein was degraded rapidly when the culture was shifted back to 37 degrees C, suggesting that this protein is probably necessary for adaptation at lower temperatures. Northern blot analysis confirmed that the cspV gene is cold shock inducible and is regulated tightly at the level of transcription. Interestingly, the cspV gene has a cold shock-inducible promoter which is only 12 nucleotides from the translational start site, and therefore, it appears that no unusually long 5' untranslated region is present in its mRNA transcript. Thus, this promoter is an exception compared to other promoters of cold shock-inducible genes of different organisms, including Escherichia coli. Our results suggest that V. cholerae may use an alternative pathway for regulation of gene expression during cold shock.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1990

Stimulatory effects of cold exposure and cold acclimation on glucose uptake in rat peripheral tissues.

The effects of cold exposure on the net rates of 2-[3H]deoxy-D-glucose uptake (Ki) in rat peripheral tissues were investigated comparatively in warm- and cold-acclimated animals to determine whether cold acclimation induces regulatory alterations in glucose metabolism. Acute exposure of warm-acclimated (25 degrees C) rats to cold (48 h at 5 degrees C) markedly increased the Ki values in red and white skeletal muscles (2-5 times), in the heart (8 times), in several white adipose tissue (WAT) depots (4-20 times), and in brown adipose tissue (BAT) (110 times). After cold acclimation (3 wk at 5 degrees C), the Ki values further increased in the heart (15 times) and WAT (up to 29 times) but decreased in BAT (36 times). Remarkably, glucose uptake was still increased in muscles of cold-exposed/cold-acclimated animals (that do not shiver), demonstrating that enhanced glucose uptake may occur in muscles in the absence of shivering thermogenesis (or contractile activity). When cold-acclimated rats were returned to the warm for 18 h, the Ki values of all tissues, except WAT, returned to control levels. Cold exposure synergistically potentiated the stimulation of tissue glucose uptake induced by a maximal effective dose of insulin (0.5 U/kg iv) in warm- as well as in cold-acclimated animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1992

Effects of cold acclimation on cold-induced changes in lipid metabolism of rat brown adipose tissue.

Effects of acute cold exposure (0 degree C, 12 h) on lipid metabolism of the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) were studied in warm controls (25 degrees C) (WC) and cold-acclimated rats (5 degrees C, 4 weeks) (CA). 1) We confirmed that cold acclimation brought about decreased BAT triglyceride (TG) level and increased BAT phospholipid (PL) level. The indexes of unsaturation, such as unsaturation index and polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio, of bulky fatty acids (FA) (palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids) decreased in TG, while those increased in PL. Rare FA (eicosadienoic acid, homo-gamma-linoleinic acid, lignoceric acid) level, which were about five times higher in PL than TG in WC, decreased in both TG and PL in CA. 2) Effect of acute cold exposure in WC: The level as well as the amount of TG in BAT was greatly reduced and the indexes of unsaturation in TG-FA increased. The most part of reduced TG (85%) was explained by the bulky FA. Rare FA explained only 1.1% of reduced TG. PL level in BAT did not change, but its amount decreased. The indexes of unsaturation increased in PL-FA. 3) Effect of acute cold exposure in CA: CA was placed in warm temperature of 25 degrees C before cold exposure. In contrast with the cold-reduced TG in WC, either the level or the total amount of TG in BAT did not change, but the indexes of unsaturation in TG-FA decreased. The level as well as the total amount of PL in BAT increased. The arachidonic index and arachidonate in PL-FA decreased, but the indexes of unsaturation did not change. These results indicate as a whole that acute cold exposure as well as cold acclimation influences BAT lipid metabolism in FA compositions as well as amount of TG and PL, suggesting that such changes are related to thermogenic activity of this tissue.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1991

A field study of cold effects among cold store workers in China.

A field study was carried out among cold store workers in China. A self administrative questionnaire and health check-up were taken among 463 male workers from two different types of cold stores, all during their whole daily work. 296 men from Lower Temperature Stores (LTS), where the air temperature was between -10 to -25 degrees C, and 167 men from Ice Stores (IS), where the air temperature was between -5 and +5 degrees C participated. Another group of 152 men working in normal stores and exposed to an air temperature between 20 and 30 degrees C served as a control group. The study did not indicate any special disease attributable to the cold environment. The number of complaints of lower back pain and knee pain in the cold exposed group were significantly higher than that of the control group (in LTS: 42.3%, 46.6%; IS: 52.7%, 50.8%; control group: 9.2%, 14.5%; low back and knee pain, respectively). After 5 years of cold exposure work, the lower back and knee symptoms were very frequent. The point press pain on the knees of the cooler group (LTS) was higher than in the moderate cold group (IS). We suppose that the cold factor contributed to lower back and knee pain. 12.2% of 463 cold exposed workers had frostbite on the body extremities viz: hand, foot and ear. Self estimation of health indicated more problems among cold exposed workers (28.0%) than control group (2.7%).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Immunomodulation by cells of mononuclear phagocyte lineage in acute cold-stressed or cold-acclimatized mice.

Immunoregulatory states in acute cold-stressed or cold-acclimatized mice were investigated. When male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to environmental temperature of 5 degrees for 24 hr (acute cold stress), the spleen cells showed depressed proliferative responses to stimulation with concanavalin A (Con A) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) compared with control mice (reared at 25 degrees). The proportion of Thy-1.2+ cells increased significantly in spleens from these acute cold-stressed mice. The Con A responses of T-enriched cells from acute cold-stressed mice were restored to the normal level by adding plastic-adherent cells from control mice. Further, adherent cells from acute cold-stressed mice markedly suppressed the Con A responses of control spleen cells. Thus, the plastic-adherent cells appeared to be responsible for the suppressed Con A responses. On the other hand, proliferative responses to Con A or LPS were elevated in spleen cells from mice exposed to 5 degrees for 3 weeks (cold acclimatization). A significant decrease of Thy-1.2+ cells was detected in these spleens. It was shown that the enhanced proliferative responses were attributable to functional alterations of the plastic adherent cell population but not to those of lymphoid cell population. These findings indicate that the low or high responsiveness of spleen cells to Con A observed in cold-stressed or cold-acclimatized mice, respectively, may be due to a mechanism including the contrary modulations of functions of cells of mononuclear phagocyte lineage.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Impact of cold and cold-acid stress on poststress tolerance and virulence factor expression of Escherichia coli O157:H7.

The effect of extended cold or cold-acid storage of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on subsequent acid tolerance, freeze-thaw survival, heat tolerance, and virulence factor (Shiga toxin, intimin, and hemolysin) expression was determined. Three E. coli O157:H7 strains were stressed at 4 degrees C in TSB or pH 5.5 TSB for 4 weeks. The acid (TSB [pH 2.0] or simulated gastric fluid [pH 1.5]) tolerance, freeze-thaw (-20 degrees C to 21 degrees C) survival, and heat (56 degrees C) tolerance of stressed cells were compared with those of control cells. The beta-galactosidase activities of stressed and control cells containing a lacZ gene fusion in the stx2, eaeA, or hlyA gene were determined following stress in TSB or pH 5.5 TSB at 37 degrees C and in the exponential and stationary phases. Cold and cold-acid stresses decreased acid tolerance (P < 0.05), with a larger decrease in acid tolerance being observed after cold stress than after cold-acid stress (P < 0.05). Cold stress increased freeze-thaw survival for all three strains (P < 0.05). Prior cold or cold-acid stress had no effect on virulence factor production (P > 0.05), although growth in acidic media (pH 5.5) enhanced eaeA and hlyA expression (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the prolonged storage of E. coli O157:H7 at 4 degrees C has substantial effects on freeze-thaw tolerance but does not affect subsequent virulence gene expression.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Cold shock domain proteins and glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana can promote the cold adaptation process in Escherichia coli.

Despite the fact that cold shock domain proteins (CSDPs) and glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins (GRPs) have been implicated to play a role during the cold adaptation process, their importance and function in eukaryotes, including plants, are largely unknown. To understand the functional role of plant CSDPs and GRPs in the cold response, two CSDPs (CSDP1 and CSDP2) and three GRPs (GRP2, GRP4 and GRP7) from Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated. Heterologous expression of CSDP1 or GRP7 complemented the cold sensitivity of BX04 mutant Escherichia coli that lack four cold shock proteins (CSPs) and is highly sensitive to cold stress, and resulted in better survival rate than control cells during incubation at low temperature. In contrast, CSDP2 and GRP4 had very little ability. Selective evolution of ligand by exponential enrichment (SELEX) revealed that GRP7 does not recognize specific RNAs but binds preferentially to G-rich RNA sequences. CSDP1 and GRP7 had DNA melting activity, and enhanced RNase activity. In contrast, CSDP2 and GRP4 had no DNA melting activity and did not enhance RNAase activity. Together, these results indicate that CSDPs and GRPs help E.coli grow and survive better during cold shock, and strongly imply that CSDP1 and GRP7 exhibit RNA chaperone activity during the cold adaptation process.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1993

Responses of Arctic and tropical men to a standard cold test and peripheral vascular responses to local cold stress in the Arctic.

Thermoregulatory, metabolic and peripheral vascular responses to cold were studied in two groups (six each) of healthy men during exposure to the natural cold environment of the Arctic. Group A comprised of two arctic natives and four temporary residents who had migrated from the temperature zone of Russia. Group B consisted of six soldiers from a tropical region (India). Group B was airlifted to the arctic (70 degrees N, 38 degrees E). Both groups stayed in a field camp. The experiments were conducted during the 7th week of the stay. The volunteers were subjected to a standard cold test at 10 degrees C for 2 h wearing only shorts. Their heart rate, blood pressure, ventilation, oxygen consumption, oral temperature, mean skin and extremity temperatures were recorded initially and at 30 min intervals during standard cold test. The cold-induced vasodilatation response in both groups was also studied separately. The tropical natives (Group B) were flown back to Delhi and retested after 6 weeks. The physiological responses to general cold exposure as well as peripheral vascular response to local arctic cold stress were similar in both groups. The observation suggested that cold acclimatization in tropical men is similar to that of the people of Russian origin from a temperature zone.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1991

Cold acclimation and cold-regulated gene expression in ABA mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana.

We have examined the cold-induced enhancement of freezing tolerance and expression of cold-regulated (cor) genes in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh (Landsberg 'erecta') and abscisic acid (ABA)-deficient (aba) and ABA-insensitive (abi) mutants derived from it. The results indicate that the abi mutations had no apparent effect on freezing tolerance, while the aba mutations did: cold-acclimated aba mutants were markedly impaired in freezing tolerance compared to wild-type plants. In addition, it was observed that non-frozen leaves from both control and cold-treated aba mutant plants were more ion-leaky than those from corresponding wild-type plants. These data are consistent with previous observations indicating that ABA levels can affect freezing tolerance. Whether ABA has a direct role in the enhancement of freezing tolerance that occurs during cold acclimation, however, is uncertain. Several studies have suggested that ABA might mediate certain changes in gene expression that occur during cold acclimation. Our data indicate that the ABA-induced expression of three ABA-regulated Arabidopsis cor genes was unaffected in the abi2, abi3, and aba-1 mutants, but was dramatically impaired in the abi1 mutant. Cold-regulated expression of all three cor genes, however, was nearly the same in wild-type and abi1 mutant plants. These data suggest that the cold-regulated and ABA-regulated expression of the three cor genes may be mediated through independent control mechanisms.

Abscisic Acid↗