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PubMed1999

Psychiatric emergency rates during the Christmas season in the years 1991 to 1997.

We compared the number of psychiatric admissions from the emergency room during the Christmas season, defined as the rate for the month of December, with those in other months. The psychiatric emergency rates were recorded for each month over six consecutive years, 1991 to 1997. The average number of emergency patients in none of the 12 months differed significantly from any of the remaining months (ANOVA, p > .05). Our data and those of other authors do not support the clinical lore that Christmas season is associated with higher rate of psychiatric emergencies.

Emergency Services, Psychiatric↗
PubMed1992

The Christmas factor in obesity therapy.

The effect of Christmas time on body weight development was measured in 46 obese patients in maintenance therapy at the Obesity Unit of the Karolinska Hospital and in 76 hospital staff controls of similar sex and age distribution. In controls a statistically significant weight increase of 0.4 +/- 0.8 (s.d.) kg (P < 0.001) was found, whereas the mean increase in the obese patients of 0.6 +/- 2.4 kg was not statistically significant. Little variation in weight development over Christmas was found in controls, whereas the weight change in the obese group ranged from +6.1 to -8.8 kg over the 2-3 weeks. Seasonal variation in body weight has been attributed to circadian rhythms. Cultural food habits may also play a role.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Orthotopic liver transplantation for hepatitis C infection: the best Christmas present?

We report the case of a 60-year-old man with mild Christmas disease, Factor IX 10% of normal, who developed chronic hepatitis C infection after receiving coagulation factor concentrates. Subsequently he developed encephalopathy and liver failure and was referred for liver transplantation. Following transplantation, Factor IX levels rapidly normalised and have remained so, representing a phenotypic cure of his Christmas disease.

Blood Coagulation Factors↗
PubMed1975

Complications of ornamental Christmas bulb ingestion. Case report and review of the literature.

Unusual complications ensued when a 14-month-old boy ingested an ornamental Christmas bulb. Profuse rectal bleeding, a large ischiorectal abscess, and an acute condition of the abdomen necessiated a sigmoid colostomy with drainage of the ischiorectal abscess. Following this, repeated episodes of hemorrhage via the colostomy and rectum required multiple operative procedures. The last of these was a total colectomy with an ileostomy and rectal mucous fistula. The patient subsequently developed intestinal obstruction that required lysis of adhesions and drainage of a chronic subhepatic abscess, due to perforation of the terminal part of the ileum. The patient required five months of hospitalization and further surgery to reconstruct gastrointestinal continuity. Hemorrhage is an infrequent complication of foreign body ingestion, as reported in the literature. We theorize that the problems in this case were the result of the extreme thinness (0.033 cm) and the brittleness of the glass fragments.

Abscess↗
PubMed2000

Respiratory gas transport, metabolic status, and locomotor capacity of the Christmas Island red crab Gecarcoidea natalis assessed in the field with respect to dichotomous seasonal activity levels.

Red crabs, Gecarcoidea natalis, exhibit seasonal activity patterns: low activity during the dry season when they shelter in burrows to avoid dehydration, and high activity during the wet season. Red crabs were examined in situ in the rainforest of Christmas Island to determine if there were underlying seasonal differences in the capacity for exercise and associated metabolism. During both seasons, free-ranging (FR) crabs engaged in their normal activities and, together with crabs induced to exercise for 5 min, were sampled for haemolymph and muscle tissue. Respiratory gases in the haemolymph and key metabolites were measured to assess differences in metabolic status of FR and exercised crabs. Actively foraging FR crabs during the wet season exhibited a relative haemolymph hypoxia (2.9 kPa) and accumulated an extra 3 mmol. litre(-1) of CO(2) compared to the relatively inactive FR crabs during the dry season. Wet-season crabs appeared to be in a state of relative respiratory acidosis compared to dry-season animals. This hypercapnia may arise as a consequence of a relative hypoventilation in animals with a relatively higher metabolic rate during the wet season. Oxygenation of pulmonary and arterial haemolymph was similar and remained high after 5 min of exercise, indicating that the gills and lungs functioned similarly in gas exchange in both FR and exercised crabs. During exercise, venous O(2) reserves decreased and red crabs experienced a mixed respiratory/metabolic acidosis. Similar changes, after 5 min of enforced exercise, in metabolite concentrations, pH and respiratory gas status in the haemolymph during both sampling seasons suggest that the crabs maintain similar capacity to increase exercise during the wet and the dry seasons, despite the differences in underlying physiological status. This is important since after prolonged inactivity during the dry season, with the arrival of moonsoonal rains, red crabs must engage in their annual breeding migration.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Spontaneous disappearance of an IgA anti-factor IX inhibitor in a child with Christmas disease.

The few inhibitors to blood coagulation factor IX in patients with Christmas disease (hemophilia B) that have been studied have been shown to belong to the IgG class of immunoglobulins. We report the first case in which a factor IX inhibitor was of the IgA class. Additionally, he appears to be the youngest patient with hemophilia B to have developed an inhibitor. His inhibitor complicated treatment of the patient for several years because of its anamnestic rise following factor IX concentrate administration. It then spontaneously vanished and has not returned in spite of repeated factor IX complex administration.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1987

The spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients with factor IX deficiency (Christmas disease)

Early reports suggested that hemophiliacs with factor IX deficiency (Christmas Disease) may be at less risk for developing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) than patients with classic hemophilia. We evaluated 12 factor IX deficient patients for clinical and immunologic abnormalities related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Antibody to HIV was not detected in these patients prior to 1982. By 1985, 66 percent (eight of 12) patients were seropositive. All three concentrates available commercially before 1985 were associated with seropositivity. Furthermore, seropositive hemophiliacs had received on average significantly more factor IX concentrate than seronegative hemophiliacs (27,825 +/- 17,976 (S.D.) versus 1,250 +/- 1,500 factor units/year, (p less than 0.02). Half of the seropositive individuals had generalized lymphadenopathy with splenomegaly. Two seropositive patients have developed AIDS, one with cryptococcal meningitis and another with a large cell immunoblastic lymphoma. Infection with HIV has occurred with high frequency in hemophiliacs who received unmodified factor IX concentrates.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed2001

Pesticide exposure beliefs among Latino farmworkers in North Carolina's Christmas tree industry.

BACKGROUND: Pesticide exposure is a major preventable occupational hazard for farmworkers. This study examined the beliefs of Latino farmworkers in North Carolina's Christmas tree industry regarding pesticide exposure. METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 Mexican male seasonal farmworkers. Participants discussed beliefs about agricultural chemicals, routes of exposure, and health effects of these chemicals. They also discussed their knowledge and use of pesticide safety practices and safety training received. RESULTS: Most farmworkers knew that pesticides could be harmful, though workers varied in their levels of knowledge regarding routes of exposure, specific health effects of pesticides, and ways to avoid and reduce exposure. Workers varied considerably in the amount of safety training received and use of safety practices. Perceived lack of control and health beliefs were salient factors that decreased workers' use of safety practices. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds to the growing body of research which documents the health beliefs of Latino farmworkers in the U.S. relative to pesticides and pesticide safety. This literature is beginning to show convergence on several points (e.g., farmworker knowledge of acute vs. long-term illness resulting from pesticide exposure), as well as regional variation in pesticide safety beliefs. This study substantiates the need for pesticide safety education to address issues of control as well as beliefs.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Looking at Christmas trees in the nucleolus.

We describe novel nucleolar structures, observed by thin section electron microscopy in oocyte nuclei of the grasshopper Locusta migratoria, which we interpret, based on morphological and compositional criteria, as rDNA transcription units. Morphologically they resemble the condensed and foreshortened "Christmas trees" seen in Miller spreads of nucleolar chromatin prepared from the same biological material. They contain DNA and rRNA as shown by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization and are concentrated in several intranucleolar cavities. The presumptive rDNA transcription units extend throughout the interior of these nucleolar pockets or are selectively enriched at their outermost zones in close contact with the surrounding fibrillarin-positive dense component. We suggest that the nucleolar pockets of Locusta oocytes are equivalent to the fibrillar centers of somatic nucleoli and discuss possible implications for the current understanding of the functional organization of nucleoli.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Arrangement of ribosomal genes in nucleolar domains revealed by detection of "Christmas tree" components.

We investigated how the transcribing ribosomal genes ("Christmas trees") of HeLa cells are arranged in the nucleolus. Hypotonic conditions let the granular component disperse, while fibrillar centres and parts of the dense fibrillar component were resistant to low ionic strength conditions. Both remained within the former nucleolar territory. We used immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridisation at the light microscopic and ultrastructural level for the analysis of the internal nucleolar structures. The 5' ends of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal DNA sequences were found associated with the periphery of fibrillar centres. The hypotony-resistant parts of the dense fibrillar component did not contain the 5' end of the transcript or the gene. The downstream ribosomal DNA sequences were found in the nucleolar territory but not associated with any hypotony-resistant structures. The downstream ribosomal RNA revealed a similar distribution. We show that transcription initiation and transcript elongation occur in different molecular and structural environments. Transcription initiation is located at the periphery of fibrillar centres. Evidently the dense fibrillar component is non-homogeneous in molecular composition. Transcript elongation is continued in a part of the dense fibrillar component which is dissolved under intermediate hypotonic conditions. A structural model of nucleolar transcription is suggested.

3' Flanking Region↗
PubMed1994

Synthesis of the 5-aminopentyl glycoside of beta-D-Gal p-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glc p NAc-(1-->3)-L-Fuc p and fragments thereof related to glycopeptides of human Christmas factor and the marine sponge Microciona prolifera.

The marine sponge Microciona prolifera and human coagulation factor IX (Christmas factor)-related mono- to tri-saccharide 5-aminopentyl glycosides beta-D-Gal p-R (5), beta-D-Glc pNAc-R (16), beta-D-Gal p-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glc p NAc-R (26), beta-D-Glc p NAc-(1-->3)-beta-L-Fuc p-R (39), beta-D-Glc pNAc-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Fuc p-R (43), beta-D-Gal p-(1-->4)-beta-D- Glc pNAc-(1-->3)-beta-L-Fuc p-R (45), and beta-D-Gal p-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glc p NAc-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Fuc p-R (47), where R is a 5-aminopentyloxy spacer moiety, which allowed the construction of glycoconjugates, were prepared. Thus, 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonyl-amino)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (10) and 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-chloro-acetamido-2- deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose (13) were condensed with N-Z-protected 5-amino-pentanol (2) followed by conversion of the coupling products into the corresponding N-acetylglucosamine derivatives, to give compound 16 after deblocking. Similarly, the donors 10 and 13 were coupled to position 3 of suitably protected aminopentyl beta- (32) and alpha- (37) -L-fucopyranosides, to give the disaccharides 39 and 43, respectively. Starting from lactose, O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-->4)-3,6-di-O- benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)-alpha-D-glu copyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (23) was prepared and used as an efficient disaccharide donor for the construction of ligand 26 from 2 and of the trisaccharide ligands 45 and 47 from fucosides 32 and 37, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Oldies but goldies: searching for Christmas trees within the nucleolar architecture.

The nucleolus is the prominent nuclear organelle in which the biogenesis of ribosomal RNA and ribosomes takes place. Understanding of the molecular processes in the nucleolus is rapidly expanding; however, opinions and results on the precise localization of active ribosomal genes - in either of two nucleolar subcompartments, fibrillar centers and dense fibrillar components - are still divided. This review discusses the difficulties in studying the nucleolar structure using microscopy, and provides an overview of the published data, critically examining their relevance to the controversy. Additionally, evidence showing that the dense fibrillar components encompass the Christmas tree structures is discussed and ways to reconcile the controversy are proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Renal papillary necrosis in haemophilia and christmas disease.

Haematuria is common in haemophilia and Christmas disease. A variety of radiological abnormalities in the urinary tract has been described in the literature, the commonest being hydronephrosis and obstructive uropathy. The findings in 26 cases seen in this centre were reported by Beck and Evans in 1972; although urinary-tract obstruction was relatively common, it was noted that signs suggestive of renal papillary necrosis (RPN) were present in some cases. In the present study, 20 of these patients were reinvestigated up to 10 years after the original radiological studies; a total number of 46 past and present intravenous urograms were examined. There was evidence of RPN in 11 of the 20 patients, and in five of these the signs had changed over the intervening period. The relevance of these findings is discussed; none of the patients showed evidence of renal failure. It is suggested that episodes of urinary-tract obstruction could be related to papillary sloughing, in some cases, rather than clot obstruction or obstruction due to retroperitoneal bleeding.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Betalains from Christmas cactus.

The presence of 14 betalain pigments have been detected by their characteristic spectral properties in flower petals of Christmas cactus (Schlumbergera x buckleyi). Along with the known vulgaxanthin I, betalamic acid, betanin and phyllocactin (6'-O-malonylbetanin), the structure of a new phyllocactin-derived betacyanin was elucidated by various spectroscopic techniques and carbohydrate analyses as betanidin 5-O-(2'-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-6'-O-malonyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosid e. Among the more complex betacyanins occurring in trace amounts, the presence of a new diacylated betacyanin ¿betanidin 5-O-[(5"-O-E-feruloyl)-2'-O-beta-D- apiofuranosyl-6'-O-malonyl)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside¿ has been ascertained. Furthermore, the accumulation of betalains during flower development and their pattern in different organs of the flower has been examined.

Betalains↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A non-invasive method for measuring cardiac output: the effect of Christmas lunch.

Cardiac output was measured in ten patients at routine cardiac catheterisation and three patients with severe heart failure by means of a carbon dioxide rebreathing technique with a computer-assisted mass spectrometer and compared with cardiac output measured by thermodilution. There was a close correlation (r = 0.96, p less than 0.01) between the two methods. Cardiac output measured by the carbon dioxide rebreathing technique increased after a typical Christmas lunch by a mean of 1.6 1/min in a group of healthy volunteers.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1987

Crisis at Christmas 1986.

Of 100 men and women interviewed at Crisis at Christmas, 34 were actively psychotic, and 12 of these had had no contact with psychiatric services. Of those also answering as to whether or not they had been in prison, 25 (81%) replied in the affirmative, including 1 who had been in Broadmoor for attempted murder. In the combined group of 46 who either had had previous psychiatric admissions or were actively psychotic, 32 (78%) admitted to having been to prison (2 declined to answer), which was significantly in excess of the figure (42%) for those with no serious psychopathology and no previous psychiatric history. About a third of those interviewed were not receiving their benefit entitlement, the proportions being similar for those with and without a history of psychiatric illness. These results show a deterioration since last year's survey.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosis and destitution at Christmas 1985-88.

Surveys of the destitute were conducted over four successive Christmas periods in Central London, UK. Functional psychosis with hallucinations and/or delusions, either current (19%) or in the past (22%), were associated with extreme social isolation and imprisonment.

Bias↗
PubMed2001

Clinical trials update: Highlights of the Scientific Sessions of Heart Failure 2001, a meeting of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. CONTAK-CD, CHRISTMAS, OPTIME-CHF.

This article continues a series of reports summarising recent research developments pertinent to the topic of heart failure. This is a summary of presentations made at Scientific Sessions of Heart Failure 2001, a meeting of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Clinical studies of particular interest to people caring for patients with heart failure include CONTAK-CD, CHRISTMAS and further updates on OPTIME-CHF. A brief review of the current status of cardiac resynchronisation therapy is included.

Cardiology↗