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PubMed2005

Chinese cabbage extracts and sulforaphane can protect H2O2-induced inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication through the inactivation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinases.

The cruciferous vegetables such as Chinese cabbages and broccoli are known to have anticancer phytochemicals, and the consumption of cruciferous vegetables has been proposed to protect against various cancers. The anticarcinogenic properties of some Chinese cabbage extracts and sulforaphane glucosinolate (SFN) were assessed by examining their ability to prevent the inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in WB-F344 normal rat liver epithelial cells. The cells were preincubated with Chinese cabbage extracts and SFN for 24 h followed by cotreatment with cells and H2O2 (750 microM) for 1 h. Chinese cabbage extracts and SFN prevented the inhibition of GJIC and phosphorylation of gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) by H2O2 treatment. Chinese cabbage extracts and SFN were able to prevent the inhibition of GJIC through the blocking of Cx43 phosphorylaton and inactivation of ERK 1/2 and p38 MAP kinase. The results suggest that cruciferous vegetables and their components, SFN, may exert the anticancer effect by targeting the GJIC as a functional dietary chemopreventive agent.

Bidens↗
PubMed2003

Chemical stimulants of leaf-trenching by cabbage loopers: natural products, neurotransmitters, insecticides, and drugs.

Larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), often transect leaves with a narrow trench before eating the distal section. The trench reduces larval exposure to exudates, such as latex, during feeding. Plant species that do not emit exudate, such as Plantago lanceolata, are not trenched. However, if exudate is applied to a looper's mouth during feeding on P. lanceolata, the larva will often stop and cut a trench. Dissolved chemicals can be similarly applied and tested for effectiveness at triggering trenching. With this assay, I have documented that lactucin from lettuce latex (Lactuca sativa), myristicin from parsley oil (Petroselinum crispum), and lobeline from cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis) elicit trenching. These compounds are the first trenching stimulants reported. Several other constituents of lettuce and parsley, including some phenylpropanoids, monoterpenes, and furanocoumarins had little or no activity. Cucurbitacin E glycoside found in cucurbits, another plant family trenched by cabbage loopers, also was inactive. Lactucin, myristicin, and lobeline all affect the nervous system of mammals, with lobeline acting specifically as an antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. To determine if cabbage loopers respond selectively to compounds active at acetylcholine synapses, I tested several neurotransmitters, insecticides, and drugs with known neurological activity, many of which triggered trenching. Active compounds included dopamine, serotonin, the insecticide imidacloprid, and various drugs such as ipratropium, apomorphine, buspirone, and metoclopramide. These results document that noxious plant chemicals trigger trenching, that loopers respond to different trenching stimulants in different plants, that diverse neuroactive chemicals elicit the behavior, and that feeding deterrents are not all trenching stimulants. The trenching assay offers a novel approach for identifying defensive plant compounds with potential uses in agriculture or medicine. Cabbage loopers in the lab and field routinely trench and feed on plants in the Asteraceae and Apiaceae. However, first and third instar larvae enclosed on Lobelia cardinalis (Campanulaceae) failed to develop, even though the third instar larvae attempted to trench. Trenching ability does not guarantee effective feeding on plants with canal-borne exudates. Cabbage loopers must not only recognize and respond to trenching stimulants, they must also tolerate exudates during the trenching procedure to disable canalicular defenses.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Induction of tumor necrosis factor production and antitumor effect by cabbage extract.

The effect of cabbage extract on the production of tumor necrosis factor and its implication in the antitumor effect were examined in vitro and in vivo. Cabbage extract stimulated the production of tumor necrosis factor by rat spleen cells and showed cytotoxic activity in a rat ascites hepatoma cell line (AH109A) when hepatoma cells were cultured with cabbage-stimulated spleen cells. When the extract was adminstered orally to AH109A-bearing rats in combination with lipopolysaccharide injection, the hepatoma weights were reduced to one-half of the vehicle control. The cytotoxic activity of tumor-infiltrating macrophages was induced by simultaneous treatment with cabbage extract and lipopolysaccharide. These results indicate that cabbage extract contains macrophage-stimulating component(s) and can implement the antitumor effect by stimulating the cytotoxicity of tumor-infiltrating macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Changes in liver glutathione S-transferase activities in Coturnix quail fed municipal sludge-grown cabbage with reduced levels of glucosinolates.

Cabbage, green beans, or seeds from sunflowers grown either on municipal sewage sludge-amended soil or soil alone were fed to male and female Coturnix quail, as 50% of a complete diet, for 5 weeks. Specific activities of liver glutathione S-transferase (GST) were similar in all quail fed the latter two plant diets and also similar to quail fed a nonplant, control diet. Sludge-grown cabbage-treated quail exhibited liver GST activities significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than levels of liver GST in birds fed the other plants, with a further twofold activity increase in quail fed the soil-grown cabbage. This response seems to be correlated with the levels of glucosinolates present in the cabbage, i.e., 3040 and 9253 ppm (dry basis) in the sludge-grown and soil-grown cabbage, respectively.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Microbiological quality and the inability of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum to produce toxin in film-packaged fresh-cut cabbage and lettuce.

The production of toxin by a 10-strain mixture of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum in fresh produce packaged in polyethylene films having high (7,000 cc/m2/24 h; HOTR) and low (3,000 cc/m2/24 h; LOTR) relative oxygen permeability was determined. Shredded cabbage and lettuce inoculated with approximately 10(2) spores/g were placed in bags composed of the two films (1.4 kg/bag), and the bags were then vacuum sealed. Produce was stored at 4, 13, and 21 degrees C for up to 21 (cabbage) or 28 (lettuce) days and analyzed periodically. At each sampling time, the gas composition within the bags, pH of the produce, and microbial populations (total aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, and yeasts and molds) were determined. In addition, the presence of botulinal toxin was determined using the standard U.S. Food and Drug Administration mouse bioassay protocol. Bags made of HOTR film prolonged sensory quality of cabbage and lettuce, especially at 13 and 4 degrees C. Packaging material had an effect on the growth of various groups of microorganisms; however, there was not a general trend. For example, lettuce packaged in HOTR bags had higher aerobic microbial populations than that packed in LOTR, but no significant difference (P < or = 0.05) was observed with cabbage. Growth of psychrotrophic bacteria was greater in vegetables packaged in HOTR film while growth of yeasts and molds was not affected by either packaging film. Most differences in microbial populations in produce packaged in LOTR and HOTR films were less than 1 log10 CFU/g. Botulinal toxin was not detected in cabbage or lettuce packaged in either film or stored under any test condition.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Heated scallop-shell powder slurry treatment of shredded cabbage.

The main component of scallop-shell powder is calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Through heat treatment, CaCO3 in the shell is converted to CaO, which exhibits antibacterial activity. The disinfecting effect of heated scallop-shell powder on shredded cabbage was investigated for various powder concentrations (0.1 to 1.0 g dm(-3)) and treatment temperatures (10 to 40 degrees C). Scallop-shell powder treatment was found to reduce the aerobic bacteria count in cabbage, with increasing effectiveness at higher powder concentrations and treatment temperatures. Coliforms were completely eliminated within 5 min with as little as 0.1 g dm(-3) powder treatment. During storage at 4 degrees C, aerobic bacterial counts did not increase after powder treatment, whereas counts increased with water-washing or sodium hypochlorite treatment at 200 microg dm(-3). The inactivation pattern of bacterial cells in shredded cabbage involved an accelerated decline followed by an extended tail at powder concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 g dm(-3). We postulate that a fraction of bacterial cells in the initial population becomes tolerant to the shell powder. A proposed model accurately predicts the reducing bacterial counts on shredded cabbage by scallop-shell powder treatment. The decrease in the L-ascorbic acid content of shredded cabbage was approximately 20 to 30% for scallop-shell powder treatment at 0.1 and 0.5 g dm(-3) (20 degrees C), which is almost identical to that by sodium hypochlorite treatment at 200 micorg dm(-3).

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence of Escherichia coli associated with a cabbage crop inadvertently irrigated with partially treated sewage wastewater.

Preharvest contamination of field crops may have many sources, including feces, soil, and irrigation water. In March 2000, a sewage spill released unchlorinated tertiary-treated effluent into a creek used to irrigate commercial produce. A field of young cabbage transplants was irrigated with creek water as the contaminated water flowed past this land. Cabbage samples were taken from plots within this field, and Escherichia coli was isolated from the roots of these plants but not from the edible portion of the cabbage. No E. coli was isolated from water samples or from control samples taken from a nearby cabbage field watered with chlorinated municipal water. The cabbage field under study had not been fertilized with manure for at least 2 years prior to the contamination incident. Six different E. coli serotypes were identified, although none of them proved to be pathogenic. These serotypes were separated into five groups by a RiboPrinter; the resulting groups correlated well with the serotypes and the locations in the field from which these strains were isolated. We previously found that certain nonpathogenic E. coli strains displayed lower levels of adherence to lettuce seedling roots in a hydroponic adherence assay. The E. coli field strains displayed variable patterns of adherence to lettuce seedlings: strain MW421 showed significantly lower root and shoot adherence levels than did the other field strains, while strains MW423 and MW425 showed significantly higher root and shoot adherence levels. These data suggest that water quality is of paramount importance for the food safety of growing crops.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2005

Prewashing with acidified sodium chlorite reduces pathogenic bacteria in lightly fermented Chinese cabbage.

Efficacy of prewashing with acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) for the sanitation of lightly fermented Chinese cabbage was evaluated. The population of the natural microflora on the cabbage leaves was reduced about 2.0 log CFU/g just after washing with ASC, a significant reduction compared with the control distilled water wash (P < or = 0.05). In the control experiment, viable aerobic bacteria increased gradually when incubated at 10 degrees C; however, ASC-washed cabbage maintained a lower microbial concentration. The treatment of Chinese cabbage with ASC reduced the population of artificially inoculated Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes by 2.4 log CFU/g. The sanitation efficacy of ASC was 1.6 log CFU/g higher than that of distilled water washing. The viable cell counts of all pathogenic bacteria tested remained constant during 8 days of storage at 10 degrees C for both washing treatments, with the exception of L. monocytogenes, whose viable cell counts increased gradually with time for both treatments. No significant differences in color, odor, taste, and texture in raw leaves were observed after the ASC wash compared with after the distilled water wash. These results indicate that prewashing with ASC could control bacterial growth in lightly fermented Chinese cabbage without changing the product quality.

Brassica↗
PubMed2003

Characterization of a salicylic acid- and pathogen-induced lipase-like gene in Chinese cabbage.

A cDNA clone for a salicylic acid-induced gene in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) was isolated and characterized. The cabbage gene, designated Br-sil1 (for Brassica rapa salicylate-induced lipase-like 1 gene), encodes a putative lipase that has the family II lipase motif GDSxxDxG around the active site serine. A database search showed that plant genomes have a large number of genes that contain the family II lipase motif. The lipase-like proteins include a myrosinase-associated protein, an anther-specific proline-rich protein APG, a pollen coat protein EXL, and an early nodule-specific protein. The Br-sil1 gene is strongly induced by salicylic acid and a nonhost pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, that elicits a hypersensitive response in Chinese cabbage. Treatment of the cabbage leaves with BTH, methyl jasmonate, or ethephon showed that the Br-sil1 gene expression is induced by BTH, but not by methyl jasmonate or ethylene. This indicates that the cabbage gene is activated via a salicylic acid-dependent signaling pathway. An examination of the tissue-specific expression revealed that the induction of the Br-sil1 gene expression by BTH occurs in leaves and stems, but not in roots and flowers. Without the BTH treatment, however, the Br-sil1 gene is not expressed in any of the tissues that were examined.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

[Eco-toxicological effects of heavy metals on the inhibition of seed germination and root elongation of Chinese cabbages in soils].

The Eco-toxicity effects of individual Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd on the inhibition of seed germination and root elongation of Chinese cabbages (Brassica pekimensis) were tested in four types of soils (red loam soils, meadow brown soils, chestnut soils and dark brown soils) and water solution. The combined effects of heavy metals pollution were determined with meadow brown soils. Results indicated that with same concentration, the inhibition rates of heavy metals on root elongation of Chinese cabbages are stronger than that on the seed germination. The inhibition effects of heavy metals on the root elongation of Chinese cabbages in soils are much lower than that in water, indicating that soils play an important role of buffering on heavy metals pollution. Inhibition rates of heavy metals on the root elongation (IRHMRE) of Chinese cabbages are significantly negative related with the contents of organic matter (OR) and Kjedahl-nitrogen (K-N) in soils, however, there is no significant related between IRHMRE and soil pH, so does the content of T-K. In the concentrations that result in the irritated effect in the single form of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd pollution, synergic effects are produced significantly when four heavy metals are combined. As the results, the threshold values that result in the inhibition effects on root elongation in Chinese cabbages decrease markedly.

Brassica↗
PubMed1987

Anaphylaxis to cabbage: detection of allergens.

Allergy to cabbage and other foods in the Brassica family has rarely been observed in man. We report a case of facial and throat swelling in an atopic female after she ingested coleslaw on two separate occasions. She had 4+ reactions to cabbage, mustard plant, cauliflower, and broccoli by skin testing. A RAST using cabbage extract was positive for specific IgE antibody. Analysis of cabbage extract by gel filtration showed five peaks of ultraviolet-absorbing material at 280 nm. Allergenic activity was demonstrated by RAST inhibition in two fractions of the cabbage extract. This report confirms IgE sensitivity can occur to foods in the Brassica family.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Vitamin concentration in different varieties and grades of cabbage].

Examinations covered 8 varieties (28 grades) of cabbage for the content therein of C, B6 vitamins, beta-carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and folacin. All the cabbage specimens were analyzed right after picking. In 2 grades of the cabbage vitamins were determined after picking and repeatedly after storage (9 months in a vegetable storehous). It was found that there existed a significant difference in the quantitative content of vitamins between individual varieties of cabbage. The proportion of all the vitamins is noteceably higher in broccoli, Brussels sprouts and in cabbage lettuce. Brussels sprouts are distinguished by a particularly high level of vitamins.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed2004

Changes in the radical-scavenging activity of sliced red and green cabbages during storage.

Vegetables are rich source of antioxidative components such as ascorbic acid and polyphenols, which scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species and prevent life-style related diseases. In this work, the changes of radical-scavenging activity in shredded red and green cabbage leaves during storage were determined as well as ascorbic acid and polyphenol contents. Shredded cabbage leaves were stored at 10 degrees C for 7 days in the presence or absence of oxygen. Radical-scavenging activity, ascorbic acid content, and polyphenol content of shredded cabbage leaves remained for 7 days in the presence and absence of oxygen. These results demonstrate that the radical-scavenging activity, ascorbic acid, and polyphenols are stable in shredded cabbage leaves and that oxygen does not affect the activity and active components.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed2000

Isolation and characterization of a class I SLG gene from Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris).

In Brassica species, self-incompatibility in the recognition reaction between self and non-self pollens is determined by two genes, SLG and SRK, at the S locus. We have cloned and characterized a genomic DNA fragment containing a complete open reading frame of the SLG gene from Chinese cabbage. The genomic clone, named BcSLG2, was found to possess the region that shares a homology of 77% in amino acid identity with the SLG46 gene of Brassica campestris. Northern blot analysis revealed that the BcSLG2 gene expression is restricted to the pistil of Chinese cabbage flower. In situ hybridization showed that in the pistil, the gene is expressed predominantly in the stigmatic tissue. Much lower expression in the tapetum was also detectable at an immature stage of the flower development. Southern blot hybridization with the BcSLG2 DNA probe showed polymorphism in the SLG gene organization of the Chinese cabbage plants. These results will provide valuable information in understanding the S gene complex of the Chinese cabbage plants.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

The effects of dietary cabbage on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and the binding of aflatoxin B1 to hepatic DNA in rats.

The effect of dietary cabbage (Brassica oleracea) on the binding of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to hepatic DNA and on the activities of liver and intestinal microsomal and cytosolic enzymes was studied in weanling male Fischer 344 rats. Freeze-dried cabbage was fed to rats at a level of 25% in the diet for 21 days, while others received a basal diet. In the cabbage-fed group there was an 87% (P less than 0.01) reduction in the binding of AFB1 to hepatic DNA 2 hr after the ip injection of [3H]AFB1 (3 micrograms/kg). There was also a 41% (P less than 0.05) increase in liver weight expressed relative to body weight. Hepatic and intestinal glutathione S-transferase activities were significantly increased (2.1- and 2.3-fold, respectively) over those in rats fed the basal diet. Hepatic and intestinal microsomal epoxide hydrolase activities were significantly increased (2.6- and 1.4-fold, respectively) over the basal group. Intestinal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECD) activities were significantly increased (2.3- and 2.5-fold, respectively), over the basal group but dietary cabbage had no significant effect on hepatic AHH or ECD activities.

7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase↗
PubMed2006

Uptake of vapor and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by cabbage.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cabbage (aerial part), air (gas and particles) and soil samples collected from two sites in Tianjin, China were measured. Although the levels of PAHs in all samples from the heavily contaminated site B were higher than those from the less contaminated site A, the PAH profiles were similar, suggesting the similarity in source type. PAH concentrations in cabbages were positively correlated to either gas or particle-bound PAHs in air. A multivariate linear regression with cabbage PAH as a function of both gas and particle-bound PAHs in air was established to quantitatively characterize the relationship between them. Inclusion of soil PAH concentrations would not improve the model, indicating that the contribution of soil PAHs to cabbage (aerial part) accumulation was insignificant.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2006

Strain and growth temperature influence Listeria spp. attachment to intact and cut cabbage.

Twenty four Listeria strains representing three different species and two serotypes of L. monocytogenes were investigated for their ability to attach to and colonize cabbage tissue. All strains exhibited a preference to attach to cut tissues compared to the intact leaf surfaces. Most strains attached to cut surfaces at levels 1.0 to 1.2 log CFU/cm(2) above numbers on intact tissue. Although all strains demonstrated the ability to colonize both intact and cut surfaces, some strains consistently exhibited higher levels of attachment. This attribute was independent of species or serotype. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the presence of increased cell numbers on the cut edges with numerous cells located within folds and crevices. The distribution of cells found on the intact surfaces appeared to be randomly distributed with no apparent affinity for specialized surface structures such as stomata. SEM analysis also revealed the increased presence of large clusters of cells on leaf surfaces after 4 and 24 h. These cell aggregates appeared to be in the early stages of biofilm development. L. moncytogenes strain Scott A was used to examine the effect of prior growth temperature on attachment at 10 degrees C. Cells attached to intact cabbage surfaces within 5 min of exposure, with numbers reaching 4.3 log CFU/cm(2) for cells grown at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C, and 3.8 log CFU/cm(2) for 10 degrees C cultures. The culture growth temperature was shown to significantly (P<0.05) affect the strength of attachment (S(R) values) during the first 4 h of exposure to intact surfaces, as cells cultivated at 37 degrees C were more easily removed from leaf surfaces than those cultivated at 10 degrees C or 22 degrees C. However, after 24 h binding was not significantly different between temperatures (P>0.05) where more than 80% of cells, regardless of cultivation temperature, remained attached to the leaf surfaces following successive washes. Irrespectively of prior growth temperature, increasing exposure time to the cabbage resulted in increased attached cell numbers as well as increased binding strength. The increase in development of cell clusters and early biofilm structures may explain the decreased efficiency over time in removal of cells from the cabbage surfaces. The information presented in this study may have important implications for produce handling practices and the implementation of wash regimes intended to remove microorganisms from edible plant surfaces.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2005

Tritium levels in Chinese cabbage and radish plants acutely exposed to HTO vapor at different growth stages.

To simulate an acute exposure of Chinese cabbage and radish plants to airborne HTO, the potted plants were exposed to HTO vapor under semi-outdoor conditions for 1h at different times from the early to late growth stages. The plants were grown outdoors and the plant tritium was measured at the end of an exposure (h(0)) and at harvest. The leaf tissue free water tritium (TFWT) concentrations at h(0) were considerably lower than estimated equilibrium concentrations. In the leaves of Chinese cabbage, the exposure at the earlier growth stage generally ended with a higher TFWT concentration. Such a tendency was not apparent either in the leaves or roots of radish. On the other hand, the earlier stage exposure gave rise to lower TFWT concentrations at the harvest of both crops. For the OBT (organically bound tritium), however, the same occurred only in the Chinese cabbage leaves. During the period between the exposure and harvest, the TFWT concentrations reduced by factors of up to 1.1 x 10(6) for the Chinese cabbage leaves and 1.3 x 10(4) for the radish roots. Based on the activity ratios of OBT to TFWT at harvest, it is estimated that OBT mostly contributes much more to the ingestion dose than TFWT does.

Air Pollutants↗