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PubMed1978

[Open disponibility before self - on Medard Boss' Basis of Medicine and Psychology].

In this book, written in collaboration with Heidegger, Medard Boss endeavours for the first time to use Heidegger's late philosophical oeuvre as a basis for medicine and psychology. Boss attempts to uncover behind the understanding of man as existence, which prevail in "Sein und Zeit" and which has been so influential for Binswanger's existential analysis, a more original understanding of man as eksistence, as "open disponibility" (Offenständigkeit). The interest of this view resides in the resulting general principle of classification and interpretation of all forms of disease, giving rise to an "existenialistic pathology". The problematic aspect consists in the failure to integrate the "being-onself" in the understanding of human existence as open disponibility, which leads to a one-sided interpretation of disease processes.

Ego↗
PubMed1990

[Drug information in recent 5 volumes of the Year Book of Dentistry].

The Year Book of Dentistry appears annually, providing a review of dental articles. We surveyed the abstracts of the recent 5 volumes of the Year Book of Dentistry, from 1985 to 1989. Two hundred and eighty articles were abstracted in each volume, divided into about 13 categories. The proportion of abstracts concerned with drugs and drug therapies (here termed drug information) was almost 20% in all volumes. Most of the drug information appeared under the heading "Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology" (63%). The original articles for the abstracts were from many journals, but 70% of the drug information articles were from JADA, Oral Surgery, and 10 other journals. The classification of the drugs in the drug information were: drugs for dental treatment, antibacterials, antiinflammatories, hemostatics, anesthetics, and others. Oral manifestations of systemic diseases or side effects of drugs used for these diseases were also abstracted. There were numerous articles of systemic diseases, due to dental treatments, including infective, hematologic diseases.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1979

Statistical and other data-analytic techniques for the evaluation researcher: an identification, classification, and description of methods and resources.

The goal of any social/health intervention program is to improve the lot of the people it is designed to serve. Of critical importance is the development and implementation of programs able to achieve such a goal is evaluation research (ER)--a process representing an interface between the generic notion of evaluation and the rigor of social research methodology. The evaluation researcher should be familiar with, and be capable of using, any of a number of (statistical and non-statistical) data-analytic techniques. The objectives of this discussion, therefore, are to (1) identify, categorize, and briefly describe statistical and other data-analytic techniques of potential use to the evaluation researchers; and (2) identify currently available resources, i.e., texts, books of readings, monographs, etc., that offer discussions and analyses of these techniques. It is hoped that such an exposition will lead to a wider understanding, acceptance, and use of these procedures, which can only enhance the quality of subsequent program policy- and decisionmaking.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Classifications in the field of mental health.

For the first time in the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) the chapter on mental disorders contained short glossary definitions for each category. A number of changes in attitudes and policies at the international and national levels, particularly the reorientation of mental health programmes to include behavioural and psychosocial problems, came at an opportune time and had a positive influence on the development of proposals for the chapter on mental and behavioural disorders in the Tenth Revision (ICD-10). This in turn enabled WHO to undertaken an intensive and extensive assessment of international needs in the classification of mental disorders and, where the situation was not unequivocal, to organize field trials to provide the empirical data necessary for problem solution. The result is a series of compatible classifications of mental and behavioural disorders based on ICD-10. The first, produced mainly as a reference tool for statistical purposes, will be included in ICD-10 with short glossary definitions as was the case for ICD-9. Other versions will be published for practising clinicians (with enhanced glossary definitions followed by diagnostic guidelines) for research (with full definitions, diagnostic guidelines and diagnostic criteria); for use in the provision of services to the mentally ill; and for use in general health (primary) care. There will also be a multiaxial classification of mental disorders in children to identify the clinical syndrome, resulting disability and environmental factors. It is hoped that these versions tailored to the needs of different groups working in the field of mental health will result in further improvements in communications between those responsible for the provision of services and care.

Disease↗
PubMed1986

Paediatric urology 1000 years ago.

In this paper we present a commentary on four books from the paediatric urology point of view; al-Hawi (Continens), R. fi Siyasat as-Sibyan wa tadbirihim, at-Tasrif and al-Qanun by the Moslem scholars ar-Razi, Ibn al-Jazzar, al Zahrawi and Ibn Sina who lived within the period of the ninth to the eleventh centuries. In these books the supreme abilities of the authors as clinicians and their role in the creation of clinical medicine are shown by: The presentation of the various pathological conditions usually starting with the complaint then describing the origin of the disease and enumerating the accurate signs necessary for diagnosis. Differential diagnosis between various conditions which produce similar complaints is precisely described. For example, retention of urine and different types of anuria, types of renal haematuria, dormant and moving renal stones and their precise localisation, renal or vesical pain and pain due to colitis. Finally, the methodical classification of the diseases according to the organs affected is discussed. The description of the pathology and the knowledge of new diseases was an important advance made by these scholars. From the urological point of view, spina bifida and its relation to incontinence was first described by ar-Razi and most of the diseases of the kidney and bladder can be recognized in the systemic classification of the diseases of these organs given by Ibn Sina who pointed out the psychological role in some cases of nocturnal enuresis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

General Surgery↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perinatal mortality in Ludhiana, Punjab--a seven year hospital study.

Perinatal deaths occurring over a seven year period were studied in a teaching hospital in Punjab. Causes of death were analysed as per Wigglesworth's classification. We have further modified this by correlating different gestations and weight groups with causes of death. The perinatal mortality rate (PNMR) in the present study was 74/1000 and showed a downward trend secondary to a statistically significant fall of early neonatal mortality. There was a decline in PNMR among babies of 1500-2000 g. birth weight and 33-36 weeks gestation. Asphyxia and macerated still births were found to be the two main causes of death. Macerated still births were seen more commonly among babies of lower weight at all gestations. The PNMR of babies born to booked mothers was 22/1000 as compared to 152/1000 among unbooked mothers. It was concluded that to bring down the PNMR, economic development alone is not enough. Provision of adequate antenatal care to all mothers, health education and timely referral of high risk mothers is very essential.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1990

Applications of the International Classification of Diseases.

A brief outline is given of how various types of adaptation of the ICD for use in different situations have arisen. The application includes condensed lists, national adaptations, studies of morbidity, specialty adaptations (including for primary care), and augmentation by supplementary material. The major purposes of different applications are reviewed and an indication is given of factors influencing selection of the condition of primary interest in such situations. The article concludes by suggesting guidance for the development of applications and adaptations of the ICD.

Disease↗
PubMed1991

Paraphilias in U.S. pornography titles: "pornography made me do it" (Ted Bundy).

In 1986, the U.S. Commission on pornography reviewed 3,050 separate magazine and book titles sold in "adults only" pornographic outlets randomly selected in Washington, DC; Baltimore, MD; Miami, FL; Philadelphia, PA; New York, NY; and Boston, MA. Of these, 746 titles could be assigned to a DSM III-R paraphilia category (513 titles if the category partialism is excluded). Incest was listed as a category separately from pedophilia. Thus, 16.8 percent of the titles could be assigned to a paraphilia category (24.4% of all titles, if partialism is included as a category). Paraphilia distribution is discussed. Sadomasochism was by far the most common paraphilia (49.9%) while incest titles comprised 21.4 percent of the perversions. The frequency distribution for the U.S. material is compared with titles reviewed by the Victoria (Australia) State Classification of Publications Board and previously reported by the author.

Erotica↗
PubMed1985

Unruly hair.

One of the difficulties dermatologists encounter when attempting to diagnose rare scalp hair abnormalities is knowing where to start. Faced with a patient presenting with 'frizzy' hair it is helpful to have a systematic approach rather than simply 'thumb through the books'. Price (1979) classifies anomalies of the hair shaft in to those associated with increased fragility which consequently give rise to alopecia, and those which are not thus associated. There is a significant group of disorders which present with unruly hair, and these have been described under all manner of titles, including crinkly, woolly, kinky, crimped, frizzly, steely, spunglass, in an attempt to define their clinical appearance. This only serves to confuse the issue as no one word adequately describes many of these abnormalities. I would like to suggest an approach for categorizing and diagnosing unruly hair forms, based on a review of the literature as well as on experience with such cases. This is a modified and extended version of the only previous classification of unruly hair proposed by Lantis and Pepper (1978). I accept that there are some individual cases which are difficult to classify and remain unique.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Nuclear power: levels of safety.

The rise and fall of the nuclear power industry in the United States is a well-documented story with enough socio-technological conflict to fill dozens of scholarly, and not so scholarly, books. Whatever the reasons for the situation we are now in, and no matter how we apportion the blame, the ultimate choice of whether to use nuclear power in this country is made by the utilities and by the public. Their choices are, finally, based on some form of risk-benefit analysis. Such analysis is done in well-documented and apparently logical form by the utilities and in a rather more inchoate but not necessarily less accurate form by the public. Nuclear power has failed in the United States because both the real and perceived risks outweigh the potential benefits. The national decision not to rely upon nuclear power in its present form is not an irrational one. A wide ranging public balancing of risk and benefit requires a classification of risk which is clear and believable for the public to be able to assess the risks associated with given technological structures. The qualitative four-level safety ladder provides such a framework. Nuclear reactors have been designed which fit clearly and demonstrably into each of the possible qualitative safety levels. Surprisingly, it appears that safer may also mean cheaper. The intellectual and technical prerequisites are in hand for an important national decision. Deployment of a qualitatively different second generation of nuclear reactors can have important benefits for the United States. Surprisingly, it may well be the "nuclear establishment" itself, with enormous investments of money and pride in the existing nuclear systems, that rejects second generation reactors. It may be that we will not have a second generation of reactors until the first generation of nuclear engineers and nuclear power advocates has retired.

Accidents↗
PubMed1987

Albinism, or the NOACH syndrome (the book of Enoch c.v. 1-20).

UNLABELLED: After a 4-year multidisciplinary study of albinism our findings will be presented here. Over a hundred albinos were examined, together with their heterozygote family members. Given this substantial patient and subject sample we were provided with the opportunity to: evaluate the results of standard diagnostic procedures, for example pedigree analysis, ocular and clinical examination; determine the diagnostic value of biochemical, and ultrastructural tests; and develop a new and viable albino diagnostic protocol, particularly for electrophysiological examination. In the conclusions the following subjects are in order: DIAGNOSIS: Our most important finding up till now is that normally pigmented people who do not look like albinos can in fact be albinos. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: It appears that patients with autosomal recessive albinism can be normally pigmented, and patients with X-linked albinism can be severely hypopigmented. We therefore propose to abandon the terms oculo-cutaneous albinism (OCA), and X-linked ocular albinism (XOA), and use the terms autosomal recessive albinism, and X-linked albinism instead. X-linked albinism Forsius-Eriksson type (XOAF): We assume that XOAF does not represent a true form of albinism. CLASSIFICATION: Our results indicate that the phenotypical albino classification, which was a base for Witkop et al. (1978) to also obtain a genetical classification, supported by the hairbulb test, has not proved to be useful for the classification of tyrosinase negative (TNOCA), tyrosinase positive oculocutaneous albinism (TPOCA), and autosomal recessive ocular albinism (AROA) as genetically distinct forms. Prevalence: Our prevalence estimate for all forms of albinism is at least 1:15,000, about 10% of the albinos have X-linked albinism. DEFINITION: We want to modify the albino definition as a hereditary and congenital inborn error of metabolism related to the pigment cell, and resulting in a systemic disorder that is characterized by anomalies of eyes, and hypopigmentation in most cases or absence of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes, and of which the neuro-anatomical consequences are the most characteristic.

Albinism↗
PubMed1992

Recent advances towards a meta-typology of human relationships.

After less than four decades, the field of family therapy has largely abandoned the search for a typology of interaction between persons or between groups. Granted no single typology can conceivably fathom the hyper-dimensionality of human interaction. However, mankind's earliest recorded efforts to explicate the structures of human family systems are perceived by examining two of the earliest books known to man. These documents, The Book of Genesis of The Old Testament and the ancient Chinese Book of Changes or I Ching, can be viewed as loosely integrated modules of a single framework that help explain one another. The author suggests that these linked, family oriented sources also were the basis of modern symbolic logic and information (or switching) theory. Together they can provide the foundation of a hyper-dimensional meta-typology of human interaction. This could integrate interactions at and between levels of neuronal synapses and networks, the cerebral hemispheres, self and other, family and disparate social systems, and various human groups, national, racial, ethnic or religious.

China↗
PubMed1983

References to contemporary papers on acoustics.

In most of the following references, the author's name is followed by the title of the paper or book in boldface, the journal, the volume number in boldface, the issue number in parentheses, the page reference, and lastly, in parentheses, the year. Where reference is made to abstract journals that number their abstracts, the abstract number is given instead of a page reference. Abstracts in Annales des Tèlècommunications are in French and those for Referativnyi Zhurnal, Fizika (three series, E, I, Zh) are in Russian [where, e.g., Ref. Zh. Fiz. 7 E425 (1979) means: July issue, E, abstract no. 425, year 1979.] When possible, the abbreviations for the names of the journals follow those in Bibliographic Guide for Editors & Authors (1974). A number preceded by the letters AD, DE, PB, or N refers to the accession/report number of the Government Reports Announcements & Index. The numbers to the left of the sections and sub-sections in this volume correspond to those that appear in the Classification of Subjects preceding the index in the June 1983 issue of JASA. Compiled from various sources. For many of the journals referred to here, those interested will find their addresses in either the semi-annual Author Index of Physics Abstracts or the annual Physics Briefs: List of Abstracted Periodical and Serial Publications.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1990

The status and use of the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH).

International monitoring of the ICIDH has begun in earnest. The momentum from these new activities and organizations has worked towards the unification and harmonization of statistics and information devoted to the study of disablement, further enhancing the interdisciplinary nature of the study of disability and advancing its recognition both at the national and international level. This article introduces the reader to the definitions and concepts of the ICIDH. In addition, problems confronted when applying the ICIDH in policy formulation, programme implementation and evaluation and in research are reviewed. There are three main types of problem: (i) the difficulty in differentiating each of the concepts of impairment, disability and handicap at the operational level of human function and behaviour; (ii) the diversity of training and instructions required in order to orchestrate the use of the codes and classification schemes with persons having a wide range of expertise and analytical interests; and (iii) the need for consistency of use of the ICIDH for model-building and testing of different theoretical frameworks. Increased institutional development at the global level through the establishment of international networks, and regional and interregional programmes, have further clarified strengths and weaknesses of the ICIDH and have increased support of its use. These efforts suggest the increasing importance of the ICIDH for the future development of international statistical standards and recommendations in the field of disablement.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1990

[Implications of the diffusion of the International Classification of Handicaps on policies concerning handicapped persons].

The International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH) has had a considerable impact on perception of the consequences of disease, and of the modifications which these consequences can present. Ideally, ICIDH is at the same time a descriptive, an explanatory and an implementation too for health policy. Two examples of the conceptual and policy use of ICIDH are given: policy developments proposed to Member States of the Council of Europe; multisectoral development in Québec. Both these examples underline that the ICIDH not only deals with clarifying items, but is also a support to the development of responsible policies.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1980

Analysis of collection development at the National Library of Medicine.

This paper reports the major findings of a study of collection development activities at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) from 1965 to 1977. The CATLINE file was the source of the data; analyses were performed on classification number, date of entry, and language. An overview analysis of the data base is presented for major subject and form classes. An in-depth subject analysis of the monograph collection was performed using the NLM call number. An analysis by date of entry revealed that the subject content of CATLINE has varied only slightly over the years; the most notable change was a recent decline in the related and peripheral subject areas. The language analysis indicated that 83% of the data base consisted of works published in English, German, Russian, and French. Throughput processing time was measured for English language monographs for selected years.

Book Selection↗
PubMed1990

Implications of the ICD-10 definitions related to death in pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium.

The Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) will include two new definitions concerning death related to pregnancy: --Late maternal death--the death of a woman from direct or indirect obstetric causes more than 42 days but less than one year after termination of pregnancy. --Pregnancy-related death--the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the cause of death. This article discusses the rationale underlying these definitions and their implications for public health statistics. The introduction of these definitions is a step, albeit a timid one, towards an increased acceptance of epidemiology in determining the relationships which affect death related to pregnancy. It is to be hoped that the trend thus initiated can be encouraged.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1967

Austere librarians--volte-face.

Medical Libraries are too concerned with their customers and not interested enough in their wares. The number, nature, behavior, and satisfaction of readers and the book use by readers are extensively analyzed. Though important for library operation, such studies tend to make library staff regard and treat readers as impersonal members of a study population. As opposed to critical analysis of readers, little effort is made in this direction with respect to journals. It is, therefore, proposed that medical libraries take a hard look at the journals they offer and classify and display them in A, B, C, and D categories. The following benefits might be envisioned: the reader would be helped in looking up a subject that is not in his immediate field of specialization, the occupancy of valuable space by poor journals would be prevented, medium quality journals would strive to improve themselves, and it is even possible that poor and superfluous journals would be put out of business.

Classification↗