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PubMed1985

Dynamics of the control of body pattern in the development of Xenopus laevis. III. Timing and pattern after u.v. irradiation of the egg and after excision of presumptive head endo-mesoderm.

A series of Xenopus egg batches has been exposed to doses of u.v. (2537A) light on the vegetal hemisphere at precleavage stages, calculated to result in a range of minimal axial deficiency syndromes in the developing larvae. At the time of onset of gastrulation in synchronously fertilized but non-irradiated batch members, each experimental group was regularly scanned so that small subsamples of embryos could be set aside as showing particular, progressive degrees of delay in onset of the visible gastrulation movements. Such sampling was found to have preselected embryos showing generally progressive degrees of pattern impairment at larval stages, and this observation was extended by histological examination of the anterior axial anatomy. Such examination was also made of the least abnormal-looking members of a series of larvae resulting from excision of the presumptive head endo-mesoderm, traditionally called 'the organizer', from stage-10 gastrulae (Cooke, 1975). The results support the notion that production of the most anterior endo-mesodermal pattern parts (and of their inductive capacities in giving rise to the brain pattern) occurs only in material whose timing, in the onset of gastrulation activity, is close to the normal onset time after fertilization. Either an early failure of the egg to generate a location with the 'position value' corresponding with this extreme of the pattern, or the much later excision of the region from a physiologically normal gastrula, results in a system of pattern formation permanently truncated at its apical (head and dorsal) end. There is no evidence for any dynamic, in the system ascribing position value, that will cause regulative restoration of this cellular state (the most extreme 'activation' for development) in response to its absence after precleavage stages. An earlier statement (Cooke, 1975) that this could occur was based upon inadequate analysis of larvae with an often misleading external anatomy. The present results are discussed as supporting the overall view of the early Xenopus patterning system that has been developed in the previous two papers of the series.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

High prevalence of insulin resistance in postpubertal Asian Indian children is associated with adverse truncal body fat patterning, abdominal adiposity and excess body fat.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives were to study the relationships of insulin resistance with generalized and abdominal obesity, and body fat patterning in urban postpubertal Asian Indian children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, population-based epidemiological study. SUBJECTS: In all, 250 (155 males and 95 females) healthy urban postpubertal children. MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric profile, percentage of body fat (%BF), fasting serum insulin, and lipoprotein profile. RESULTS: Fasting insulin correlated significantly with body mass index (BMI), %BF, waist circumference (WC), central and peripheral skinfold thicknesses and sum of four skinfold thicknesses (Sigma 4SF) in both sexes, and with systolic blood pressure and waist-to hip circumference ratio (W-HR) in males only. Consistent increase in fasting insulin was noted with increasing values of central skinfold thickness at each tertile of peripheral skinfold thickness, WC, and %BF. Central skinfold thickness correlated with fasting insulin even after adjusting for WC, W-HR, and %BF. The odds ratios (OR) (95% CI) of hyperinsulinemia (fasting insulin concentrations in the highest quartile) were 4.7 (2.4-9.4) in overweight subjects, 8 (4.1-15.5) with high %BF, 6.4 (3.2-12.9) with high WC, 3.7 (1.9-7.3) with high W-HR, 6.8 (3.3-13.9) with high triceps skinfold thickness, 8 (4.1-15.7) with high subscapular skinfold thickness, and 10.1 (5-20.5) with high Sigma 4SF. In step-wise multiple logistic regression analysis, %BF [OR (95% CI): 3.2 (1.4-7.8)] and Sigma 4SF [OR (95% CI): 4.5 (1.8-11.3)] were independent predictors of hyperinsulinemia, similar to insulin resistance assessed by HOMA (homeostatic model of assessment) in the study. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of insulin resistance in postpubertal urban Asian Indian children was associated with excess body fat, abdominal adiposity, and excess truncal subcutaneous fat. Primary prevention strategies for coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus in Asian Indians should focus on the abnormal body composition profile in childhood.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1993

A homeotic gene cluster patterns the anteroposterior body axis of C. elegans.

In insects and vertebrates, clusters of Antennapedia class homeobox (HOM-C) genes specify anteroposterior body pattern. The nematode C. elegans also contains a small cluster of HOM-C genes, one of which has been shown to specify positional identity. Here we show that two additional C. elegans HOM-C genes also specify positional identity and that together these three HOM-C genes function along the anteroposterior axis in the same order as their homologs in other organisms. Thus, HOM-C-based pattern formation has been conserved in nematodes despite the many differences in morphology and embryology that distinguish them from other phyla. Each C. elegans HOM-C gene is responsible for a distinct body region; however, where their domains overlap, two HOM-C genes can act together to specify the fates of individual cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Obesity in low-income rural women: qualitative insights about physical activity and eating patterns.

Body weight is inversely related to socioeconomic status (SES) in women in the United States (U.S.). Reasons for the social differential in weight are poorly understood. This investigation sought to understand overweight and obesity from the perspective of low-income mothers living in rural New York State, focusing in particular on challenges to maintaining a healthy weight that may be unique to rural poverty. In-depth interviews with 28 women, who were interviewed 3 times over a 3-year period, were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using the constant comparative method. Findings suggest that transportation difficulties confined some women to their homes, which were physical settings offering little opportunity for physical activity. Food insecurity and associated fluctuating household food supplies contributed to disordered eating patterns and to perceptions of dietary deprivation that affected food intake. Rural isolation contributed to negative emotional states that some women alleviated by eating. This research elucidates factors contributing to obesity among rural, economically disadvantaged women, highlighting the interplay between the structural constraints imposed by rural poverty and women's physical activity, eating patterns, body image, and weight. These insights further the understanding of social inequalities in health and could inform the design of future research aimed at improving the health status of low-income women and families.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Patterns of body weight in middle-aged and older Americans, by gender and race, 1993-2000.

OBJECTIVES: Despite evidence of poor health outcomes associated with excessive weight gain or loss, longitudinal patterns of body weight over the adult life course have not been fully described. This article seeks to address this by examining body weight patterns for middle-aged and older adults. METHODS: Panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) original cohort and the original cohort of the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) study are used to compare, by social group, characteristics of respondents and non-respondents, baseline weight (1993 and 1994) to year 2000 weight, and explore various weight change trajectories over time. RESULTS: Overall, a greater proportion of middle-aged adults are heavier over time than at baseline and a greater proportion of older adults lose weight over time compared to baseline. Examining the transitions across weight trajectories for all of the social groups suggests considerable variability. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that differing physiologic and social or environmental experiences may have implications for body weight patterns. Understanding these patterns by race/ethnicity and gender could provide insight into health disparities among different social groups.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of environment, sex, and innate timing mechanisms on body temperature patterns of free-ranging black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus).

Mechanisms that influence body temperature patterns in black-tailed prairie dogs are not well understood. Previous research on both free-ranging and laboratory populations of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) has suggested that reductions in ambient temperature and food and water deprivation are the primary factors that stimulate torpor in this species. In other species, however, torpor has been shown to be influenced by a multitude of factors, including innate circadian and circannual timing mechanisms, energy status, and reproductive behaviors. Our objective was to clarify the influence of weather, sex, and intrinsic timing mechanisms on the body temperature patterns of free-ranging black-tailed prairie dogs. We monitored body temperatures of eight adult (>1 yr) prairie dogs from November 1999 to June 2000. Prairie dogs showed distinct daily and seasonal body temperature patterns, which reflected changes in ambient temperatures that occurred during these periods. These patterns of daily and seasonal heterothermy suggest that body temperature patterns of black-tailed prairie dogs may be driven by an innate timing mechanism. All prairie dogs entered torpor intermittently throughout winter and spring. Torpor bouts appeared to be influenced by precipitation and reductions in ambient temperature. Our results also suggest that reproductive behaviors and circadian timing may influence torpor in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Coping, personality and the development of a central pattern of body fat from youth into young adulthood: The Amsterdam Growth and Health Study.

OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that coping behaviour, in particular a defeat reaction to stress, is a determinant of the central pattern of body fat. To verify this hypothesis, this study investigated if coping behaviour, and associated personality traits, are associated with a central pattern of body fat or total body fatness in a healthy population of males (n=83) and females (n=98) early in life. METHODS: Problem-focused, emotion-focused and type A behaviour were measured at the mean ages of 21 y and 27 y. Personality traits (inadequacy, social inadequacy, dominance, rigidity and debilitating anxiety), a central pattern of body fat (subscapular/triceps, (S/T) ratio) and total body fatness (sum of four skinfolds (SSF): biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac) were measured six times between the ages of 13-27 y. RESULTS: In both genders, no association was found between either coping strategy and a central pattern of body fat or total body fatness. In males, type A behaviour was significantly negatively correlated with the S/T ratio (r = -0.27, P=0.01) after adjustment for total body fatness, at the mean age of 27 y. In a longitudinal analysis, adjusted for total body fatness, dominance and rigidity were negatively associated with the S/T ratio (beta = -0.09, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) (-0.17; -0.00) and beta = -0.11, 95% CI (-.19; -0.02), respectively) between the ages of 13-21 y in males. These associations of type A behaviour, dominance and rigidity, with a central pattern of body fat, were weaker and did not reach statistical significance with total body fatness. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study justify further research on the association between coping behaviour, personality and the development of a central pattern of body fat.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Establishment and refinement of segmental pattern in the Drosophila embryo: spatial control of engrailed expression by pair-rule genes.

We are examining the development of the segmental body pattern of Drosophila by immunolocalization of engrailed, a developmental regulatory protein that maintains segmental subdivisions in the embryo, and is expressed in a spatially restricted (striped) manner that persists while the body pattern is being established and refined. A regulatory network among pair-rule segmentation genes establishes the striped pattern of engrailed expression. In general, mutations in particular pair-rule genes affect either even- or odd-numbered engrailed stripes. For example, fushi tarazu or odd-paired mutations delete even-numbered stripes, whereas paired mutations delete odd-numbered stripes. An analysis of engrailed expression in other mutants, including even-skipped odd-skipped double mutants, indicates that some pair-rule genes play a rule in establishing the correct width and position of engrailed stripes. Overall, the changes in engrailed pattern have consequences for final embryonic body pattern. Thus, the pair-rule loci, acting through engrailed, establish an early, general outline of body pattern. However, in several pair-rule mutants, engrailed patterns are dynamic, suggesting that as later events build upon this general rule to form the final body pattern, adjustments are made in response to the earlier pair-rule defect--that is, the pattern regulates.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Skinfold and body circumferences as measures of body fat patterning in a French female active population: relationships with the metabolic risk profile.

Body mass index (BMI), various anthropometric indices of abdominal fat distribution and some metabolic variables (blood lipids, fasting glucose, blood pressure) were measured in 408 French-born women from an occupational population who volunteered for the study. The aim of the study was to determine the best index for describing the relationships between the body fat pattern and the metabolic risk profile. The four age-adjusted circumference ratios (waist/hip, waist/thigh, xiphoid/hip, xiphoid/thigh) showed similar associations with the metabolic variables whereas the three age-adjusted skinfold ratios (epigastric/thigh, mesogastric/thigh, hypogastric/thigh) tended to be more weakly associated with the metabolic variables, particularly with apolipoprotein (Apo) B and fasting glucose. Multiple regression analyses showed that age-adjusted BMI was significantly related to high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, Apo A and Apo B, and blood pressure, independently of abdominal fat distribution. After controlling for the effects of BMI, the waist/thigh ratio remained significantly associated to triglyceride, Apo B, fasting glucose, and systolic blood pressure, whereas the waist/hip ratio and the mesogastric/thigh skinfold ratio were significantly related only to triglyceride and systolic blood pressure independently of BMI. With the exception of triglyceride and fasting glucose, the degree of association between the metabolic variables and the abdominal fat distribution tended to be weaker than that observed with the BMI. These results emphasize the importance of the global corpulence in the levels of metabolic variables. However, all indices of abdominal fat distribution were, to varying degrees, independently associated with an unfavorable metabolic profile. Among them, the waist/thigh circumference ratio seems to be a useful indicator of the body fat pattern in women.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Investigating body motion patterns in patients with Parkinson's disease using matching pursuit algorithm.

Several recent studies have quantified abnormalities in Parkinsonian gait. However, few studies have attempted to quantify the regularity of body motion during walking in patients with Parkinson's disease. The aim of the paper was to characterise body motion patterns in healthy, elderly subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease during walking. Body motion was recorded during walking for 16 patients with Parkinson's disease and ten healthy, elderly subjects using a tri-axial accelerometer device. To characterise the body motion patterns, time-frequency patterns of the body acceleration signal were estimated using a matching pursuit algorithm. Data from the study showed that the healthy, elderly subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease had different time-frequency patterns. The time-frequency patterns were classified into four distinct patterns based on their time durations: vertical (< 0.15 s), circular (0.15-0.5 s), short horizontal (0.5-2.0 s) and long horizontal (> 2.0 s). The data showed that the energy of the long horizontal patterns, representing long-term smooth and regular (rhythmic) activities, significantly decreased, but the energy of the circular patterns, representing irregular activities, increased in the patients with mild Parkinson's disease, compared with those of the healthy, elderly subjects (p < 0.01). Futhermore, these features were seen more clearly in the body motions of severe case patients than is that of mild case patients. It was concluded that these differences are probably due to a lack of ability to control normal and smooth movement is Parkinson's disease.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1999

[Relationship of dietary habits pattern and body build of parents to child obesity].

Patterns of eating habits were analyzed to elucidate its relationship to the temporal change of body build from childhood through school age in subjects of the Toyama study. Survey questionnaires at the time of entrance to elementary school were used. Subjects were 6,452 (males 3,293, and females 3,159). Subjects were classified into 6 clusters among the males, 8 clusters among females based on the results of cluster analysis of eating habits. The cluster in males that preferred egg, milk, dairy products, fats, fish and shellfish, soybeans, fruits, green yellow vegetables indicated more frequent subjects whose BMI were less that 14. The cluster in girls that preferred fats indicated more frequent subjects whose BMI were more or equal to 18. The ANOVA showed significant relation of parental body build on their children. Even after grouping by parental body build, the cluster based on patterns of eating habits showed different frequencies of obese children. Preference for intake of milk indicated less frequent obese children among the similar parental body build for boys, while preference for intake of fats indicated more frequent obese children among a similar parental body build for girls. In conclusion, the obesity of a school child has a close relationship to parent's body build. However, the temporal changes of obesity were seen among eating habits clusters even if body builds of their parents are the same. It was shown that patterns of eating habit are important in school children's obesity development.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed1998

Association of a central pattern of body fat with blood pressure and lipoproteins from adolescence into adulthood. The Amsterdam Growth and Health Study.

The association between the change in a central pattern of body fat and blood pressure and lipoprotein levels was investigated longitudinally in a healthy population of young males and females over 15 years. The subjects (males, n = 84; females, n = 98), participants in the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study, were measured six times between the mean ages of 13 and 27 years. As an indicator of a central pattern of body fat, subscapular/triceps skinfold ratio (S/T ratio) was used as an independent variable. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total serum cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and TC/HDL-C ratio were used as dependent variables. Longitudinal associations were analyzed by generalized estimating equations (GEE) in which data of the six periods of measurement were included simultaneously. Between ages 13 and 27 years, and after adjustment for the sum of four skinfolds, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol intake, the increase of the S/T ratio was significantly associated with an increase in SBP in males and females and with a decrease in level of HDL-C in males only. The change in central pattern of body fat negatively affects the change in established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases early in life.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Control of torpor and body weight patterns by a seasonal timer in Siberian hamsters.

Two experiments were designed to assess whether the short-day-induced patterns of shallow daily torpor, body weight, and other seasonal responses (food intake and pelage pigmentation) exhibited by Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus sungorus) are under the control of a "seasonal timekeeping mechanism" that is independent of reproductive status [testosterone, (T)]. We examined whether the patterning and expression of these seasonal responses were altered by decreases in serum T that accompany gonadal regression during the first 8 wk of short-day exposure (i.e., the "preparatory phase" of the torpor season) or by experimental increases in serum T after this phase. Short-day-housed, castrated hamsters bearing T implants had long-day levels of the hormone and did not exhibit torpor. Appropriate seasonal patterns and levels of torpor, body weight, pelage color stage, and food intake were exhibited after T implant removal although serum T was clamped to long-day levels during the preparatory phase. In animals that were gonad intact during the preparatory phase and were subsequently castrated and given T implants, torpor did not occur as long as the implants were in place. However, the patterns and levels of daily torpor, food intake, and body weight rapidly returned to appropriate seasonal values compared with the castrated, blank-implanted controls on T implant removal; these effects occurred whether the T implants were removed when torpor frequency was increasing, at its peak, or decreasing across the torpor season. T did not affect pelage color stage under any condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The effect of light regime on growth and pattern of body fat accretion of broiler chickens.

A seven week serial slaughter experiment was conducted with male and female broiler chickens to determine the effect of photoperiod on body growth rate and pattern and rate of fat deposition. The two light regimes compared were constant light and a 16 hour light:8 hour dark photoperiod. Males grown under the 16L:8D photoperiod consumed less feed and grew less rapidly than males under constant light. The slower rate of growth was apparently due entirely to less feed consumption, since feed efficiency of males was unaffected by light treatment. Females reared under 16L:8D also grew less rapidly than under constant light. However, the difference was much more pronounced than in males, and was not due to reduced feed consumption, rather to less efficient feed utilization. Females grown under 16L.8D exhibited a slower rate of increase in percent daily fat gain than did females grown under constant light. At seven weeks of age, total body fat content of females averaged 12% less when grown under 16L:8D. Rat and pattern of fat gain in males was unaffected by light treatment. The incidence of leg abnormalities was substantially lower for both sexes reared under 16L:8D.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Abdominal fat predominance in women is associated with a decreased prevalence of the high risk P2, DY mammographic breast patterns.

Body fat distribution was studied in relation to mammographic breast morphology in a cross-sectional sample of 583 women aged 41-75 years participating in the DOM project, a regional breast cancer detection project in Utrecht, the Netherlands. The waist/hip ratio (WHR) was used as an indicator of body fat topography. Mammographic breast morphology was categorized according to the parenchymal breast patterns (N1, P1, P2, DY) as defined by Wolfe. Multivariate associations between the waist/hip ratio, Quetelet's index, age and parity and mammographic parenchymal patterns were tested by multiple linear logistic regression. Independently of age, parity and the degree of obesity, women with a high WHR ratio, i.e. with a predominant fat accumulation in the abdominal region, were significantly less likely to have the high risk P2, DY mammographic parenchymal pattern than women with a low WHR, i.e. with a preferential gluteal-femoral fat accumulation.

Abdomen↗