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PubMed1991

Influence of feeding Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on the milk yields, eating patterns, and body temperatures of lactating cows.

Trials were conducted to evaluate effects of a fermentation extract of Aspergillus oryzae (AO) on milk production and composition, diet digestibility, and rectal temperature changes in lactating dairy cows. Treatments were incorporated as a top dressing at the morning feeding and consisted of control (90 g/d of ground sorghum) or AO (3 g of culture + 87 g of ground sorghum daily). Twenty-four mid-lactation Holstein cows were paired for production in Lactation Trial 1 (LT-1). In Lactation Trial 2 (LT-2), 46 cows (20 primiparous and 26 multiparous) in early lactation were used. Trials lasted 12 wk. In LT-1, AO supplementation increased milk yields only at 2 (P less than .05) and 8 wk (P less than .10) of treatment. Rectal temperatures were lower (P less than .05) for cows fed AO for 4 of 10 readings made during summer. Supplementation of AO culture in LT-2 (early lactation cows) increased milk production and feed efficiency (P less than .05). Inner ear temperatures tended to be lower (P less than .11) for cows fed AO. Digestion trials, conducted at the end of lactation trials, used Cr2O3 as an indigestible marker. In Digestion Trial 1, digestibilities were not significantly (P greater than .10) affected by AO supplementation. However, in Digestion Trial 2, AO increased (P less than .05) digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF. Length and number of meals were not affected (P greater than .10) by feeding AO. In summary, milk yields, efficiency of milk production, and nutrient digestibilities were higher for early lactation cows fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with 3 g of AO/d. Mid-lactation cows fed a lower-energy diet were less responsive to AO than early lactation cows, though similar trends were shown.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

[Correlation between lipid pattern and body mass index in obesity].

Lipid plasma levels were measured in a group of 519 obese subjects, aged 7-66 years, divided according to age, sex and BMI. Lipidemia and total cholesterolemia increased both with age and BMI, irrespective of sex; LDL and VLDL increased in relation to age and, with less evident differences, to BMI. Triglycerides increased in the age bracket from adolescent to adult, especially in males, whereas their increase in relation to BMI showed no difference between the sexes. Chylomicron plasma levels remained steady both in relation to age and BMI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Immunological and biochemical characterization of the keratin-related component of Mallory bodies: a pathological pattern of hepatocytic cytokeratins.

Mallory bodies induced by long-term griseofulvin feeding in mouse liver were isolated and analyzed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and reaction of the separated polypeptides with cytokeratin antibodies using the blotting technique. Comparison with normal intermediate filament cytoskeletons from mouse hepatocytes revealed that Mallory bodies contain two polypeptides: Component II (Mr: 55,000; apparent isoelectric point values: 6.45, 6.1, 5.9) and component III (Mr: 48,000; apparent isoelectric point values: 5.7, 5.5, 5.43, 5.38, 5.2) which appear to be similar, if not identical, to liver cytokeratins A and D, respectively. By contrast, component I of Mallory bodies (Mr: 65,000; apparent isoelectric point values: 5.4, 5.38, 5.2) was not found in appreciable amounts in normal hepatocytes. Component II was positive in immunoreaction with antibodies to murine hepatocyte keratins A and D as well as epidermal prekeratin. Component III showed reaction with the antibodies to murine hepatocyte keratins A and D but not with those raised against epidermal prekeratins. By contrast, the unusual component I reacted with antibodies to murine hepatocyte keratin D and to epidermal prekeratins. The results prove that cytokeratin polypeptides are major constituents of Mallory bodies and suggest that the pattern of liver cytokeratin polypeptides is altered during the toxic treatment and/or Mallory body formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Fat patterning in Papua New Guineans: effects of age, sex and acculturation.

For the renewed interest in fat patterning to be fruitful, more information on the biology of fat patterning, particularly normative data are required. Nine skinfold thicknesses were measured in 2312 coastal and highland Papua New Guineans of all ages undergoing acculturation. Principal component analysis of the skinfold data revealed components of fatness and fat patterning. First component scores were typical of the changes in fatness with age and the sex differences expected in these populations. Second component scores of limb-trunk fat patterning showed marked changes with age in both sexes but they stabilised in adulthood. This pattern seemed more affected by maturity although it is usually thought to be a sex-specific pattern. The third component, upper-lower body patterning, was more sexually dimorphic in adults. Marked differences were not observed between the two communities but over a 15-year period fatness levels increased slightly and subcutaneous fat tended to be deposited more centrally.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1989

The egg came first, of course! Anterior-posterior pattern formation in Drosophila embryogenesis and oogenesis.

The anterior-posterior body pattern of the Drosophila embryo is initiated through the action of maternal gene products. In particular, three groups of maternally acting genes (the anterior, posterior and terminal groups) have been shown to direct the synthesis and spatial restriction of the three major organizing activities in the egg. The initial spatial localizations of the maternal organizing activities are established during oogenesis. After fertilization these activities regulate zygotic gene activity along the anterior-posterior axis of the egg.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Changes in antepartum heart rate patterns with progressive deterioration of the fetal condition.

In this paper changes in antepartum fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns are described, that occur with progressive deterioration of the fetal condition. The data on the relationship between heart rate patterns and fetal blood gas and pH values are reviewed. A possible rank ordering is presented in which changes in FHR pattern, body movements and blood flow velocity wave form patterns occur with progressive deterioration of the fetal condition. It is concluded that in small-for-date fetuses changes in heart rate and movement patterns are rather late signs of impairment, coinciding with fetal hypoxaemia. In general, heart rate variation falls below the norm at the same time as decelerations occur; there are, however, large inter-fetal differences. In general, abnormal Doppler velocity wave form patterns precede the occurrence of heart rate decelerations. Their impact on the timing of delivery is, however, still uncertain. The advantages of a numerical analysis of FHR patterns include identification of fetuses with low FHR variation, precision of the actual fetal condition and (at early gestation) longitudinal follow-up of fetuses with abnormal heart rate patterns.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Time of death of CNS tumor-bearing rats can be reliably predicted by body weight-loss patterns.

A request by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee for an alternative to death as an end point in a cancer research project using a rat brain 9L tumor cell model led to a search for reliable criteria for predicting time of death in this type of experiment. These experiments evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of radiation alone, continuous intracerebral infusions of 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IUDR) alone, and a combination of both therapies. We found that a characteristic pattern of body weight changes occurs after injection of 9L tumor cells into the brain ventricles or parenchyma. The initial phase was characterized by a loss of body weight which appeared to be related to surgery and, in the irradiated groups, to the subsequent doses of radiation under anesthesia on days 4, 6, and 7. After this initial phase (phase 1), a second period of weight change (phase 2) which was characterized by an overall gain of body weight interrupted temporarily in 76 out of the 149 rats by reversible episodes of weight loss of 1 to 5 days duration. The length of this phase 2 weight gain period was significantly extended by XRT-IUDR treatment in the rats with intraparenchymal tumors. The third and final phase consisted of a period of irreversible weight loss which may be related to cachexia. The third phase was similar in duration for control, XRT, IUDR and XRT-IUDR groups of rats and had a mean length of 9.8 +/- 0.27 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Drosophila wingless generates cell type diversity among engrailed expressing cells.

During embryogenesis, body pattern is established in a stepwise process. After specification of the body axis, the embryo is subdivided into smaller units. Within these units, a diverse array of cell types is then generated. The subdivisions of the Drosophila embryo, called parasegments, are defined by the interface between cells expressing the homeoprotein Engrailed and cells expressing the secreted protein Wingless. We have examined the generation of cell-type diversity within parasegments by focusing on the choice of cell fate made by the engrailed (en)-expressing cells. These cells differentiate as one of two alternative cell types. We report here that this choice is mediated by wingless (wg), in a function distinct from its early role maintaining en expression. Thus, en cells exhibit different responses to the wg signal at different developmental stages. Early wg input stabilizes the subdivision of the body axis by maintaining en expression, whereas later input generates cell-type diversity.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Pattern formation in Drosophila].

Drosophila proved an excellent system to study molecular processes in establishing the body pattern of an embryo. Genes which are active during oogenesis provide localized cues which regulate a cascade of zygotic genes that determines the developmental fate of the blastoderm cells along the longitudinal axis of the embryo.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Xenopus mesoderm induction: evidence for early size control and partial autonomy for pattern development by onset of gastrulation.

Experiments are described that examine the state of organisation of the presumptive mesoderm and ectoderm of the Xenopus embryo at stages up to the onset of gastrulation. It is shown that a process during blastula stages, establishing the normal proportions in which this cell population is partitioned to found the two outer 'germ layers', has a positive regulative property. An operation has been performed to excise the yolky endodermal core, at the beginning of gastrulation, leaving only the presumptive territories of mesoderm, neural tissue, epidermis and supra-blastoporal endoderm. This reveals that by this time a stable capacity exists within the induced tissue to express the craniocaudal sequence of the normal pattern, including the proper numbers of somite segments. The mediolateral organisation of such body patterns is however abnormal. The relevance of the observations to understanding mechanisms of axial pattern control is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Growth curves of body weight and their relationship to sexual maturity in laboratory-bred male African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)].

Nonlinear growth models having a three- or four-parameter family were applied to individual body weight data of 5 male African green monkeys for estimating their growth patterns. Body weight was measured from birth to six years of age and 58 to 114 data items per monkey were collected. The average body weight at birth was 360g with the standard deviation of +/- 25g, 4.54 +/- 0.29 kg at five years of age, and 4.50 +/- 0.12 kg at six years of age at which point body weight was judged to have reached a plateau. Five growth models (Gompertz, Logistic, Richards, Bertalanffy and Brody) were applied to the growth data in this study. As a result, two (Gompertz and Logistic) of the five models were found applicable to all data from the five monkeys. However, the coefficient of determination (R2) obtained by application of the two models were not so large (0.919 +/- 0.05 in Gompertz, 0.889 +/- 0.01 in Logistic). Therefore the data were divided into two groups according to monkey age: the first group being from monkeys between birth and 2 years 10 months of age and the second group was from monkeys older than 2 years 10 months of age. The Gompertz model fitted best the data of the first group in four of the five animals (R2 = 0.982 +/- 0.011). The age at the inflexion point in the Gompertz model nearly corresponded to the age of weaning. The Logistic model was most suitable for the date of the second group in all five animals (R2 = 0.955 +/- 0.038).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Two gap genes mediate maternal terminal pattern information in Drosophila.

In Drosophila three maternal pattern organizing activities, the anterior, the posterior, and the terminal, establish the anterior-posterior body pattern of the embryo by initiating the spatially restricted activities of the gap class of zygotic segmentation genes. The activities of tailless (tll) and the newly identified gap gene huckebein (hkb) are specifically involved in mediating the maternal terminal information at the posterior end of the blastoderm embryo.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Probable mechanism for the loss of Barr body in human female tumor with special reference to breast cancer.

One of the X-chromosomes by a random inactivation process condenses to form X-chromatin (Barr body) in early embryonic life. Once this occurs, it is final and fixed for that cell and all its descendants (1,2). However, numerous investigators have observed extreme variations in Barr body frequency in tumour cells. For example, Sohval and Gains (3) reported an absence of the characteristic Barr body pattern of 19 of the 27 teratomas from females and Moore and Barr (4) observed significant variation in Barr body counts in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, a good correlation was made between the frequency of Barr body and prognosis (5,6,7,8,9). From a retrospective study, it was shown that tumours with low Barr body frequency (BBF) had a significant correlation with blood vessel invasion (BVI) and poor prognosis (10). But the reason why patients with low BBF in the tumor with BVI get early recurrence is not known. In this paper an attempt has been made to suggest a mechanism which may be involved in reducing the BBF with high malignant potentiality.

Breast Neoplasms↗