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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Evaluation of various modalities for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in body fluids.

Diagnosis of tuberculosis in body fluids remains an enigma. This study is an attempt to evaluate various modalities like smear, culture & PCR for the same. Out of 110 samples of body fluids, 68(61.8%) were negative by all the modalities, 11(10%) could be diagnosed by all modalities. 25(22.72%) were diagnosed by PCR alone. 3(2.7%) showed a growth on culture alone while 3 cases (2.7%) could be demonstrated only on smear.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular forms of soluble HLA in body fluids: potential determinants of body odor cues.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been linked to encoding for individual olfactory identity. Experiments in mice and rats proved that behavior and mating were, at least in part, determined by genes within the MHC. This study was aimed at investigating whether sHLA are excreted in human urine, saliva and sweat. In particular examination of the molecular forms in these fluids would give clues to whether break down forms of soluble MHC molecules might participate in shaping behavior. Major bands of 45, 40, and 23 kD were detectable. Increased levels of sHLA were measured using a quantitative ELISA in urine shortly before ovulation decreasing to normal levels thereafter. In animal models strain specific MHC-linked odor cues have been detected in urine. Thus, excretion of sHLA in urine might indicate a similar role for these molecules in humans.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed2000

Gamble and Darrow: pathfinders in body fluid physiology and fluid therapy for children, 1914-1964.

The development of body fluid physiology and fluid therapy in pediatrics has special importance in the history of medicine because this development introduced physiology into clinical practice. James Gamble and Dan Darrow were leaders in this enterprise. Gamble was part of the group John Howland attracted to Johns Hopkins to establish the first organized program for clinical investigators in pediatrics. This group initiated fluid therapy as effective treatment for diarrheal dehydration and, led by Gamble, developed the discipline of body fluid physiology. Gamble was the first to describe the nature of extracellular fluid (ECF) to clinicians, using the new terminology for characterizing electrolytes in solution. In doing so, he became the teacher of body fluid physiology to a generation of medical students. Inexplicably, in his later years he failed to adopt yet newer terminology defining cations, anions, and acid-base status. This failure compromised his legacy. Dan Darrow extended our understanding of how body fluids react to hyper- and hyponatremia and to potassium deficiency. He was the first to add potassium to parenteral fluid therapy. In doing so, he broadened clinicians' understanding of body fluids but changed the emphasis of fluid therapy from rapid ECF restoration to replacement of estimated deficits. Unfortunately, this change in concept, taught by his successors as deficit therapy, slowed the adoption of oral rehydration therapy for treating diarrheal dehydration. The lapses noted for each of these men, now seen in hindsight, pale in comparison to their contributions. Pediatrics, medicine, and surgery are all indebted to the research of each, which emphasized the value of basic physiology in clinical practice.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1995

[Determination of dry weight of hemodialyzed patients on the basis of the ratio of extracellular fluid volume to total body fluid volume as measured by multifrequency impedance].

Whole body impedometry is relatively new non-invasive method to measure the distribution of total body water (TBW) between extra- and intracellular compartment (VEC, VIC). Having applied linear regression analysis onto the relation of the ratio of the extracellular volume to the volume of total body water (VEC/TBW) and the age in a group of healthy individuals very narrow scatter from the regression line was found. This line can thus be used as an indicator of normohydration status with respect to age. Assuming that the relation of VEC/TBW vs. age is the same in dialysed patients and that the state of normohydration corresponds to the so called dry weight, the VEC/TBW value can be used as a novel indicator of dry weight. Any deviation of the pre-dialysis VEC/TBW value from normal could easily be used to establish the desired ultrafiltration and dry weight. With regard to the known inaccuracy with which the dry weight is determined from purely clinical assessment this approach may lead to substantial objectivisation in determination of this principal parameter. It may be especially helpful in case of newly admitted patients. The suggested new approach to dry weight determination is supported by the finding of statistically significant relation between post-dialysis deviation of the VEC/TBW ratio from the normal value vs. blood volume reduction at the end of the dialysis session. Patients classified at the end of a dialysis session as still overhydrated by their VEC/TBW deviation from normal showed little or no reduction in their blood volume. An investigation of the Vena Cava Inferior diameter in a subgroup of these patients confirmed this finding showing no decrease at the end of dialysis. On the contrary, the patients whose post-dialysis VEC/TBW value was normal or below normal showed both significant reduction in their blood volume as well as decrease in the Vena Cava Inferior diameter.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Pharmacokinetic disposition of quinolones in human body fluids and tissues.

The unique pharmacokinetic properties as well as the body fluid and tissue penetration of quinolones are discussed. Quinolones are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and are eliminated with considerable differences in their terminal half-lives. The major elimination pathways of quinolones are renal excretion and hepatic metabolism. Renally, these drugs undergo the potential excretion mechanisms (glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, reabsorption). In the liver, they are metabolised primarily by oxidation as well as by conjugative pathways. However, the metabolic pattern and extent of metabolism differ significantly between individual agents. Alterations in the pharmacokinetic disposition of these agents in liver and renal failure as well as in elderly patients are observed as predicted from their excretion pattern. In addition, quinolones can interact with a number of other compounds at hepatic (e.g. with xanthine derivatives), renal (with probenecid) and gastrointestinal (with antacids) sites. The volume of distribution of quinolones is considerably higher than body volume, which suggests intracellular penetration. Studies on tissue penetration show that concentrations exceeding plasma levels are obtained in most tissues. The highest tissue/plasma concentration ratios are achieved in lung and kidney, whereas concentrations in fat are considerably lower than in plasma. Body fluid penetration is introduced as a new approach to evaluate distribution kinetics of quinolones. With the exception of those in nasal secretions and ejaculate, body fluid levels of these drugs rarely reach plasma levels. The body fluid penetration model allows for differentiation among individual agents. There is no apparent relationship between differences in body fluid penetration of quinolones and differences in volume of distribution. For the clinical use of these drugs it is important that the concentrations achieved in body fluids and tissues are sufficient to kill most pathogens. A discussion on the relationship between plasma and tissue levels and the MICs of quinolones is, however, beyond the scope of this article.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed2005

Feasibility of flow cytometry for the detection of bacteria from body fluid samples.

The detection of microorganisms in body fluids is indispensable for identifying the source of infection and is one of the important examinations that influence subsequent treatment. In order to quickly detect bacteria in body fluid samples, a flow cytometry-based experimental automated bacteria counter (BF-FCM), was tested to determine its clinical value. The results for detectability obtained with the BF-FCM were compared with those obtained by conventional culture and Gram-staining techniques. We evaluated a total of 318 body fluid samples, excluding bile samples from which fungus alone was isolated. The samples consisted of 176 bile, 64 ascites, 42 pleural fluid, and 36 cerebrospinal fluid samples. Among the 318 samples, 154 (48.4%) were culture-positive. Of these 154, the BF-FCM identified 130 as positive (sensitivity, 84.4%). Of the 164 samples that were culture-negative, 141 were negative by the BF-FCM (specificity, 86.0%). Based on the culture results, the BF-FCM detected bacteria with a positive predictive value of 85.0% (130 of 153 samples), a negative predictive value of 85.5% (141 of 165 samples), and percent agreement of 85.2%. Although there were 23/164 (14.0%) false-positive samples, we consider that the BF-FCM, in combination with Gram staining and conventional cultures, would be helpful in the diagnosis and management of patients with diseases such as bacterial meningitis that present emergently.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2004

An evaluation of the utility of performing body fluid counts on the coulter LH 750.

Performing a manual body fluid count is a tedious, time-consuming, and frequently imprecise process for any clinical laboratory. The ability to perform many of these counts with an automated hematology analyzer has the real potential of making a major impact on laboratory precision and productivity. The manual chamber count is fraught with many variables and is often very technologist/technique dependent, often leading to inaccuracies in test results. Our laboratory undertook a series of studies designed to evaluate the capability of the Coulter LH 750 hematology analyzer to supplement our current manual method in the performance of body fluid analysis. First, we established the performance of our current manual counting method, the gold standard against which LH 750 performance would be judged. We looked at the precision of manual cell counting by having 4 technologists perform manual counts on each of 35 spinal, synovial, peritoneal, and other fluids with white blood cell (WBC) and/or red blood cell (RBC) counts of greater than 0.3 x 10(9) /L and 0.03 x 10(12) /L, respectively. Our results support earlier reports that the variability in counts among technologists using the manual chamber cell count methods is often very significant. After each sample was manually counted, it was analyzed on the Coulter LH 750, and the results were compared with those of our current manual method. Results showed good correlation between the manual and LH 750 methods. Next, we conducted a series of separate tests to evaluate the stability of different cellular elements (WBCs and RBCs) in each of these body fluid types. The study consisted of 2 sets of 4--3-mL samples of each fluid type--which were analyzed on the LH 750 immediately on receipt and after 1 hour, 4 hours, 8 hours, 16 hours, and 24 hours. The findings suggested varying degrees of stability that were dependent on fluid type and initial cell concentration. Finally, we looked at whether it is necessary to perform background counts before analyzing each body fluid sample and the impact of automating body fluid counts on our workload.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed2002

Reactivity of plasma-sprayed wollastonite coating in simulated body fluid.

We incubated wollastonite coatings prepared with plasma spraying in simulated body fluids for different periods to investigate the reactivity. The surface structures of wollastonite coatings immersed in simulated body fluids were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed a carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite layer formed on the surface of a plasma-sprayed wollastonite coating soaked in simulated body fluids, and a silica-rich layer appeared on the surface of the coating before the formation of the carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite layer. The formation mechanism of apatite on the coating surface could be explained in terms of the ionic exchange between H(+) within simulated body fluids and Ca(2+) in the coating, which resulted in an increase in the ionic activity product of the apatite in simulated body fluids and provided a specific surface with a lower interface energy to the formation of apatite nuclei.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2004

Neuroendocrine control of body fluid metabolism.

Mammals control the volume and osmolality of their body fluids from stimuli that arise from both the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. These stimuli are sensed by two kinds of receptors: osmoreceptor-Na+ receptors and volume or pressure receptors. This information is conveyed to specific areas of the central nervous system responsible for an integrated response, which depends on the integrity of the anteroventral region of the third ventricle, e.g., organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, median preoptic nucleus, and subfornical organ. The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of body fluid homeostasis by secreting vasopressin and oxytocin in response to osmotic and nonosmotic stimuli. Since the discovery of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a large number of publications have demonstrated that this peptide provides a potent defense mechanism against volume overload in mammals, including humans. ANP is mostly localized in the heart, but ANP and its receptor are also found in hypothalamic and brain stem areas involved in body fluid volume and blood pressure regulation. Blood volume expansion acts not only directly on the heart, by stretch of atrial myocytes to increase the release of ANP, but also on the brain ANPergic neurons through afferent inputs from baroreceptors. Angiotensin II also plays an important role in the regulation of body fluids, being a potent inducer of thirst and, in general, antagonizes the actions of ANP. This review emphasizes the role played by brain ANP and its interaction with neurohypophysial hormones in the control of body fluid homeostasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Determination of D-lactate concentration for rapid diagnosis of bacterial infections of body fluids.

The value of determining D-lactate concentrations in body fluids for the rapid diagnosis of bacterial infections was investigated. A total of 336 body fluid samples were analyzed: 208 ascitic fluids, 57 synovial fluids, 40 cerebrospinal fluids and 32 pleural fluids. Using a cut-off value of 0.05 mM, the overall sensitivity was 0.96 and the specificity was 0.88. Therefore, the measurement of D-lactate concentration in body fluids offers a rapid (2-hour) and useful method of differentiating between infectious and non-infectious body fluid diseases.

Ascitic Fluid↗
PubMed1977

Hana kai ii: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. III. Body fluid balance.

Comprehensive studies on body fluid balance on 5 divers were conducted during the Hana Kai II dive (17 days at 18.6 ATA and 7 days of decompression). Daily urine flow increased from about 2000 ml at 1 ATA to 2600 ml at 18.6 ATA, at 31 degrees C. This diuresis was accompanied by a reduction in urine osmolality (from 650 to 500 mOsm) and a slight increase in osmolal clearance. Endogenous creatinine clearance remained at about 173 ml/min throughout the dive. Despite such a sustained diuresis, neither daily water intake nor total body water volume changed significantly. The plasma renin activity changed little, while both plasma aldosterone concentration and urinary aldosterone excretion increased significantly during the first week at 18.6 ATA. The plasma prolactin concentration showed a significant decrease during the first 3 days at 18.6 ATA. The daily excretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) decreased significantly (by 40%) 4 days after compression and remained low throughout the rest of the dive. Insensible waterloss at 18.6 ATA was 35% lower than that at 1 ATA. It is suggested that the observed hyperbaric diuresis is due primarily to suppression of ADH as a result of suppression of insensible water loss.

Aldosterone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic accuracy of the immunocytochemical study of body fluids.

The diagnostic accuracy of the immunocytochemical characterization of body fluids was evaluated in 100 specimens (35 pleural, 40 peritoneal, 7 pericardial and 18 cerebrospinal [CSF] fluids) in comparison with routine morphologic examination. The immunochemical markers used for all specimens were common-leukocyte antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, epithelial keratin and desmin. Additional immunocytochemical studies for neurofilaments, glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin and melanoma-associated antigen were performed on the CSF specimens. The study confirmed the accuracy of the immunocytochemical characterization of cells in body fluids using a panel of immunocytochemical stains. These methods are recommended as an adjunct to improve the accuracy of the cytologic diagnosis of body fluids, especially in cases with diagnostically difficult morphologic features.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1992

Distribution and disposition associated with compartmentation of body fluid in the developing fetus of the rat.

The relationship between the developmental change of the disposition kinetic character for p-phenylbenzoic acid (PPBA) and compartmentalized fluid of the body was investigated in the rat fetus. [14C]Inulin injected into the umbilical vein attained the steady state distribution at 8 min on Day 17 of gestation and at 10 min on Day 21 of gestation. Inulin space (Vi) on Day 17 of gestation was 0.686 ml/g body wt and decreased to 0.542 ml/g on Day 21 of gestation. [14C]Inulin injected into the fetuses on Days 18 and 21 of gestation remained in the fetal body. Hence a determination method of the apparent volume of distribution (Vd) for PPBA was developed using Vi. Vd on Day 17 of gestation was 0.640 ml/g body wt and decreased to 0.454 ml/g on Day 21 of gestation. Body water based on wet body weight showed no significant change. The analysis of PPBA distribution by the compartmentalization of body fluid suggests that the developmental change of Vd is reflected by that of Vi. The elimination rate (K(el)) from the fetus decreased rapidly in the earlier stages of gestation and slowly in the later stages of gestation. The change of the transplacental clearance (Cl) was mainly reflected by that of K(el) throughout the gestation period. However, the change of Vd partly influenced the change of Cl in the later stage of gestation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[SBOs of urinalysis, analyses of feces, CSF and body fluids].

Specific behavioral objectives (SBOs) of urinalysis, analysis of feces, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and body fluids should be decided carefully owing to the unique nature of these tests such as easy deterioration of specimens, false-positive/false-negative by interfering substances and the heavy reliance on conventional methods for many tests. Especially routine urinalysis, including reagent strip method and urinary sediments must be emphasized because these tests are performed by the physicians themselves at their office. Acquirement of sample collection, preservation and quality assurance for these tests are also indispensable.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed2005

Performance evaluation of the application of body fluids on the Sysmex XE-2100 series automated hematology analyzer.

Body fluid analysis on the Sysmex XE-2100 series automated hematology analyzer was evaluated at 4 hospitals (Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX; St. John's Mercy, St. Louis, MO; Carle Clinic, Urbana, IL; and ACL Laboratories, West Allis, WI, USA). The total nucleated cell and red blood cell (RBC) counts of 493 samples were obtained with the Sysmex XE-2100 automated hematology analyzer and compared with results obtained by manual chamber counting. Seventy-eight samples were not suitable for evaluation because of the presence of clots, crystals, error messages related to white blood cell (WBC) and RBC parameters, and so on. Pearson correlation coefficients for the WBC parameter were 0.99 for cerebrospinal fluid, 0.95 for serous fluid, 0.99 for synovial fluid, and 0.99 for samples of combined body fluids. Ninety-six samples were used to compare RBC counting methods because these samples had RBC counts greater than 0.01 10 6/mL. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the RBC parameter were 0.96 for cerebrospinal fluid, 0.97 for serous fluid, 0.97 for synovial fluid, and 0.97 for samples of combined body fluids. Carryover, precision, and linearity studies also performed for WBC and RBC counts yielded very good results.

Automation↗
PubMed1997

A comparison of the effectiveness of malignancy detection in body fluid examination by the cytopathology and hematology laboratories.

BACKGROUND: Body fluid specimens in many institutions are submitted for cytologic examination as well as for examination in a clinical microscopy or hematology laboratory. The cytology laboratory is generally seen as the standard for detection of malignancy, whereas the clinical microscopy laboratory is often depended on predominantly for cell counting and categorization. METHODS: To analyze the effectiveness of the hematology laboratory at detecting malignant fluids, this study retrospectively analyzed reports on 397 body fluid specimens (cerebrospinal, pericardial, peritoneal, and pleural) that were concurrently submitted over a 12-month period to both the cytopathology laboratory and the hematology laboratory. RESULTS: Thirty-seven (9.3%) of the cases were diagnosed as malignant by at least one of the two examinations. The cytopathology examination reported 27 (73%) of the 37 malignant cases as malignant and 30 (81.1%) as at least atypical (27 malignant and 3 inconclusive), and the hematology examination reported 34 (91.9%) as malignant and 36 (97.3%) as at least atypical. A concordant malignant diagnosis was given by both laboratories in 24 (64.9%) of the 37 cases. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that examination of specimens by the hematology laboratory can provide a highly sensitive diagnostic evaluation in addition to its more customary role of providing timely cell counts.

Ascitic Fluid↗
PubMed2001

Reference ranges for analytes in extravascular body fluids.

Interpreting analytes measured in extravascular body fluids can be problematic as the only suitable literature reference, the Geigy Scientific Tables (1), is almost 20 years old, dating back to the year 1981. It is not always possible to apply the values indicated therein to modern analytical procedures since many of these determinations were developed in the 1940es, 1950es and 1960es and measured with methods that have since lost their significance. We therefore did some extensive literature searches to compile an updated list for the most essential extravascular body fluids. The number of analytes featured in the list has been limited to the most relevant substances. A critical examination of the published data revealed that only 10-20% of the papers could actually be used because of insufficient statistical data, too small number of test subjects, or a lack of plausibility.

Bodily Secretions↗