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PubMed1994

Sex preference and third birth intervals in a traditional Indian society.

The traditional preference for sons may be the main hindrance to India's current population policy of two children per family. In this study, the effects of various sociodemographic covariates, particularly sex preference, on the length of the third birth interval are examined for the scheduled caste population in Assam, India. Life table and hazards regression techniques are applied to retrospective sample data. The analysis shows that couples having two surviving sons are less likely to have a third child than those without a surviving son and those with only one surviving son. Age at first marriage, length of preceding birth intervals, age of mother, and household income have strong effects on the length of the third birth interval.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Birth interval and family effects on postneonatal mortality in Brazil.

In this paper random-effects logistic models are used to analyze the effects of the preceding birth interval on postneonatal mortality in Brazil, controlling for the correlation of survival outcomes between siblings. The results are compared to those obtained by using ordinary logistic regression. Family effects are found to be highly significant in the random-effects model, but the substantive conclusions of the ordinary logistic model are preserved. In particular, birth interval effects remain highly significant.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMed1991

Breast-feeding, birth interval and child mortality in Bangladesh.

The 1975-76 Bangladesh Fertility Survey data show little evidence that breast-feeding is the intermediate factor through which birth intervals influence child survival in Bangladesh. Preceding birth interval, subsequent pregnancy and breast-feeding duration each have an independent influence on early mortality risk. Within a specific interval the risk of dying decreases with increase in duration of breast-feeding, and also with an increase in the time between the index birth and the next pregnancy. The death of the immediately preceding child in infancy has a significant negative effect on the survival chance of the index child at ages 1-5 months. However, death of the preceding child appears to have a significantly positive effect on the survival chance of the index child between ages 9 months and 5 years; this may be related to competition between siblings.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1986

Age at first birth and the length of the second birth interval: is a positive relationship universal in modern populations?

"Age at first birth has been found to be positively associated with the length of the second birth interval in several studies. One researcher has hypothesized that such a relationship would be found in any population in which contraception is widespread and women are exposed to non-maternal roles. However, in this study a positive relationship is not found for caucasian women in Hawaii, a population in which contraception is wide-spread and women are exposed to non-maternal roles. The findings suggest a revision of the hypothesis to accommodate more complex relationships."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

On some stochastic models of open birth interval.

"In this paper, a set of two probability models have been derived to describe the variation in the length of open birth interval of women having given birth to a child during the last 'T' years of their current reproductive age. The first model is derived by assuming the reproduction process as steady-state, the second is obtained by varying the fecundability parameter involved in the first model after the last birth. These models are applied to the three sets of data, one collected from [the Indian] Varanasi-survey, 1969-70 and the other two generated from the data on age-specific fertility rates using the life table technique. The biological parameters such as fecundability and secondary sterility have been estimated using some simple procedure of estimation."

Asia↗
PubMed1993

Delayed birth intervals of immature fraternal triplets in preterm labor. A case report.

The preterm birth of immature triplets before 28 weeks is associated with excess morbidity and mortality risks attributable to extreme immaturity. We report a case of fraternal triplets in preterm labor in which the second and third triplet births were delayed 11 days after the first birth, at 26 4/7 weeks' gestation. The later-born sibs were heavier at birth and throughout their neonatal course in the hospital and suffered less severe complications as compared to the first-born triplet. Delayed birth intervals of triplets in preterm labor should be considered to improve perinatal salvage of immature triplets, although a successful outcome is rare and unexpected.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breastfeeding effects on birth interval components: a prospective child health study in Gaza.

Data that were collected prospectively from a child health study conducted in Gaza show a strong relationship between breastfeeding and two major components of birth intervals, the postpartum anovulatory period and the waiting time to conception. The Gaza population is similar to other populations in the Middle East in having moderate durations of breastfeeding and short intervals between births. The finding of a strong positive association between breastfeeding and the length of postpartum amenorrhea is as expected from numerous other studies. The relationship between breastfeeding behavior and the waiting time to conception is examined using hazard model analysis. Women who are breastfeeding when menstruation resumes and continue to do so are less likely to conceive than other women, according to the analysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The birth interval hypothesis-does it really indicate the end of the primipaternity hypothesis.

Recent Norwegian data suggest the presence of a causal relationship between prolonged birth intervals and the risk for preeclampsia in subsequent pregnancies. It has been proposed that the birth interval data explain the known association between a change in paternity and the risk for preeclampsia. In this review, the authors explore alternative explanations for the Norwegian findings, and as such argue that there is currently no reason to reject the primipaternity hypothesis.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An age and parity dependent model for birth intervals of non-contraceptive population.

"In this paper [an] age dependent model [for estimating birth intervals] is constructed which assumes that the women have already crossed the age of maximum fertility at the time of observation. The parameters of the model are assumed to depend upon the parity." This model is based on an earlier age-dependent model by the same authors and was designed to account for late marriage and high parity. The model was applied to information on 203 married, non-contracepting women from a village in Haryana, India, collected in May and June of 1978. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND ITA)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Writing the names: marriage style, living arrangements, and first birth interval in a Nepali society.

Using data from a Nepali population, this analysis argues that marriage style and postmarital living arrangements affect coital frequency to produce variations in the timing of first birth after marriage. Event history analysis of the first birth interval for 149 women suggests that women's autonomy in marriage decisions and marriage to cross-cousins accelerate the pace of entry into first birth. Extended-household residence with reduced natal kin contact, on the other hand, significantly lengthens the first birth interval. These findings are consistent with previous arguments in the literature while offering new evidence for the impact of extended-family residence on fertility.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Birth intervals and perinatal health: an investigation of three hypotheses.

This analysis uses data from Hungary, Sweden and the United States to investigate the factors contributing to the high health risks observed among infants born within 12 months of the preceding birth. Three hypotheses for poor perinatal health are explored: confounding by prematurity, selection of high-risk mothers into short birth intervals and maternal depletion. Results show that prematurity accounts for the greatest share of the excess risks associated with closely spaced births, and for virtually all of the excess risk of late fetal death. After the confounding effects of prematurity are controlled for, the study finds that infants conceived within a few months of the preceding birth remain at higher-than-average risk of low birth weight, preterm birth and neonatal death. The results suggest that avoidance of birth intervals of less than two years could be expected to effect a 5-10 percent decreased risk of low birth weight and neonatal death.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMed1980

Starting age and subsequent birth intervals in cohabitational unions in current Danish cohorts, 1975.

This paper presents some main results of an investigation by life table methods of birth interval data in cohabitational unions (marriages as well as consensual unions) in current Danish cohorts. Our results confirm previous findings that an early age at the start of recorded exposure to childbearing risk is indicative of a rapid pace and high level of subsequent fertility. The analysis modifies previous results and adds several new details regarding cohort trends and the effect of parity at the start of reported cohabitation. For each parity within a period of cohabitation, fertility differentials by reported starting age seem to have diminished from our older cohorts (of age up to 49 years in 1975) to our younger ones (of age less than 30 years in 1975). There are indications of a dramatic change in childbearing behaviour following the arrival of novel attitudes to non-marital cohabitation and childbearing in Denmark about 1967.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Effects of birth rank, maternal age, birth interval, and sibship size on infant and child mortality: evidence from 18th and 19th century reproductive histories.

There has been long-standing interest in the effects of maternal age, birth rank, and birth spacing on infant and child mortality. Contradictory inferences about the role of these factors have arisen on occasion because of the absence of adequate controls, the use of cross-sectional or incomplete reproductive histories, and inattention to the effect of family size goals and birth limitation practices. This study analyzes completed reproductive histories for German village populations in the 18th and 19th centuries, a period when deliberate fertility control was largely absent. Our results confirm previous studies of the association of infant mortality with maternal age, although in the present data these differentials are largely limited to neonatal mortality. They also confirm the importance of birth interval as a factor in infant mortality. Sibship size is positively related to infant mortality even when birth rank is controlled. However, once sibship size is controlled, there are no systematic differences in infant and child mortality by birth order. The mechanisms relating sibship size and mortality are explored.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effect of an older sibling and birth interval on the risk of childhood injury.

OBJECTIVE: Certain family structures have been identified as putting children at high risk for injury. To further define children at highest risk, we set out to explore the effect of an older sibling and birth interval on the risk of injury related hospital admission or death. METHODS: Data were analyzed using a case-control design. Cases and controls were identified by linking longitudinal birth data from Washington state (1989-96) to death certificate records and hospital discharge data obtained from the Washington State Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System and frequency matched in a 1:2 ratio on year of birth. Cases consisted of singleton children 6 years of age or younger who were hospitalized or died as a result of injury during the years 1989-96. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify and adjust for confounding variables. RESULTS: There were 3145 cases and 8371 controls. The adjusted odds ratio for injury in children with an older sibling was 1.50 (95% confidence interval 1.37 to 1.65). The effect was greatest in children under 2 years of age, and in those with a birth interval of less than two years. As the number of older siblings increased, so did the risk of injury, with the highest risk in children with three or more older siblings. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the presence of an older sibling is associated with an increased risk of injury. The risk is highest in those with very short birth intervals. Potential mechanisms for this increased risk may relate to inadequate parental supervision. Pediatricians and other care providers need to be alert to these identifiable risk factors and then direct preventive strategies, such as home visits and educational programs, toward these families.

Birth Certificates↗
PubMed1998

Short birth intervals don't kill women: evidence from Matlab, Bangladesh.

No previously published study has provided evidence to support the frequently made assertion that closely spaced births increase the risk of maternal death. This study reviews the literature for evidence supporting an association between short birth intervals and maternal mortality and presents empirical evidence to address the question of whether short birth-to-conception intervals alter the risk of maternal death. In this nested case-controls study selected from a cohort of women under demographic surveillance in Matlab, Bangladesh, the length of the preceding birth-to-conception interval is found not to affect the risk of maternal mortality. These results do not support the claim that births that are too close increase the risk of maternal death.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Regression-like analysis of birth interval sequences.

Employing a family of generalized linear models for the gamma distribution, the structure of birth interval data derived from three historical populations is examined. The relative importance of such factors as current age, parity of the mother, and duration of marriage in determining the length of succeeding intervals is investigated. The results suggest that the three data sets have a common, rather simple structure and various applications of such empirical models are considered.

Adult↗