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Results for “Biomedical Enhancement”

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PubMed2004

Restless souls.

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Biomedical Enhancement↗
PubMed2002

Mapping the future.

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Biomedical Enhancement↗
PubMed2006

[Enhancement between self-realization and self-deception].

DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM: Is it morally responsible to enhance human beings technically? To answer this question three problems will be analyzed: 1) Do we destroy human nature if we allow enhancement? 2) Can enhancement lead to a loss of autonomy and personality? 3) What are the differences between enhancement of adults and enhancement of children? Arguments and conclusion: I will defend a certain kind of moderate liberalism in order to solve these problems. I will focus on the question whether reversible enhancements must be evaluated differently from irreversible enhancements. Arguments from J. Habermas against enhancement of children will be rejected. Under certain conditions enhancement is not morally unacceptable but it must be ensured that these conditions are fulfilled.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Implant ethics.

Implant ethics is defined here as the study of ethical aspects of the lasting introduction of technological devices into the human body. Whereas technological implants relieve us of some of the ethical problems connected with transplantation, other difficulties arise that are in need of careful analysis. A systematic approach to implant ethics is proposed. The major specific problems are identified as those concerning end of life issues (turning off devices), enhancement of human capabilities beyond normal levels, mental changes and personal identity, and cultural effects.

Attitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multidetector multiphase contrast-enhanced liver CT: prospective study comparing two contrast material injection rates on vascular and liver parenchyma enhancement in patients with varied cirrhotic status.

BACKGROUND: To compare 2 rates of contrast material injection, with dose tailored to patient body weight (bw) and automatic bolus triggering system, on vascular and liver parenchyma enhancement at multidetector multiphase contrast-enhanced liver computed tomography (CT) of patients with varied cirrhotic status. METHODS: One hundred and thirty consecutive patients with varied cirrhotic status, referred for contrast-enhanced liver CT evaluation of focal liver nodule(s), were prospectively and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 routine contrast-enhanced liver CT protocols: 2 mL/kg of bw of a nonionic contrast agent (300 mg I/mL) injected at a 3 mL/sec, versus 2 mL/kg of bw of the same contrast agent injected at 4 mL/sec. Quantitative vascular and liver parenchyma enhancements were obtained. Attenuation values of the abdominal aorta during the arterial phase CT, of the main portal vein during the portal venous phase CT, and of the liver parenchyma during the arterial, the portal venous, and the equilibrium phases liver CT, were compared with multiple 2-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: Significantly higher attenuation values were noted in the abdominal aorta with a 4-mL/sec-flow rate. Attenuation values were not significantly different in the portal vein and in the liver parenchyma, whatever was the patient cirrhotic status. CONCLUSIONS: With dose tailored to body weight and automatic bolus triggering system, adjusting flow rate makes no difference in patients with regard to liver or portal vein enhancement, regardless of presence/absence of cirrhosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Does justice require genetic enhancements?

It is argued that justice in some cases provides a pro tanto reason genetically to enhance victims of the genetic lottery. Various arguments--both to the effect that justice provides no such reason and to the effect that while there may be such reasons, they are overridden by certain moral constraints--are considered and rejected. Finally, it is argued that justice provides stronger reasons to perform more traditional medical tasks (treatments), and that therefore genetic enhancements should not play an important role in a public health care system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Analytical partitioning of poly(ethylene glycol)-modified proteins.

Covalently grafting proteins with varying numbers (n) of poly(ethylene glycol) molecules (PEGs) often enhances their biomedical and industrial usefulness. Partition between the phases in aqueous polymer two-phase systems can be used to rapidly characterize polymer-protein conjugates in a manner related to various enhancements. The logarithm of the partition coefficient (K) approximates linearity over the range O<n<x. However, x varies with the nature of the conjugate (e.g., protein molecular mass) and such data analysis does not facilitate the comparison of varied conjugates. The known behavior of surface localized PEGs suggests a better correlation should exist between log K and the weight fraction of polymer in PEG-protein conjugates. Data from four independent studies involving three proteins (granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulation factor, bovine serum albumin and immunoglobulin G) has been found to support this hypothesis. Although somewhat simplistic, 'weight fraction' based analysis of partition data appears robust enough to accommodate laboratory to laboratory variation in protein, polymer and phase system type. It also facilitates comparisons between partition data involving disparate polymer-protein conjugates.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed2006

Design of a knee rotatory kinaesthetic device.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) constrains rotatory motion at the knee and is commonly injured during rotational movements in athletic activity. This densely innervated ligament is assumed to play a role in knee proprioception, however, no study has measured proprioception in a manner relevant to either the kinematics of the ligament or the mechanism of injury, partly because of a lack of suitable equipment. The aims of this technical note are to document the development of a novel knee rotatory kinaesthetic device, and to present details of its construction, reproducibility, accuracy and application. The purpose-built device allows rotational movements at the knee to occur with minimal frictional resistance and provides accurate limits to the magnitude of these movements. This allows analysis of subjects' ability to discriminate between movements of differing magnitudes and thus allows calculation of subjects' sensitivity to small differences in magnitude of active knee rotation. Measurements taken with the device had a high level of agreement with those of a calibrated digital inclinometer (ICC=0.99; 95% CI 0.88 to 0.99) with a mean error of 0.24 degrees . The device also demonstrated excellent reproducibility (Pearson's r=1.0). A single case study is presented to detail the clinical application of the device. This novel device allows subjects to perform active knee rotational movements in a closed kinetic chain with discrete, self-paced movement, enabling calculation of movement discrimination. The device is compact and portable enabling testing to be undertaken in remote settings enhancing its clinical applicability.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of a novel liposome-based formulation of SN-38 against human tumor models in SCID mice.

SN-38 is an active metabolite of CPT-11. The poor solubility of SN-38 in any pharmaceutically acceptable solvent and pH-dependent activity has limited its clinical use. Our objective was to evaluate an easy-to-use liposome-based formulation of SN-38 (LE-SN38) and compare the antitumor activity with its pro-drug CPT-11 against cancer cell lines and human xenograft tumor models. The cytotoxicity of LE-SN38 and CPT-11 was determined in four human cancer cell lines using the sulforhodamine B assay. The therapeutic efficacy was tested against human colon (HT-29) and breast (MX-1) xenograft tumor models in SCID mice. LE-SN38 with greater than 95% drug entrapment was found to be highly cytotoxic against four different cell lines with GI50 values of less than 0.1 microM. In the HT-29 tumor model, LE-SN38 (q x d5) at 2, 4 or 8 mg/kg resulted in 33, 81 and 91% tumor growth inhibition, respectively, compared to the drug-free liposome group. In contrast, similar dose levels of CPT-11 treatment led to only 2, 36 and 46% growth inhibition. For the MX-1 model, LE-SN38 (q x d5) regressed tumor growth by 44 and 88% at 4 and 8 mg/kg dose, respectively, whereas no regression was observed in the CPT-11-treated group. We conclude that LE-SN38 is a novel liposome-based formulation with enhanced therapeutic efficacy against human tumor models.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Neuroethical considerations: cognitive liberty and converging technologies for improving human cognition.

Developers of NBIC (Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno) technologies face a multitude of obstacles, not the least of which is navigating the public ethics of their applied research. Biotechnologies have received widespread media attention and spawned heated interest in their perceived social implications. Now, in view of the rapidly expanding purview of neuroscience and the growing array of technologic developments capable of affecting or monitoring cognition, the emerging field of neuroethics calls for a consideration of the social and ethical implications of neuroscientific discoveries and trends. To negotiate the complex ethical issues at stake in new and emerging kinds of technologies for improving human cognition, we need to overcome political, disciplinary, and religious sectarianism. We need analytical models that protect values of personhood at the heart of a functional democracy-values that allow, as much as possible, for individual decision-making, despite transformations in our understanding and ability to manipulate cognitive processes. Addressing cognitive enhancement from the legal and ethical notion of "cognitive liberty" provides a powerful tool for assessing and encouraging NBIC developments.

Biomedical Enhancement↗