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PubMed2003

The effects of local anaesthetic solution in the navicular bursa of horses with lameness caused by distal interphalangeal joint pain.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Analgesia of the palmar digital (PD) nerves has been demonstrated to cause analgesia of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint as well as the sole. Because the PD nerves lie in close proximity to the navicular bursa, we suspected that that analgesia of the navicular bursa would anaesthetise the PD nerves, which would result in analgesia of the DIP joint. OBJECTIVES: To determine the response of horses with pain in the DIP joint to instillation of local anaesthetic solution into the navicular bursa. METHODS: Lameness was induced in 6 horses by creating painful synovitis in the DIP joint of one forefoot by administering endotoxin into the joint. Horses were videorecorded while trotting, before and after induction of lameness, at three 10 min intervals after instilling 3.5 ml local anaesthetic solution into the navicular bursa and, finally, after instilling 6 ml solution into the DIP joint. Lameness scores were assigned by grading the videorecorded gaits subjectively. RESULTS: At the 10 and -20 min observations, median lameness scores were not significantly different from those before administration of local anaesthetic solution into the navicular bursa (P > or = 0.05), although lameness scores of 3 of 6 horses improved during this period, and the 20 min observation scores tended toward significance (P = 0.07). At the 30 min observation, and after analgesia of the DIP joint, median lameness scores were significantly improved (P < or = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that pain arising from the DIP joint can probably be excluded as a cause of lameness, when lameness is attenuated within 10 mins by analgesia of the navicular bursa. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Pain arising from the DIP joint cannot be excluded as a cause of lameness when lameness is attenuated after 20 mins after analgesia of the navicular bursa.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed2001

Interspinous bursa and spinal instability.

STUDY DESIGN: This is a prospective study. Interspinous tissue was taken intraoperatively for pathological examination for the presence of bursa. The pathologist was unaware of the X-ray findings in each specimen. The presence of bursa was then correlated with X-ray evidence of hypermobility in each segment. OBJECTIVE: To verify the pathogenesis of interspinous bursal formation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Interspinous bursa is common in the older population. It has been associated with degenerative lumbar diseases, aging and anatomical distance between the spinous process. However, no detailed exploration of the segmental instability as a cause of bursal formation has been done. METHOD: The insterspinous tissue was taken intraoperatively from patients diagnosed as multilevelled spinal stenosis who underwent extensive decompression, fusion and instrumentation. The specimens were examined by the same pathologist for the existence of bursa. The presence of bursa was correlated with X-ray motion study of each spinal segment by student t-test. RESULTS: The existence of bursal was significantly correlated with angular mobility of more than 10 degrees. CONCLUSION: Angular mobility is a possible cause of interspinous bursa. On the contrary, the presence of insterspinous bursa may be evidence of segmental hypermobility.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A novel method to bursectomize avian embryos and obtain quail----chick bursal chimeras. II. Immune response of bursectomized chicks and chimeras and post-natal rejection of the grafted quail bursas.

Two methods to bursectomize chick embryos before hemopoietic cell seeding of the bursa of Fabricius were compared in this work: section of the tail region at E3 including the presumptive bursal territory, and selective removal of the bursa at E5. Hatching ability is better with the former method, but survival rate and effectiveness of bursectomy are favored with the second, novel technique. Moreover, selective removal of the bursa at E5 can be followed by in situ engraftment of a quail bursa and construction of quail-chick bursal chimeras. The immune response of bursaless birds and bursal chimeras has been studied. Total absence of the bursa does not prevent a few B cells from differentiating and nonspecific Ig (IgM and/or IgG) from being secreted. As reported previously, bursaless birds, however, are unable to mount an immune response by producing specific antibodies. This immune function is restored by the graft of a quail bursa. The microenvironment of the bursa, although heterospecific, allows the expansion of the B cell population and generates the repertoire of the B cell antigen receptors. This process takes place during late embryonic and early postnatal life because the grafted quail bursal stroma is subjected to immune rejection from 2 to 3 wk after birth in all chimeras, which are, however, perfectly immunocompetent.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

The developmental anatomy of the equine navicular bursa and associated structures.

The navicular bone, navicular bursa and their associated structures were collected from 20 horses ranging in age from 80 days gestation to 2 years post-gestation. The right front foot of every horse was sampled for light microscopy. The development of the navicular bursa and associated structures were studied. Study of the developmental anatomy of the equine navicular bursa established that the bursa is a distinct entity in both the fetus and the adult horse. Development of the bursal cavity in the fetus was found to be complete by 120 days of gestation. Synovial membrane of the navicular bursa was first evident at 100 days of fetal age. With increasing fetal maturation there was a concurrent development in the synovial membrane consisting of increased cellularity, vascularity and villi formation. Nerve fibers or nerve endings were not observed within the synovial membrane of the navicular bursa. However, nerve bundles were often observed within the associated connective tissue, bursal capsule and distal navicular ligament. Pacinian corpuscles were observed in the 200-day fetus in close proximity to the navicular bursa. The development of a fibrous bursal capsule was first evident at 160 days fetal age, thereafter increasing in both thickness and density. Ligaments of the navicular bone were found to develop early in fetal life. At 100 days the collateral sesamoidean ligaments were well developed; however earliest evidence of formation of the distal navicular ligament was at 120 days. In both the fetus and the adult the proximal blood supply to the navicular bone was found to course dorsally in close proximity to the collateral sesamoidean ligament to enter the proximal border of the navicular bone. Concurrent with weight bearing there was a dorsal palmar orientation of the bone trabeculae of the navicular bone. In the young postgestational horses a progressive roughening or fraying of the palmar surface of the navicular bone and the apposing surface of the deep digital flexor tendon was evident.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The popliteal bursa (Baker's cyst): an arthroscopic perspective and the epidemiology.

The purpose of this study was to establish the incidence of the anatomic structure, the popliteal bursa, in patients undergoing arthroscopy and to determine the relationship to associated clinical and pathological factors. Diagnostic arthroscopy was used to identify the presence of the popliteal bursa in 187 consecutive patients (195 knees). Thirty-seven percent of knees had a popliteal bursa identified by the communication with the posterior medial compartment. The cause of the popliteal bursa was not established by this study. This study refuted the causes proposed by others. The existing erroneous conclusions concerning the cause of the popliteal bursa were probably attributable to the failure to recognize the common continuity of the bursa and the knee joint. When the popliteal bursa is present (37%), it becomes symptomatic by responding to the intraarticular disease because of its continuity with the knee joint.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Migratory patterns of B lymphocytes. V. Surface Ig and migration properties of density gradient-separated bursa cells.

A study was made of bovine serum albumin density gradient-separated bursa cells with respect to their distribution on the gradients, % cytoxicity with anti-Ig + complement (C) or anti-mu + C, and localization of fractions in irradiated syngeneic recipients. Layer A showed a higher cytotoxicity with anti-Ig + C or anti-mu + C than the others; layer D showed the lowest % cytotoxicity, although a large % of the cells not killed by anti-Ig were killed by anti-bursa serum + C. The C + D layers contained a much larger fraction of the Ig+ cells from the bursa in the 1--4-week-old than in the 6--12-week-old animals, suggesting a relative shift towards lower density of Ig+ bursa cells with age. When [3H]adenosine-labeled bursa cells from density gradient fractions were transferred, the % injected radioactivity found in recipient spleens was higher for fractions A and B than for fraction C + D. While 50--60 % of the cells from fractions A and B which localized in spleen were found in germinal centers and follicles, a much lower % of the cells from fraction C + D seen in spleen localized in these areas. The results were in agreement with those of previous studies suggesting that it is primarily the Ig-bearing population among bursa cells which localizes in follicles.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Sonography of the iliopsoas tendon and injection of the iliopsoas bursa for diagnosis and management of the painful snapping hip.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare sonographic evaluations of patients referred with suspected snapping of their iliopsoas tendon with the pain relief achieved from anesthetic injection of the iliopsoas bursa, and with the subsequent surgical outcome. This study also assessed the effectiveness of Kenalog injection into the iliopsoas bursa for long-term pain relief. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Dynamic and static sonography was performed in 40 patients with clinically diagnosed snapping hips. The iliopsoas bursa was injected with Bupivicaine and Lidocaine in the first 22 patients, and an additional 1 ml Kenalog-40 was added to this mixture in the last 18 patients. We compared the static and dynamic sonographic findings with change in the patients' level of pain at 2 days after anesthetic injection. The sonographic findings and response to anesthetic injection were also compared to the response to Kenalog injection and the results of any subsequent surgery. RESULTS: Static sonography of the iliopsoas tendon was normal in 38 patients, and detected iliopsoas bursitis in one patient and iliopsoas tendinopathy in another. Snapping of the iliopsoas tendon was observed using dynamic sonography in 9 of the 40 patients. Following anesthetic injection of the iliopsoas bursa, 29 patients had complete or partial pain relief, and 11 patients had no pain relief. Eight of the nine patients with a snapping iliopsoas tendon had complete or partial pain relief from the bursal injection. Twelve of the 29 patients with pain relief after anesthetic injection later had an arthroscopic iliopsoas tendon release, and all of these 12 patients had a good postoperative result. Of the 18 patients who had Kenalog-40 injected into the iliopsoas bursa and did not have iliopsoas surgery, 16 had sustained pain relief following the injection. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with groin pain and a clinically suspected snapping iliopsoas tendon can benefit from injection into the iliopsoas bursa even if the snapping tendon is not visualized sonographically. The use of a corticosteroid may provide long-term pain relief, and pain relief after injection is a predictor of good outcome after surgical release of the iliopsoas tendon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Effects of steroids with different endocrine profiles on the development, morphology and function of the bursa of Fabricius in chickens.

This paper describes the effect of various steroids on the anlage of the bursa of Fabricius in chickens. The steroids were administered by dipping embryonated eggs on the third day of incubation in ethanolic solutions of these steroids. The results with about 30 different steroids show that the capacity to inhibit the development of the bursa does not correlate with the endocrine properties of these steroids as measured in routine screening tests for androgenic, anabolic, progestational and oestrogenic activities or with the relative binding affinities for various endocrine receptors. More elaborate studies with several representative steroids show that testosterone (10 mg/ml), nandrolone (10 mg/ml), 11 alpha-hydroxynandrolone (10 mg/ml), ethylestrenol (1 mg/ml), lynestrenol (1 mg/ml), and Org OD14 [tibolone] (0.1 mg/ml) induce also histomorphological changes in the remaining bursa tissue still present in 10 day- and 53-day old chickens and in the bursa-dependent sites of their spleens (53-day old chickens only). Testosterone and lynestrenol induced smaller changes than nandrolone or ethylestrenol. Tibolone and 11 alpha-hydroxynandrolone were more effective than nandrolone. All drugs, except testosterone and lynestrenol, imparied antibody formation to Newcastle Disease Virus and decreased the serum levels of total IgG, but not of total IgM. Also these effects were not correlated with endocrine properties. In other studies (for references, see text) we found that several of these steroids, notably tibolone, favourably influence the course of spontaneous autoimmune diseases of NZB/W mice and Obese Strain chickens. Since this autoimmunosuppression is likely to be caused by inhibitory effects on bursa or bursa equivalent, we may use this approach for developing medically useful autoimmunosuppressive steroids with minimal endocrine effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Biochemical characterization of the progesterone receptor in the chick bursa of Fabricius.

In a previous work we demonstrated estrogen-inducible progesterone binding sites in the bursa of Fabricius. In the present study these were characterized and compared to the progesterone receptor (PR) in the chick oviduct. When the size of the binding sites was analyzed with sucrose gradient centrifugation, 2 peaks of bound progesterone were obtained. The sedimentation coefficients of the peaks were 8-9 S and 3-4 S. In size exclusion HPLC only 1 peak was seen with a size corresponding to the 8-9 S in the sucrose gradient. The Stokes radius was 7.7 nm. When the ionic strength was elevated or CaCl2 was added, smaller steroid binding forms were detected. The sizes of these progesterone binding molecules at low and high ionic strength and in the presence of CaCl2 were equal in bursa and oviduct when analyzed with HPLC. The Stokes radii of these forms were 5.6 nm in high salt and 2.1 nm with CaCl2. The steroid binding components in the bursa cytosol eluated as 2 peaks from the DEAE column with KCl gradient. The peaks corresponded to the so-called A and B components in the chick oviduct. In the presence of molybdate, bound progesterone eluated as one peak from DEAE in both oviduct and bursa. The progesterone binding capacity was shown to be heat labile with equal half-lives in the bursa and the oviduct. Progesterone and ORG 2058 had a high affinity for the binding site and their binding was specific for progestins. It is concluded that the estrogen-inducible progesterone binding site in the bursa of Fabricius resembles the oviductal progesterone receptor in structural and binding properties.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Useful boundaries of the subacromial bursa.

The anatomic boundaries the subacromial bursa may serve as a useful guide for surgical orientation and safety. The goals of this study were to measure the minimum distance between the subdeltoid reflection of the subacromial bursa and the circumflex branch of the axillary nerve and to identify relationships between the margins of the subacromial bursa and the acromion, rotator cuff, and acromioclavicular joint. Seventeen fresh-frozen cadavers (mean age, 69 years), were included. Eleven cadavera were dissected only after the subacromial bursa was injected with a latex solution to define the peripheral boundaries of the bursa. The bursal margins were always 2 cm or more from the anterolateral corner of the bursal acromial surface and the bursa lined the anterior half of the anteroposterior distance of the acromion. The mean distances from all points of the acromion to the axillary nerve averaged approximately 5 cm. The mean minimum distance from the subdeltoid bursal reflection to the axillary nerve was 0.8 +/- 0.5 cm with a range of 0.0 to 1.4 cm. In the unelevated extremity, the inferior bursal reflection was always cephalad to the axillary nerve even when the two structures were apposed. Surgeons should exercise caution when approaching the inferior boundary of the subdeltoid bursal reflection because of the proximity to the axillary nerve. We recommend coupling previously reported "safe deltoid-split" distances to this useful anatomic landmark to prevent nerve injury. Furthermore, the central location of the anterolateral corner of the acromion within the bursal space can be applied to needle placement for injection, arthroscopic diagnosis or treatment and mini-open rotator cuff repairs.

Acromioclavicular Joint↗
PubMed2002

Characterization of the antigenic, immunogenic, and pathogenic variation of infectious bursal disease virus due to propagation in different host systems (bursa, embryo, and cell culture). III. Pathogenicity.

Differences in the relative pathogenicity of variant (1084 E and GLS) and standard (Edgar and STC) infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) strains were observed after propagation in the bursa of Fabricius, embryos, or cell cultures. Bursa-derived IBDV induced the most severe lesions in the bursa of Fabricius when compared with strains propagated in embryos or cell cultures. Embryo-derived IBDV induced moderate gross bursal lesions, whereas cell culture-derived IBDV did not damage the bursa grossly. A high frequency of virus re-isolations was obtained from bursal, spleen, and thymic samples collected from birds inoculated with bursa-derived or embryo-derived IBDV. Virus re-isolation occurred much less frequently from birds inoculated with cell culture-adapted IBDV. Serological evaluations demonstrated that bursa-derived IBDV strains induced a higher neutralizing antibody response than did embryo-derived or cell culture-derived strains. These results document that the relative pathogenicity and immunogenicity of IBDV is reduced following propagation in embryos or cell cultures.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endoscopy of the calcaneal bursa in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To describe endoscopic approaches to the calcaneal bursa and clinical findings in 2 horses with calcaneal bursitis. STUDY DESIGN: Cadaver evaluations and retrospective case reports. ANIMALS: 12 cadavers and 2 adult horses. METHODS: Cadaver specimens of the calcaneal bursa were evaluated with a rigid arthroscope and gross dissection to determine the endoscopic appearance of anatomic structures located within the bursa. The site(s) for placement of the arthroscope and instrument(s) was determined based on cadaver dissection and endoscopic examination. RESULTS: Placement of the arthroscope 1 cm dorsal to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and 1 cm distal to the medial or lateral aspect of the SDFT retinaculum allowed consistent examination of the tuber calcis, proximal aspect of the long plantar ligament, calcaneal tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle inserting on the tuber calcis, SDFT and the proximal and distal extent of the bursa. Lesions observed and treated with use of endoscopy included local bone necrosis of the proximoplantar aspect of the tuber calcis and damage of the origin of the long plantar ligament in one horse. Mild disruption of the superficial digital flexor tendon and long plantar ligament were observed and debrided in another horse. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic exploration of the calcaneal bursa is clinically feasible to treat infectious and noninfectious bursitis and to help identify the cause(s) of undiagnosed bursitis or lameness associated with the calcaneus, superficial digital flexor tendon, tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle, and the long plantar ligament. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An endoscopic approach to the calcaneal bursa is recommended whenever possible to decrease complications associated with surgery in this region and improve the diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious calcaneal bursitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Greater trochanter of the hip: attachment of the abductor mechanism and a complex of three bursae--MR imaging and MR bursography in cadavers and MR imaging in asymptomatic volunteers.

PURPOSE: To evaluate trochanteric anatomy with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, bursography, MR bursography, and anatomic analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: T1-weighted and fat-saturated T2-weighted (transverse, sagittal, coronal, and coronal oblique planes) MR imaging of the greater trochanter was performed in 10 cadaveric hips and 12 hips of asymptomatic volunteers. Three bursae comprising the trochanteric bursa complex were injected, and conventional radiography and MR imaging were performed. The specimens were sectioned for anatomic analysis, corresponding to the MR imaging planes. Tendon attachments and bursal localization were related to the facets of the greater trochanter. RESULTS: The bony surface of the greater trochanter consists of four facets: anterior, lateral, posterior, and superoposterior. The gluteus medius muscle attaches to the superoposterior and lateral facets. The gluteus minimus muscle attaches to the anterior facet. The trochanteric bursa covered the posterior facet and the lateral insertion of the gluteus medius muscle. The subgluteus medius bursa was located in the superior part of the lateral facet, underneath the gluteus medius tendon. The subgluteus minimus bursa lies in the area of the anterior facet, underneath the gluteus minimus tendon, medial and cranial to its insertion, and extends medially covering the distal anterior part of the hip joint capsule. The trochanteric bursa is delineated with fat on both sides and can be seen on transverse nonenhanced T1-weighted images as a fine line curving around the posterior part of the trochanter. CONCLUSION: MR imaging and bursography provide detailed information about the anatomy of tendinous attachments of the abductor muscles and the bursal complex of the greater trochanter.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Expression of bioactive bone morphogenetic proteins in the subacromial bursa of patients with chronic degeneration of the rotator cuff.

Degeneration of the rotator cuff is often associated with inflammation of the subacromial bursa and focal mineralization of the supraspinatus tendon. Portions of the supraspinatus tendon distant from the insertion site could transform into fibrous cartilage, causing rotator-cuff tears owing to mechanical instability. Indirect evidence is presented to link this pathology to ectopic production and secretion of bioactive bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) from sites within the subacromial bursa. Surgically removed specimens of subacromial bursa tissue from patients with chronic tears of the rotator cuff were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-PCR. Bioactive BMP was detected in bursa extracts by a bioassay based on induction of alkaline phosphatase in the osteogenic/myogenic cell line C2C12. Topical and differential expression of BMP-2/4 and BMP-7 mRNA and protein was found in bursa tissue. The bioassay of C2C12 cells revealed amounts of active BMP high enough to induce osteogenic cell types, and blocking BMP with specific antibodies or soluble BMP receptors Alk-3 and Alk-6 abolished the inductive properties of the extract. Sufficient information was gathered to explain how ectopic expression of BMP might induce tissue transformation into ectopic bone/cartilage and, therefore, promote structural degeneration of the rotator cuff. Early surgical removal of the subacromial bursa might present an option to interrupt disease progression.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Preservation of the ulnar bursa within the carpal tunnel: does it improve the outcome of carpal tunnel surgery? A randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: It was hypothesized that preserving a layer of gliding tissue, the parietal layer of the ulnar bursa, between the contents of the carpal tunnel and the soft tissues incised during carpal tunnel surgery might reduce scar pain and improve grip strength and function following open carpal tunnel decompression. METHODS: Patients consented to randomization to treatment with either preservation of the parietal layer of the ulnar bursa beneath the flexor retinaculum at the time of open carpal tunnel decompression (fifty-seven patients) or division of this gliding layer as part of a standard open carpal tunnel decompression (sixty-one patients). Grip strength was measured, scar pain was rated, and the validated Patient Evaluation Measure questionnaire was used to assess symptoms and disability preoperatively and at eight to nine weeks following the surgery in seventy-seven women and thirty-four men; the remaining seven patients were lost to follow-up. RESULTS: There was no difference between the groups with respect to age, sex, hand dominance, or side of surgery. Grip strength, scar pain, and the Patient Evaluation Measure score were not significantly different between the two groups, although there was a trend toward a poorer subjective outcome as demonstrated by the questionnaire in the group in which the ulnar bursa within the carpal tunnel had been preserved. Preserving the ulnar bursa within the carpal tunnel did, however, result in a lower prevalence of suspected wound infection or inflammation (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In this group of patients, preservation of the ulnar bursa around the median nerve during open carpal tunnel release produced no significant difference in grip strength or self-rated symptoms. We recommend incision of the ulnar bursa during open carpal tunnel decompression to allow complete visualization of the median nerve and carpal tunnel contents.

Bursa, Synovial↗
PubMed1987

Immunization of chickens via the bursa of Fabricius isolated from the rest of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue using four surgical techniques.

To study the role of the chicken bursa of Fabricius separately from the rest of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), four operating methods were developed; these techniques are described in detail. Bursal function and immunological state of the operated chickens were assessed by applying colloidal carbon, Brucella abortus organism, and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) into the isolated bursa and then measuring the humoral immune responses. Closing the bursal duct, after administering antigens through it, was shown to be a reliable and reproducible method for immunizing chickens strictly via the bursal system. In this method, morphology and endocytosis of carbon in the isolated bursae were normal. Furthermore, the anti-Brucella titers did not significantly differ from those in the unoperated per anum immunized control chickens, whereas the response to SRBC was significantly lower (P less than .001) in the operated chickens compared with controls. Separation of the bursa from the rest of the GALT showed that the chicken bursa of Fabricius functions as a peripheral lymphoid organ; specific antibodies are formed against antigens introduced into the bursal lumen. The operating method also has confirmed that Brucella is a bursa-dependent antigen, but that SRBC need cooperation of the GALT to evolve a good humoral immune response.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The bursal microenvironment: phenotypic characterization of the epithelial component of the bursa of Fabricius with the use of monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies were raised against newborn chick bursa of Fabricius, and here we describe two antibodies, BEP-1 and BEP-2, which react selectively with the epithelial component of the bursa of Fabricius. In previous studies, using quail chick chimeric bursas, we have demonstrated that the epithelium of the bursal rudiment, presumably of endodermal origin, gives rise to the epithelium lining the bursal lumen, the basement membrane-associated epithelium and the network of reticular cells of the medulla, while the interfollicular connective cells are derived from the mesoderm. When tested in indirect immunofluorescence assay on bursa tissue sections or cell suspensions, BEP-1 reacts with a surface antigen present on all the epithelial cells of the bursa and could be used as a marker for this cell lineage. BEP-2 binds to an intracytoplasmic antigen that is present in about 5% of cells, representing the epithelial cells, and which is excreted in the medulla. BEP-2 also reacts with the epithelial cells of the thymic medulla and with the mucin-secreting goblet cells of the intestinal villi. A rabbit antiserum raised against human cytokeratin gives a different pattern of reactivity on bursal tissue compared to BEP-1 and BEP-2, tentatively suggesting that these two antibodies do not bind to keratin-like molecules. During ontogeny, BEP-1 reactivity appears in bursal epithelium from the early stages of bursal ontogeny (8 days). BEP-2 reactivity is detected around hatching time. BEP-1 and BEP-2 do not show any antigenic heterogeneity among the epithelial cells of the bursa.

Aging↗
PubMed1978

The role of the thymus for maturation of transferred bursa cells into immunocompetent B cells in chickens treated with cyclophosphamide.

Chickens injected with cyclophosphamide and X-ray irradiated in the newly hatched period were immunized with a mixture of sheep red blood cells, Brucella abortus and Salmonella pullorum at 4, 5 and 6 weeks of age, and were examined for serum antibody titres, serum immunoglobulin concentration and bursal and splenic structures at 7 weeks of age. The neonatal treatments suppressed completely or almost completely antibody responses, immunoglobulin production and formation of bursal follicles and splenic germinal centres. The transplantation of bursa cells into the chickens immunologically impaired by the treatments restored these functions and structures. In contrast, the transfer of bursa cells into chickens thymectomized, cyclophosphamide-treated and X-ray irradiated did not result in efficient restoration of the bursa-dependent immune system; 10-day-old bursa cells hardly restore the system, although 4-week-old bursa cells did so slightly. The chickens thymectomized, cyclophosphamide-treated, X-ray irradiated and repopulated with 10-day-old bursa cells were examined for the existence of functional B cells with the use of a syngeneic cell transfer system. The experiments verified that immunocompetent B cells had not developed in the chickens thus treated.

Animals↗