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Results for “BODY FLUID BALANCE”

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PubMed1989

[Cardiothoracic ratio and roentgenologic heart size as the indices of body fluid retention in uremics under hemodialysis].

We evaluated the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) and the roentgenologic heart size (RHS) as the indices of body fluid retention in 31 of uremic patients under hemodialysis. The maximum changes of the roentgenologic thoracic diameter, measured monthly for one year in 31 patients, varied from 10 to 68 mm. The average differences of RHS and CTR between maximum inspiration and forced inspiration in 18 healthy people were 1 mm (RHS) and 2.5% (CTR), respectively, and the change of roentgenologic thoracic diameter was 12 mm. The error of repeated CTR measurements in a period of one year could be estimated more than 2%. In 22 patients the body weight reduction of 1 kg corresponded to a 4 mm decrease of RHS (p less than 0.005) and 1.5% of CTR (p less than 0.05), respectively. In relation to the change of body fluid balance assessed by the change of body weight, RHS showed a higher correlation than CTR. These results could be attributed that RHS was hardly influenced by the respiration, whereas CTR was surprisingly affected. It is concluded that the measurement of RHS is more useful as an index of control of body fluid balance than CTR.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Molecular identification and immunohistochemical localization of atrial natriuretic peptide in the heart of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Atrial and B-type natriuretic peptide (ANP and BNP) are cardiac hormones synthesized and secreted by the myoendocrine cells of the heart. They exert potent actions on body fluid balance. Since various body organs including the heart are under high physiological stress during water and food deprivation in the desert nomads, we intended to perform molecular biological and histological studies of ANP in the heart of the dromedary camel Camelus dromedarius. Initially, we isolated cDNAs encoding ANP from the atrium and BNP from the atrium and ventricle of the dromedary camel. Putative mature ANP, deduced from the cDNA sequence, was identical to that of human and pig ANP, but the putative mature BNP was more diverse and was most similar to pig BNP (94% identity). Thus, we used antisera raised against human ANP that did not cross-react with pig BNP in the subsequent immunohistochemical studies. The ANP-expressing myoendocrine cells are most concentrated in the right atrium, to a lesser extent in the left atrium, and almost absent in the left ventricle. The immuno-positive cells are scattered uniformly in each region and are characterized by the presence of immunoreactive granular deposits around the nucleus. The left atrium comprises some ramifications of conductive cells (Purkinje fibers), some of which also contained ANP-immunoreactive granules. At the electron microscopic level, myoendocrine cells possessed secretory granules primarily in the perinuclear zone and a well-developed Golgi apparatus. The present study is the first comprehensive report dealing with the molecular cloning and immunohistochemical localization of ANP in the heart of a desert dwelling mammal.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Changes of the plasma endothelin in adaptation to increased salt intake in rats.

OBJECTIVES: Roles for vascular endothelial hormones in body fluid balance have been variously suggested. The present study was aimed at investigating whether the plasma endothelin is altered in responses to acute and chronic perturbations in body fluid balance. METHODS: Effects of intravenous infusion of MG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a competitive inhibitor of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, on urinary excretion, blood pressure and plasma levels of endothelin were examined in rats kept on either normal or high-salt diet for two weeks. The plasma endothelin levels in response to an acute extracellular volume expansion (VE) were also determined in normal and 2-kidney, 1 clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats. RESULTS: L-NAME (20 and 200 micrograms.kg(-1) per min) elicited diuretic and natriuretic effects in association with increased blood pressure both in normal and high-salt rats. In high-salt rats, however, the urinary response to L-NAME was attenuated and the pressor response was augmented compared with the control. High-salt intake per se caused a small, but significant, increase of the plasma endothelin. L-NAME (200 micrograms(-1) per min) markedly increased the plasma endothelin was also marginally increased following VE, the magnitude of which did not differ between the normal and 2K1C rats. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the endothelin system takes part in adaptation to increased salt-intake. Another evidence indicating a negative modulation of NO on the release of endothelin is also provided.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Plasma volume and blood viscosity during 4 h sitting in a dry environment: effect of prehydration.

BACKGROUND: Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism are potential problems for travelers, including those who fly. We hypothesized that prehydration with an electrolyte-glucose beverage (EGB) would be better than water for maintaining body fluid balance and preventing increased blood viscosity in immobilized men. METHODS: There were 12 healthy men (24-38 yr) who participated in crossover trials of prehydration using EGB and H2O as well as a control condition (Con) with no prehydration. Fluid intake was set at 6 ml x kg(-1) body weight (mean 418 ml). For each trial, subjects sat for 4 h at a dry-bulb temperature of 23.0-23.5 degrees C and a relative humidity of 18-36%. Plasma volume (PV) and whole blood viscosity (Bvis) were determined every hour; routine laboratory hematological tests, urine volume, and body weight were recorded at 2 h and 4 h. RESULTS: For Con, subjects lost approximately 110 ml h(-1); at 2 h, PV had decreased significantly by 3.4%, and Bvis had increased significantly by 9.3%, with no further change at 4 h. For prehydration, retention of the consumed fluid at 2 h was significantly higher for EGB (57%) than for H2O (38%), while both drinks prevented significant change in PV and Bvis. There were no significant differences between trials in coagulation variables, but Bvis measured at higher shear rates for EGB were significantly attenuated compared with Con. CONCLUSION: EGB and water prevented the increase of blood viscosity that occurred without prehydration. EGB was better than water for maintaining body fluid balance and preventing hypovolemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The role of angiotensin II in ingestive behaviour: a brief review of angiotensin II, thirst and Na appetite.

From the outset, the study of angiotensin II (Ang II) in body fluid homeostasis has been both complicated and intriguing. Since the publication of an early report of the dipsogenic action of this peptide, the pursuit of the role of Ang II in thirst and Na appetite has continued for the last 25 years. This pursuit captured the attention of all workers interested in the behavioural/physiological regulation of body fluid balance, with major contributions being made by James T. Fitzsimons and his colleagues. In spite of its powerful dipsogenic actions, delineation of its precise role in physiological thirst has been elusive and difficult to demonstrate. The influence of Ang II on Na intake took longer to show convincingly. However, in contrast to thirst, the role of Ang II in physiological Na appetite has been demonstrated clearly. The technological advances made during the recent years have greatly increased our ability to delineate the neurobiological context of Ang II-mediated responses. Thus, the future is promising in regard to illuminating the subtleties of the role of Ang II in body fluid balance.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1997

Effects of systemic interleukin-1beta administration on daily drinking and renal excretory function in conscious rats.

To elucidate the roles of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), a cytokine with several diverse actions, in the control of body fluid balance, its effects on daily drinking behavior and renal excretory function were examined in conscious rats. Administration of IL-1beta (4 microg/kg, I.P.) resulted in the suppression of both daily drinking and food intake and a decrease in daily urinary sodium and potassium excretion, but had no effect on urine volume. The IL-1beta-induced decrease in sodium excretion was abolished in renal-denervated rats. Kainic acid was then injected into the anteroventral third ventricle region, including the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, to examine whether neurons in this region are involved in the IL-1beta-induced responses; the effects on daily drinking and urinary sodium and potassium excretion were abolished, whereas the effects on food intake, although attenuated, were still present. In contrast, electrical lesion of the subfomical organ did not affect the IL-1beta-induced responses. Thus, IL-1beta seems exert its effects on body fluid balance at several distinct sites in the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The contribution of the median preoptic nucleus to renal sympathetic nerve activity increased by intracerebroventricular injection of hypertonic saline in the rat.

The median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) of the hypothalamus is involved in the osmotic control of neurohypophysial hormone release and drinking behavior. At the same time, renal sympathetic nerves exert multiple effects on renal functions such as regulating renal blood flow and urinary sodium excretion. We made the hypothesis that the MnPO may also regulate body fluid balance by exerting an influence on renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). In this study we examined the effect of electrical stimulation of the MnPO on RSNA and the contribution of the MnPO to the change of RSNA induced by intracerebroventricular injection of hypertonic saline in the male Wistar rat. Electrical stimulation of the MnPO and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) elicited an increase in RSNA. This increase of RSNA elicited by electrical stimulation of the MnPO was reduced by microinjections (100 nl) of 10% lidocaine or 4 mM cobaltous chloride (a synaptic transmission blocking agent) bilaterally into the PVN. Both RSNA and the mean arterial pressure (MAP) were increased by the injection of 1.5 M NaCl into the third ventricle, although heart rate (HR) was not significantly changed. These responses of RSNA and MAP were diminished by microinjection of 10% lidocaine (100 nl) into the MnPO. Our results suggest that the MnPO is involved in body fluid regulation not only by controlling vasopressin secretion and water intake but also by modulating central sympathetic outflow which regulates body fluid balance through an effect on the kidney.

Anesthetics, Local↗