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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Representation of body identity and body actions in extrastriate body area and ventral premotor cortex.

Although inherently linked, body form and body action may be represented in separate neural substrates. Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy individuals, we show that interference with the extrastriate body area impairs the discrimination of bodily forms, and interference with the ventral premotor cortex impairs the discrimination of bodily actions. This double dissociation suggests that whereas extrastriate body area mainly processes actors' body identity, premotor cortex is crucial for visual discriminations of actions.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Body composition measurement by dual photon absorptiometry: comparison with body density and total body potassium measurements.

Body composition was measured in 29 healthy adults (12 men and 17 women) by three different methods: Dual photon (153Gd) absorptiometry (DPA), body density measurements (BD) and measurements of total body potassium (TBK). Correlation and regression analysis with the body fat percentage (Fat%) measured by the three different methods gave r values between 0.83 and 0.90 and SEEs between 4.0 and 6.0 (Fat%). We conclude that DPA provides a new method of measuring body composition with precision and accuracy errors in the same range as the more established methods.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in body protein, body potassium, and lean body mass during total parenteral nutrition.

Lean body mass by anthropometry (AMLBM), total body potassium (TBK), and total body nitrogen (TBN) by prompt gamma analysis, are reported in 38 malnourished patients during total parenteral nutrition. Over long periods (greater than 2 months) TBN increased 32% while AMLBM and TBK rose only by 9.2 and 9.5%, respectively. Changes in AMLBM and in K were significantly correlated, but changes in nitrogen were not correlated with either. From short-term studies, the same conclusions can be obtained; although there are changes in lean body mass and in potassium, there is no correlation with such changes in nitrogen. With repletion, changes in body protein are not necessarily related to changes in AMLBM or to TBK: the latter two reflecting total and intracellular water, respectively, but not protein content.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1997

Assessment of total body water and lean body mass from anthropometry, Watson formula, creatinine kinetics, and body electrical impedance compared with antipyrine kinetics in peritoneal dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Indirect methods such as anthropometry (A), Watson formula (W), creatinine kinetics (CK), and body electrical impedance (BEI) are increasingly applied to determine total body water (TBW) and lean body mass (LBM) in dialysis patients. These methods share the disadvantage that they have been validated for healthy men only. We studied which of these four commonly applied methods can best be used routinely in CAPD patients. METHODS: TBW estimates obtained from A, W, CK, and BEI were compared with those obtained by a gold standard (antypirine distribution volume, ADV) in eight CAPD patients. In addition, several BEI equations to derive lean body mass (LBM) were compared with LBM estimated by ADV in order to determine which equation is the most valuable for the assessment of LBM by BEI in CAPD patients. RESULTS: TBW as ADV was 41.4 +/- 6.6 (mean +/- SD) L. TBW estimated by W, A and CK underestimated ADV by a mean +/- SD of 2.3 +/- 13, 5 +/- 8.4 and 12.3 +/- 10.9% respectively. TBW as measured by BEI overestimated ADV by 2.5 +/- 8.8%. The correlation coefficients between ADV-TBW and TBW estimated by the indirect methods were r = 0.88 (A), r = 0.87 (BEI), r = 0.82 (CK), and 0.68 (W). LBM estimated by ADV was 56.7 +/- 8.9 (mean +/- SD) kg; LBM by different BEI equations ranged from 49.9 +/- 7 to 58.1 +/- 10.7 kg. The correlation coefficient between LBM by ADV and LBM according to the various BEI equations ranged from 0.81 to 0.93. CONCLUSION: A and BEI can be used to estimate TBW, but the considerable SD (or inaccuracy) makes individual predictions hazardous. Considering the correlation coefficients and difference between LBM by ADV and LBM according to different BEI equations, Deurenberg's formula can be advocated for use in the estimation of LBM by BEI.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effect of body build on the validity of predicted body fat from body mass index and bioelectrical impedance.

The objective of this study was to test whether differences between body fat percent (BF%) measured by densitometry and BF% predicted from body mass index (BMI) or bioimpedance (BIA) can be explained by differences in body build. Weight, height, sitting height (leg length), arm length, skeletal widths, BIA, bone mineral content from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and BF% from densitometry were measured in 90 apparently healthy, young adult subjects (age range 18-31 years). The BMI was calculated and BF% predicted from BMI, age, and sex. BF% was also predicted from BIA. BF% measured by densitometry was 29.3 +/- 5.0% for women and 14.6 +/- 5.1% for men. BF% predicted from BIA (27.1 +/- 6.7% in women, 19.0 +/- 6.0% in men) was significantly different from measured values in both sexes. BF% predicted from BMI (25.9 +/- 2.2% for women, 15.6 +/- 2.4% for men) was only significantly different from BF% from densitometry in women, not in men. In both sexes skeletal widths, especially elbow width, were related to the prediction error of BF% from BMI, confirming the hypothesis that BF% predicted from BMI underestimates BF% in persons with a relatively slender body build or frame. The prediction error of BF% from BIA was found to be related to the length of the arms and legs, confirming the hypothesis that BIA overestimates BF% in persons with relatively long limbs.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1986

Comparative study of refractile (R) bodies and their genetic determinants: relationship of type 51 R bodies to R bodies produced by Pseudomonas taeniospiralis.

The relationship of type 51 refractile (R) bodies to R bodies produced by Pseudomonas taeniospiralis was investigated. Proteins associated with type 51 R bodies were not serologically cross-reactive with proteins associated with R bodies from P. taeniospiralis. The genetic determinants for type 51 R bodies did not exhibit close homology with DNA sequences from P. taeniospiralis.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2007

Body Mass Index, percent body fat, and regional body fat distribution in relation to leptin concentrations in healthy, non-smoking postmenopausal women in a feeding study.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between BMI and leptin has been studied extensively in the past, but previous reports in postmenopausal women have not been conducted under carefully controlled dietary conditions of weight maintenance using precise measures of body fat distribution. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between serum leptin concentration and adiposity as estimated by BMI and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measures (percent body fat, central and peripheral fat, and lean mass) in postmenopausal women. METHODS: This study was conducted as a cross-sectional analysis within the control segment of a randomized, crossover trial in which postmenopausal women (n = 51) consumed 0 (control), 15 (one drink), and 30 (two drinks) g alcohol (ethanol)/d for 8 weeks as part of a controlled diet. BMIs were determined and DEXA scans were administered to the women during the 0 g alcohol treatment, and a blood sample was collected at baseline and week 8 of each study period for leptin analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In multivariate analysis, women who were overweight (BMI > 25 to < or = 30 kg/m2) had a 2-fold increase, and obese women (BMI > 30 kg/m2) had more than a 3-fold increase in serum leptin concentrations compared to normal weight (BMI < or =25 kg/m2) women. When the models for the different measures of adiposity were assessed by multiple R2, models which included percent body fat explained the highest proportion (approximately 80%) of the serum leptin variance. CONCLUSION: Under carefully controlled dietary conditions, we confirm that higher levels of adiposity were associated with higher concentrations of serum leptin. It appears that percent body fat in postmenopausal women may be the best adiposity-related predictor of serum leptin.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

Performance and body composition of finishing gilts (45 to 85 kilograms) as affected by energy intake and nutrition in earlier life: I. Growth of the body and body components.

Forty-eight commercial hybrid gilts were used to determine the effects of energy intake from 20 to 45 kg on the relationship between energy intake and weight gain of the body and body components from 45 to 85 kg. Two groups of 24 gilts received a single diet either at 2.2 (restricted) or 3.7 (control) times maintenance (M) from 20 to 45 kg. From 45 to 85 kg the pigs were fed the same diet at one of six intake levels (1.7, 2.2, 2.7, 3.2, or 3.7 x M, or ad libitum). At 85 kg, the gilts were dissected into organs, lean tissue (trimmed major joints), and other carcass parts (fat fraction). In the restricted gilts, body and lean tissue gain between 45 and 85 kg increased curvilinearly with increasing energy intake from 432 to 1,412 g/d and from 228 to 507 g/d, respectively. In the control gilts, body and lean tissue gain increased from 394 to 1,201 g/d and from 238 to 508 g/d, respectively. The percentage of lean tissue in the carcass decreased curvilinearly with increasing energy intake from 62.9 to 56.5%, and from 62.5 to 53.9% in the restricted and control gilts, respectively. The restricted gilts gained on average 140 g/d faster (P < .001) and their carcass lean tissue content at slaughter was approximately 3% higher (P < .001). These differences increased with increasing energy level between 45 and 85 kg. The increased gain was largely the result of an increase in organ growth and gut contents and was only evident up to 65 kg. The higher lean content at 85 kg in previously restricted gilts was not the result of compensation in lean gain but was already present at the end of the restriction phase at 45 kg.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Estimation of body weight from body size measurements and body condition scores in dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of hip height and width, body condition score, and relevant demographic information to predict body weight (BW) of dairy cows. Seven regression models were developed from data from 972 observations of 554 cows. Parity, hip height, hip width, and body condition score were consistently associated with BW. The coefficients of multiple determination varied from 80 to 89%. The number of significant terms and the parameter estimates of the models differed markedly among groups of cows. Apparently, these differences were due to breed and feeding regimen. Results from this study indicate that a reliable model for estimating BW of very different dairy cows maintained in a wide range of environments can be developed using body condition score, demographic information, and measurements of hip height and hip width. However, for management purposes, substantial improvements can be obtained by developing models that are specific to a given site.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Preferences for body type and body characteristics associated with attractive and unattractive bodies: Jackson and McGill revisited.

The present investigation replicates Jackson and McGill's study (1996) and extends it by considering the effects of respondents' own height, weight, and body mass on perceptions of attractiveness. Results, although generally supportive of those found by Jackson and McGill, point to the influence of respondents' own physical characteristics in the process of perceptions of attractiveness: only 1 of Jackson and McGill's 3 (of a possible 19) differences between responses of African- and Euro-American women was corroborated (the importance of silky hair for Euro-American women), whereas a second difference (the importance of round buttocks for African-American women) disappeared when controlling for respondents' weight, height, and body mass. Although differences between the two investigations may be attributed to regional differences in the surveyed students (Michigan and North Carolina), the small effect of one's own weight, height, and body mass in assessing an other-sex person's attractiveness may reflect adherence to norms learned very early in life that are subject to regional variations.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of estimates of fat-free mass in normal and obese women from measurements of body potassium, body water and body density.

The relation between the estimates of fat-free mass (FFM) obtained from measurements of density, total body potassium and water was investigated in 104 women with Quetelet's Index between 19.9 and 49.7 kg/m2, body weight between 42.3 and 133.5 kg. The mean difference between the estimates based on water and potassium, previously reported as 2.2 kg or 4.4 per cent, was found to be independent of Quetelet's Index. The mean difference (s.e.m.) between the estimates of FFM based on density, compared with the average values from water and potassium, was found to be +7.0 (1.0), +6.3 (0.7) and +7.4 (1.1) kg in the ranges of Quetelet's Index 19.9-30.0, 30.1-40.0, and 40.1-49.7, respectively. The relative independence on Quetelet's Index of the difference between the estimates based on density compared with (water + potassium) is consistent with the idea that tissues of a higher density (ie, skin and bone) make up a larger proportion of the fat-free body weight in thin subjects than in fat ones.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Anthropometry and body composition in northern Asian Indian patients with type 2 diabetes: receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis of body mass index with percentage body fat as standard.

AIMS: To determine the anthropometric profile and appropriate cut off of body mass index (BMI) to define obesity in Asian Indians with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Three hundred and eighty T2DM patients (213 males and 167 females) in northern India were subjected to anthropometric and body fat analysis (derived from skinfold thickness). The latter was considered as "standard" for defining obesity. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves were drawn for males and females to determine the appropriate limits of BMI to define obesity. RESULTS: Mean values of percentage of body fat (%BF) were 40.2 +/- 6.2% and 29.4 +/- 7.1% in females and males, respectively. Of particular note, substantial percentage of patients had high values of waist-hip ratio (W-HR) [males > 0.95 (53.9%), and females > 0.80 (88.6%)] indicating significant abdominal obesity, and high % BF [males > 25 % BF (73.2%), females > 30% BF (92.2%)] indicating generalized obesity as well. Significantly higher prevalence of obesity was observed in both males (p < 0.001) and females (p < 0.001) when estimated by %BF (males > 25%, females > 30%), as compared to BMI (> 25 kg/m2 in both males and females). ROC curve analysis showed that with %BF taken as the 'standard' for determining obesity, sensitivity and specificity of BMI of > 25 kg/m2 were low. For BMI > 22 kg/m2 in males and > 23 kg/m2 in females, sensitivity increased and there was decrease in overall misclassification. CONCLUSIONS: The data of current study suggest strikingly high prevalence of abdominal obesity, and generalized obesity as determined by %BF in T2DM patients, and that cut offs for defining obesity by BMI are lower than the suggested limit of 25 kg/m2. Revised definition of obesity using lower cut off of BMI, or based on %BF in northern Asian Indian T2DM patients will lead to a more rational application of dietary restriction, lifestyle measures, and use of metformin.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of anabolic androgenic steroids on muscle strength, body weight and lean body mass in body-building men].

A review of the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) on muscle strength, body weight and lean body mass in body-building men is presented. In about half of the placebo-controlled studies, a significant effect on the above mentioned response variables is found. In all cases where an effect was achieved, the drug used was methandrostenolone or stanozolol. Whether this is connected with a special quality of these AAS or whether the negative results achieved with the other AAS are caused by type 2 error is not yet known. The use of AAS as ergogenic drugs must be deprecated because of their marginal effects, the risks of side effects and the unsporting, unethical aspects.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Multi-body dynamics modelling of seated human body under exposure to whole-body vibration.

In vehicle systems occupational drivers might expose themselves to vibration for a long time. This may cause illness of the spine such as chronic lumbago or low back pain. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the influence of vibration to the spinal column and to make up appropriate guidelines or counter plans. In ISO2631-1 or ISO2631-5 assessment of vibration effects to human in the view of adverse-health effect was already presented. However, it is necessary to carry out further research to understand the effect of vibration to human body to examine their validity and to prepare for the future revision. This paper shows the detail measurement of human response to vibration, and the modelling of the seated human body for the assessment of the vibration risk. The vibration transmissibilities from the seat surface to the spinal column and to the head are measured during the exposure to vertical excitation. The modal paramters of seated subject are extracted in order to understand the dominant natural modes. For the evaluation of adverse-health effect the multi-body modelling of the spinal column is introduced. A simplified model having 10 DOFs is counstructed so that the transmissibilities of the model fit to those of experiment. The transient response analysis is illustrated when a half-sine input is applied. The relative displacements of vertebrae are evaluated, which can be a basis for the assessment of vibration risk. It is suggested that the multi-body dynamic model is used to evaluate the vibration effect to the spinal column for seated subjects.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1998

Two years of practice in adjustable silicone gastric banding (LAP-BAND): evaluation of variations of body mass index, percentage ideal body weight and percentage excess body weight.

BACKGROUND: In the treatment of morbid obesity, surgery had been the only method of obtaining a good and enduring weight loss. Although the procedure of choice is still a matter of debate, among gastric restriction procedures LAP-BAND has become our first choice. METHODS: We report the results from 62 morbidly obese patients operated in the period October 1994-December 1996. Their characteristics were: mean age 35.6 years, mean body weight 130.6 kg, mean height 162.3 cm, mean body mass index (BMI) 49.9 kg/m2, mean percentage ideal body weight (%IBW) 215.7 and mean excess weight (EW) 69.57 kg. RESULTS: Twenty-four months after surgery we found a mean BMI of 39.3, a mean %IBW of 168.6 and a mean % EW loss of 88.5. We removed the band in two patients: one after 9 months because of stoma stenosis and pouch enlargement in a woman who had been lost at follow-up, and the other for gastric slippage occurring after 18 months due to incorrect fixation of the band. CONCLUSION: Our results led us to consider LAP-BAND as the surgical approach for severe obesity among those patients selected for gastric restriction; indeed, it was very safe as well as effective and was rarely followed by complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Prediction accuracy of body density, lean body weight, and total body volume equations.

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of percent fat estimates derived from regression equations with functions of predicting body density (BD), lean body weight (LBW), and total body volume (TBV) from anthropometric variables. BD, LBW, and TBV equations were derived from the data of 95 young, adult men (percent fat X = 13.4%). The multiple correlations for these equations were: BD, 0.86-0.83; LBW, 0.96-0.95; and TBV, 0.99. The zero order correlations between laboratory determined percent fat and percent fat derived by the BD, LBW, and TBV equations ranged from 0.80 to 0.86 with standard errors from 3.1% to 3.7%. This shows that BD, LBW, and TBV equations have similar accuracy when transformed to percent fat. The derived equations were cross validated with three additional, but diverse, samples (percent fat X = 5.1%; 16.7%; 27.1%). The cross validations results revealed that all equations exhibited similar accuracy. With samples differing in percent fat, systematic prediction errors occurred. The results further confirm population specificity of prediction equations.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

The story of the body and the story of the person: towards an ethics of representing human bodies and body-parts.

Western culture has a few traditions of representing the human body - among them mortuary art (gisants), the freak show, the culture of the relics, renaissance art and pre-modern and modern anatomy. A historical analysis in the spirit of Norbert Elias is offered with regard to body - person relationship in anatomy. Modern anatomy is characterized by separating the story of the person from the story of the body, a strategy that is incompatible with the bio-psycho-social paradigm of clinical medicine. The paper discusses different aspects of the above traditions and how they might bear on this conflict and on contemporary bioethics and bedside practice.

Anatomy, Artistic↗