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PubMed1989

Optimal birth control of population dynamics.

The authors studied optimal birth control policies for an age-structured population of McKendrick type which is a distributed parameter system involving 1st order partial differential equations with nonlocal bilinear boundary control. The functional analytic approach of Dubovitskii and Milyutin is adopted in the investigation. Maximum principles for problems with a free end condition and fixed final horizon are developed, and the time optimal control problems, the problem with target sets, and infinite planning horizon case are investigated.

Demography↗
PubMed1980

[Guizhou officials punished for birth control failures].

More than 100 party and municipal officials in a Guizhou Province city underwent castration to take the blame for their laxity in enforcing birth control. According to the Guizhou Daily dated June 22 reaching here Wednesday, party officials at Zhijin City who were supposed to see that couples were not to have more than 1 child failed to enforce this limit and consequently the rate of natural population increase in the area had become the highest in the province. When the provincial government criticized the officials, they hastily conducted self-criticism and more than 100 of them underwent vasectomy or tubal ligation in May, the paper said. The mass sterilization prompted more than 1700 married people to undergo similar surgery in a span of only 40 days, according to the Guizhou Daily. The strict birth control measures enforced by the Chinese Government have caused some resentment among the farmers. Recently, a group of farmers attacked a party official who tried to force a pregnant woman to undergo abortion, seriously injuring him. A man divorced his wife because she chose abortion against his wish.

Asia↗
PubMed1983

Adolescents' communication styles for learning about birth control from mass media.

This article is an exploratory study to identify discrete factors which predict the way in which adolescents are likely to communicate about birth control after receiving information from a mass medium is described. First, we discuss styles of interacting with others regarding information from mass media which have been described in previous research. Five styles are identified: media-oriented, peer-oriented, home-oriented, professionally-oriented, and multi-source oriented. Next, we discuss categories of factors which theoretically should distinguish among the five communication styles. These factors are drawn from theories and previous research in communication and social learning. Using data collected from a random sample of 100 adolescents, we then test the predictive ability of categories of factors. Discriminant analysis is used to determine which factors within categories are most predictive of style and which best discriminate between styles. Eight factors are identified which predict 75% of all communication styles. The factors are sex, race, giving advice about sex, seeking information about birth control, dating rules regarding where one can go, dating rules regarding behavior on dates, feelings of pride, and feelings of popularity. Finally, we discuss the significance for practitioners of study findings and of predicting adolescents' communication styles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Birth control in the Netherlands, 1982 and 1988].

Analysis of family planning and contraceptive use in the Netherlands for 1988 reveals that "a large share of the [female] population practices reliable methods of birth control. At young ages many girls already take the pill. As the rates of sexual intercourse by age do not differ very much from elsewhere in the western world...the Netherlands can also be characterized as a country with a very low incidence of teenage pregnancy and abortion. From the differential analysis it can be concluded that nonuse of birth control methods coincides with the absence of a male partner. Women with a partner, depending on the completeness of their family, use very reliable methods (pill, IUD, condom or sterilization)." Statistical information on the use of various methods is also presented. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2005

Conspiracy beliefs about HIV/AIDS and birth control among African Americans: implications for the prevention of HIV, other STIs, and unintended pregnancy.

In this article, we examine the potential role that conspiracy beliefs regarding HIV/AIDS (e.g., "HIV is a manmade virus") and birth control (e.g., "The government is trying to limit the Black population by encouraging the use of condoms") play in the prevention of HIV, other STIs, and unintended pregnancies among African Americans in the United States. First, we review prior research indicating that substantial percentages of African Americans endorse conspiracy beliefs about HIV/AIDS and birth control. Next, we present a theoretical framework that suggests how conspiracy beliefs influence sexual behavior and attitudes. We then offer several recommendations for future research. Finally, we discuss the policy and programmatic implications of conspiracy beliefs for the prevention of HIV, other STIs, and unintended pregnancy.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1993

"Natural family planning": effective birth control supported by the Catholic Church.

During 20-22 September Manchester is to host the 1993 follow up to last year's "earth summit" in Rio de Janeiro. At that summit the threat posed by world overpopulation received considerable attention. Catholicism was perceived as opposed to birth control and therefore as a particular threat. This was based on the notion that the only method of birth control approved by the church--natural family planning--is unreliable, unacceptable, and ineffective. In the 20 years since E L Billings and colleagues first described the cervical mucus symptoms associated with ovulation natural family planning has incorporated these symptoms and advanced considerably. Ultrasonography shows that the symptoms identify ovulation precisely. According to the World Health Organisation, 93% of women everywhere can identify the symptoms, which distinguish adequately between the fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle. Most pregnancies during trials of natural family planning occur after intercourse at times recognised by couples as fertile. Thus pregnancy rates have depended on the motivation of couples. Increasingly studies show that rates equivalent to those with other contraceptive methods are readily achieved in the developed and developing worlds. Indeed, a study of 19,843 poor women in India had a pregnancy rate approaching zero. Natural family planning is cheap, effective, without side effects, and may be particularly acceptable to the efficacious among people in areas of poverty.

Catholicism↗
PubMed1993

Birth control and its determinants.

"The article presents the results of the three family [sample] surveys [in Poland]: 'Newlyweds Survey 1985', 'Family Survey 1987'...and 'Determinants and Consequences of Divorces'.... The subject of this article is: the methods of birth control which were used during married life, their moral evaluation and opinions about abortion.... This article indicates the influence of an unhappy marriage and of different phases of family life on the attitudes and opinions about birth control."

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1992

Use of birth control pills and condoms among 17-19-year-old adolescents in Norway: contraceptive versus protective behaviour?

This article addresses the relationship between sexual risk behaviour and contraceptive behaviour, and considers whether adolescents who use condoms are practising birth control or STD protective behaviour. The material comprised a representative sample of 3000 Norwegians aged 17-19 years. Data were collected by anonymous self-administered questionnaires. The response-rate was 63%. At the first sexual intercourse 51% of the adolescents used condoms and 7% birth control pills. At the most recent intercourse 31% used condoms and 38% the pill. Use of the pill was widespread among adolescents with high coital frequency and few coital partners. Use of condoms was not particularly widespread among adolescents who reported a relatively large number of coital partners. Irrespective of the number of years they had been coitally active there was no significant difference between those who intended to use condoms at the next sexual intercourse and those who did not as regards their beliefs about condoms as protection against STDs, HIV and unintended pregnancies. The results from this study indicate that the majority of adolescents who use contraception do this for protection against unintended pregnancy and not for protection against STDs. The preference for the pill may make teenagers less prepared to practise STD protective behaviour in specific situations.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

Vaccination for birth control.

The global population is currently expanding at the unprecedented rate of nearly 1 billion per decade, with 94% of the increase occurring in the developing world. New methods of fertility regulation are urgently needed, and the development of birth control vaccines by active immunization against antigens specific for reproduction has made substantial progress during the last two decades. These vaccines are meant to have an outstanding impact on future control of worldwide population growth by providing safe, effective, long-lasting and reversible contraception. The most advanced of these vaccines are based on the placental pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and have already entered clinical trials. However, immunological cross-reactivity and lack of efficacy of anti-hCG antibodies seriously challenge this strategy. Conversely, efforts to understand the molecular events involved in the fusion of sperm and egg have led to the identification of new target structures for the development of fertility-regulating vaccines. Herein, we summarize the current state of birth control vaccines and discuss the risks and drawbacks of this approach to fertility regulation.

Antigens↗
PubMed1994

The effects of gender and birth control pill use on spontaneous blink rates.

BACKGROUND: Two major reference works suggest that men and women blink spontaneously at different rates, but they disagree with regard to which gender blinks faster. METHODS: Spontaneous blink rates of 59 males and 86 females, 44 of whom were taking birth control (BC) pills, were measured for 5 consecutive minutes. Schirmer test results and tear break-up times (TBUTs) were also obtained. RESULTS: Females taking BC pills blinked at a mean rate of 19.6 times per minute, females not taking birth control pills blinked 14.9 times per minute, and males blinked 14.5 times per minute. There were very large differences between blink rates for individuals in each of the groups. No strong associations were found between spontaneous blink rates and a history of contact lens use, tear break-up time, Schirmer test results, temperature or humidity in the examination room, subject age, or menstrual cycle phase. CONCLUSIONS: The 32 percent increase in mean blink rate for females taking BC pills suggests that the pills affect at least one of the mechanisms that control spontaneous blinking, but it is unclear how they accomplish this.

Adult↗
PubMed1974

Birth control, sterilization and abortion. Attitudes of catholic and protestant clergymen in San Diego toward use in families with genetic illness.

A questionnaire comprising case histories was administered to 27 Protestant and 27 Catholic clergymen in the San Diego area to test their attitudes toward the use of birth control, sterilization and abortion in families with specific genetic problems. The responses indicated:* Catholic and Protestant clergymen do not always follow the official positions of their churches in these matters, although the majority of them do.* Protestant clergymen were more likely to approve of birth control, sterilization, and abortion than Catholic clergymen.* The approval responses of Protestant and Catholic clergymen were not greatly influenced by whether the illness variables involved high Mendelian risk, high psychological cost, high social cost, or poor prognosis.* The approval responses of Protestant and Catholic clergymen were not significantly influenced by the socio-ethnic background of the families.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1985

Marketing of birth control in LDCs: with special references to India.

The authors outline a marketing approach for family planning programs in developing countries, with references to experiences in India. Following an overview of types of population programs, suggestions for strengthening program efforts are offered, and a framework for marketing birth control is described. "This approach was based on the recognition that acceptance of a small family norm is interwoven with the freedom to make that choice.... This framework suggests that marketing plans should be aimed at the three-dimensional goal of increasing the population's desire, ability, and capability toward acceptance of the small family norm and the practice of birth control [and] that in consideration of the wide geographical variations in population growth, per capita income, and the level of development in general, programs should be designed in a segmented manner to suit the socio-economic nature of each group."

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Planning of pregnancy and birth control in the capital of Valladolid (author's transl)].

This work presents the results which the authors obtained by means of an inquiry carried out on 920 women with children, or women bearing their first child, in order to find out how many pregnancies are conceived deliberately in the capital of Valladolid and what kind of birth control was adopted by the couples in this capital in order to delay, postpone or prevent pregnancy. The authors come to the conclusion that, first, during the seventies a little less than 50% of the gestations in Valladolid were not planned or wanted. The first pregnancy is not planned in one out of four cases, of which nearly 50% are women under twenty years of age. The couples seek to control their reproduction once they have their first two children. From 30 years onward, seven out of ten pregnancies are neither planned nor wanted. Three quarters of the women investigated, or their husbands, use some method of birth control, normally of little efficacy, and this because of the method itself, or because of the deficient way they use it. "Coitus interruptus", alone or combined with other methods, is practised by two of three couples who seek to control their reproduction.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Birth control methods in the United States.

U.S. women have fewer birth control options than do women in other developed countries. Reliance on sterilization helps many couples make up for their lack of choices, but high rates of sterilization among relatively young women are a cause for concern, given the chance of later regret. Although pill use is very high among young women, it falls dramatically among those in their 30s and, often unnecessarily, is minimal among those over 35. The IUD is most appropriate for older women in mutually monogamous relationships who have completed their families, and its availability has been limited in recent years because of liability problems. Although barrier methods are widely used by women of all ages, they are less effective than the pill or IUD. It is fair to conclude that given U.S. women's sometimes long intervals of exposure to the risk of unintended pregnancy, too few safe and effective reversible contraceptives are available in the United States. The addition of an acceptable new method would certainly lead to a reduction in unintended pregnancies, but many potentially useful new methods will not be developed in this century unless the amount of money invested in contraceptive research and development is substantially increased.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1983

Chronic schizophrenic women's attitudes toward sex, pregnancy, birth control, and childrearing.

Interviews with 23 chronically institutionalized, schizophrenic women living on a chronic care unit indicated that the majority had a continuing interest in sex and engaged in sexual activity. Fourteen of the women wanted to become pregnant. Few seemed to recognize their limited potential to be adequate parents. Respondents often gave bizarre or inaccurate responses to the interview questions, indicating that their ideas about contraception, pregnancy, and childrearing were affected by psychopathology. The authors concede that the task of designing and implementing birth control programs for severely ill schizophrenic patients is formidable but encourage mental health professionals to openly discuss sex, birth control, and having children with their patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The evolution of the birth control handbook: from student peer-education manual to feminist self-empowerment text, 1968-1975.

Peer education has been recognized as a significant means of educating youths, especially about sexual health issues. Although considered a relatively recent development, there are, however, older examples of its existence. In Canada, the Birth Control Handbook (1968) stands out as a stellar example of one student peer-education manual. This article establishes the Handbook's student peer-education roots. But it also charts the Handbook's evolution from a revolutionary student peer-education manual to a key feminist self-empowerment text within the Quebec context between 1968 and 1975. Finally, this article includes the recollections of some of the key individuals involved in the development, production and distribution of the Handbook. In so doing, this article confirms the Handbook's significance to both anglophone and francophone student and feminist politics as well as to women seeking information about birth control.

Contraception↗
PubMed1981

The use of birth control pills in women with medical disorders.

Since little absolute data exist in the form of large prospective studies in patients with specific illnesses who are on oral contraceptives, the clinician must rely on well-founded empiric decisions in prescribing the pill for these patients. The decision should be based on a firm understanding of the pathophysiology and laboratory effects of the oral contraceptives. This must be juxtaposed with an understanding of the efficacy and effects of the estrogen and progestational components of the birth control pill and their interactions with maintenance medications. In the final analysis, though, the clinician must rely on a trial and error method in treating these patients. It must be stressed, however, that these women require careful monitoring, both clinically and biochemically. It is comforting to note that in all diseases studied to date, the use of birth control pills has not precipitated a catastrophic change.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗