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PubMedDate not supplied

Temporal resolution of auditory perception in relation to perception, memory, and language skills in typical children.

This study examined temporal resolution of auditory perception (TRAP) in relation to speech perception and phonological working memory in one experiment and in relation to measures of rapid naming, understanding of grammatical contrasts, and phonological awareness in a second experiment. In the TRAP test, 6- to 9-year-old children discriminated four pairs of two sine tones, 878 Hz and 1350 Hz, presented in blocks with stepwise decreasing interstimulus intervals from 256 ms to 8 ms. In Experiment 1, weak but significant correlations between TRAP and speech perception and phonological working memory were found, as well as a significantly lower TRAP performance by girls. Experiment 2 indicated a significant relation between TRAP and the phonological awareness task. The results give qualified support to the notion of a weak relationship between TRAP and speech perception and language skills among typical children. However, the gender differences in TRAP performance, the limited variance explained by the regression models, and the finding that only one of the language parameters correlated with TRAP do not support the notion of a causal relationship between language skills and TRAP. The possibility that TRAP is connected to general neurological maturation rather than specifically to language abilities is discussed.

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
PubMed1977

Tests of auditory perception in the assessment and management of patients with cerebral cranial injury.

Special listening tests have been applied to patients with cerebral cranial injury to determine whether such tests of auditory performance will provide functional evidence of lesions which are difficult to examine physically. There have been many reports in the literature on the apparent relationship between lesions affecting portions of the central auditory nervous system and results on tests of auditory perception for speech which is either distorted in some way or presented in competing arrangements to the two ears. The premise is that these tests require integrative function of the brain while reducing the effects of conditions of the peripheral organ of hearing and of basic language functions such as symbolization and memorization. Much of the previous literature has been concerned with infiltrative lesions, such as tumors. Our rehabilitation facility serves a number of patients whose lesions are the result of injuries rather than growths or vascular accidents. The present study was undertaken, therefore, to explore the contribution of information derived from such test procedures to diagnosis and to the planning of individual programs of rehabilitation. Preliminary findings are presented for a series of patients with cerebral cranial injury.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed2001

Induced electrocorticographic gamma activity during auditory perception. Brazier Award-winning article, 2001.

OBJECTIVE: To define the spatial, temporal, and functional characteristics of induced gamma (>30 Hz) activity during functional activation of the left superior temporal gyrus. METHODS: Electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings were made in 4 clinical subjects during auditory tone and phoneme discrimination tasks, and event-related changes in the ECoG band power were calculated. The topography and temporal sequence of event-related power changes in different gamma bands were contrasted with those of auditory evoked potentials (AEPs), and with those of event-related power changes in the alpha band (8-12 Hz). RESULTS: Auditory stimuli induced a broadband power augmentation that included 40 Hz, as well as higher (80-100 Hz) gamma frequencies. The topography of gamma augmentation was similar, but not identical, to that of the AEP, and was more focused than that of alpha power suppression. Its temporal onset coincided with the N100, but outlasted it. Phonemes produced greater gamma augmentation than tones, while a similar difference was not observed in the N100. CONCLUSIONS: Auditory perception induces ECoG gamma activity not only at 40 Hz, but also in higher gamma frequencies. This activity appears to be an index of cortical activation that reflects task-specific processing in the human auditory cortex more closely than the AEP or alpha power suppression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Auditory perception with level-dependent hearing protectors. The effects of age and hearing loss.

Auditory perception with hearing protectors was assessed in three groups of subjects, two with normal hearing, but differing in age, and one with moderate bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Individuals were tested with the ears unoccluded, and fitted with each of two level-dependent ear muffs and their conventional level-independent counterparts. One of the former devices provided limited amplification. In each of these five ear conditions, the threshold of audibility for one-third octave noise bands centered at 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 Hz, consonant discrimination, and word recognition were measured in quiet and in a continuous impulse noise background. The results showed that the attenuation of sounds (i.e. the difference between protected and unoccluded thresholds) in quiet did not vary as a function of age or hearing loss for any of the four protectors. In noise, the difference between protected and unoccluded listening was close to zero, as long as hearing was normal. With hearing loss as a factor, there was a significant increment in the protected threshold, the amount determined by the device. Word recognition in quiet was adversely affected in normal-hearing listeners by the three attenuating devices but improved in noise relative to unoccluded listening. Amplification had a deleterious effect for both consonant discrimination and word recognition in noise. In hearing-impaired listeners, speech perception was impeded by all four muffs but less so in quiet with limited amplification.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Correlations between "questionnaire of auditory perception disorders" and "Heidelberger test of phonemic discrimination"].

BACKGROUND: A standardized anamnestic questionnaire of central auditory processing disorders ("Anamnestischer Erhebungs- und Beobachtungsbogen für auditive Verarbeitungs- und Wahrnehmungsstörungen") (FB-AVWS) was developed by German paedaudiologists. The present study examined the relations between this questionnaire and the results of selected auditory-perceptual tests to evaluate the validity of the FB-AVWS. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: As part of a multicentric study, 113 pupils in primary schools were examined by the "Heidelberger Lautdifferenzierungstest", a test of phonemic discrimination and identification (HLAD). Additionally, the parents answered the FB-AVWS. Sensitivity, specificity and correlations with the FB-AVWS were determined referred to the HLAD. RESULTS: We found significant, though moderate correlations, between the scale "auditory discrimination" of the FB-AVWS and the subtests "kinaesthetic/phonemic identification" and "phonemic analysis" of the HLAD. The other subscales of the FB-AVWS showed no significant correlations with the HLAD and its several subtests. The values for the sensitivity of the FB-AVWS were relatively high (93 and 100 %) as where the negatively predictive values for the HLAD as a whole and the subscale 1B (98 and 100 %), referred to HLAD. The specificity and the positive values were relatively low for the HLAD as a whole and for several of its subtests. CONCLUSION: The FB-AVWS is a useful supplementation for the complementary clinical evaluation of central auditory disorders. It allows an assessment of the child's auditory perception and processing skills compared to the general population of primary school children. However, it is not valid as a screening or diagnostic instrument.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

The way the ball bounces: visual and auditory perception of elasticity and control of the bounce pass.

Human observers may perceive not only spatial and temporal dimensions of the environment, but also dynamic physical properties that are useful for the control of behavior. A study is presented in which visual and auditory perception of elasticity in bouncing objects, which was specified by kinematic (spatiotemporal) patterns of object motion, were examined. In experiment 1, observers could perceive the elasticity of a bouncing ball and were able to regulate the impulse applied to the ball in a bounce pass. In experiments 2 and 3, it was demonstrated that visual perception of elasticity was based on relative height information, when it was available, and on the duration of a single period under other conditions. Observers did not make effective use of velocity information. In experiment 4, visual and auditory period information were compared and equivalent performance in both modalities was found. The results are interpreted as support for the view that dynamic properties of environmental events are perceived by means of kinematic information.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Oropharyngeal vocal tract space during singing--comparison of tactile-kinesthetic and auditory perception with objective endoscopic findings].

BACKGROUND: In this study we compared the perceived diameter of the vocal tract's oropharyngeal part with the diameter that was determined endoscopically. METHODS: 28 singers (13 male, 15 female) were examined with transnasal fiberscopic pharyngoscopy while singing the vowels /a/, /i/ and /u/ in 4 different timbres (normal, opened, covered, dumpled) and 3 different pitches (chest/modal register, subjective comfortable pitch for singing, head/falsetto register). The tactile-kinesthetic and auditive rating of the singers, the auditive rating of a singing teacher and the visual-endoscopic analysis of three laryngologists were compared. RESULTS: The tactile-kinesthetic and auditory self-perception of the singers was quite different from the auditive perception of a singing teacher and visual endoscopic findings of the laryngologists. The singers had the impression that the different singing timbres (normal, opened, covered, dumpled) influence oropharyngeal vocal tract space during singing. They judged the vowel itself and the pitch as having very little influence. Based on his auditory perception, the singing teacher also rated that the timbre plays an important role for the oropharyngeal vocal tract space but he found vowels to be the parameter with the greatest impact. Via visual endoscopic examination we found that, among the three parameters (vowel, timbre, pitch), the different vowels are most influential on the oropharyngeal vocal tract space. Analysis of video sequences revealed that pitch and timbre are less important. CONCLUSION: Subjective tactile-kinesthetic and auditory perception of the singers differs from auditory perception of the singing teacher as well as from endoscopic findings. The endoscopically determined oropharyngeal vocal tract space during singing the vowels /i/ or /u/ tends to be larger compared to the oropharyngeal vocal tract space while singing the vowel /a/.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Contributions of temporal encodings of voicing, voicelessness, fundamental frequency, and amplitude variation to audio-visual and auditory speech perception.

Auditory and audio-visual speech perception was investigated using auditory signals of invariant spectral envelope that temporally encoded the presence of voiced and voiceless excitation, variations in amplitude envelope and F0. In experiment 1, the contribution of the timing of voicing was compared in consonant identification to the additional effects of variations in F0 and the amplitude of voiced speech. In audio-visual conditions only, amplitude variation slightly increased accuracy globally and for manner features. F0 variation slightly increased overall accuracy and manner perception in auditory and audio-visual conditions. Experiment 2 examined consonant information derived from the presence and amplitude variation of voiceless speech in addition to that from voicing, F0, and voiced speech amplitude. Binary indication of voiceless excitation improved accuracy overall and for voicing and manner. The amplitude variation of voiceless speech produced only a small increment in place of articulation scores. A final experiment examined audio-visual sentence perception using encodings of voiceless excitation and amplitude variation added to a signal representing voicing and F0. There was a contribution of amplitude variation to sentence perception, but not of voiceless excitation. The timing of voiced and voiceless excitation appears to be the major temporal cues to consonant identity.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1990

Auditory perception of temporal and spectral events in patients with focal left and right cerebral lesions.

The auditory perception of temporal and spectral information was studied in subjects with lesions in the temporoparietal region of the left (LH group), or right (RH group) hemisphere (n = 5 in each group) and in five normal controls. The temporal tasks included gap detection and two complex pattern perception tasks in which subjects had to identify the placement of the two closest tones (separated by the shortest interval) within a sequence of six tones. The spectral tasks involved pitch matching and frequency discrimination. The results showed a "double dissociation": (1) the LH group was impaired in their ability to perceive temporal information, but the perception of spectral information was normal, and (2) the RH group was impaired in their ability to perceive spectral information, but the perception of temporal information was normal. The findings are consistent with the notion that temporal processing is a function of left-hemisphere structures and that spectral processing is a function of right-hemisphere structures.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Auditory perception of objects by blind persons, using a bioacoustic high resolution air sonar.

A high-resolution octave band air sonar for spatial sensing and object imaging by blind persons is described. The system has wide-angle overlapping peripheral fields of view with a narrow central field superposed. It is noninvasively coupled to the auditory system for neural processing and spatial imaging. Blind persons learn to comprehend the auditory cortical multiple-object image that is created. The real-time synchronous relationship between hearing a change in the sensor sounds and the sensed motor actions causing the change seems to aid the learning process. Computer based testing of the sensor system is described so as to relate the physical system performance with the time-varying human auditory perception. This is so that the basic psychometric experiments studying the sensor bio-acoustic spatial resolution, resulting from the superposition of two wide-angle peripheral fields with one central narrow field, may be better understood. These tests confirm that the auditory ability of subjects to resolve close objects using the combined fields is significantly improved relative to using the peripheral fields alone. These measurements are supported by blind children learning to use the sensor system.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1996

[Auditory perception in patients with multiple and severe handicaps: study of mismatch negativity to speech sounds].

We have found that the mismatch negativity (MMN) of event-related potentials (ERPs) to the tone burst sound is generated passively in some multiple and severe handicapped patients. This study investigated whether 10 patients with severe handicaps, whose auditory perception is hard to be evaluated clinically, exhibited MMN to the speech sound (SS). The stimuli included tone bursts of 700 and 1000 Hz in frequency, and 4 patterns of SS (1 phoneme: [a, ae], [a, o]; and 2 phonemes: [amo, ano], [ao, aka]) presented at an 85: 15 occurrence with 75 dBSPL. In the tone burst paradigm, 7 patients had a definite MMN wave followed by an N1 wave. However, a few patients showed MMN to some patterns of SS. The latency of MMN to SS was almost within normal limits. These results suggest that these patients could discriminate subtle differences of frequency in some speech sounds, although their auditory response to actual speech sounds were poor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Auditory perception following hair cell regeneration in European starling (Sturnus vulgaris): frequency and temporal resolution.

Behavioral detection thresholds, auditory filter widths, and temporal modulation transfer functions were obtained from four starlings before, during and after 11 days of subcutaneous injections of kanamycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Birds were operantly conditioned to respond to pure tones and amplitude modulated noises ranging in frequency from 0.25 to 7 kHz using adaptive staircase procedures and were tested daily for 92 days after the first injection of aminoglycoside. All birds had threshold shifts of at least -60 dB at frequencies above 4 kHz. Lower frequencies were affected in some birds, although none of the birds had hearing loss below 3 kHz. All four birds had wider auditory filters at 5 kHz immediately after the aminoglycoside series. Any changes in frequency resolution at frequencies below 5 kHz were slight, transitory, and rarely observed. Two of the four birds had permanently wider auditory filters at 5 kHz. Temporal modulation transfer functions were briefly affected in two birds during the time of greatest threshold shift. Recovery of detection thresholds began soon after the injections ceased and continued for approximately 60 days. Recovery in frequency resolution lagged behind auditory threshold by about 10 days. Normal temporal resolution was observed in the context of impaired intensity and frequency resolution. Changes in auditory threshold and frequency resolution were closely associated for all birds at 5 kHz, but were correlated with statistical significance in only two birds. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on all four birds after 90 days of recovery and confirmed that the extent of initial damage was consistent with the pattern of observed hearing loss.

Animals↗