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PubMed2002

The prediction of visceral fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the elderly: a comparison with computed tomography and anthropometry.

INTRODUCTION: Effective methods for assessing visceral fat are important to investigate the role of visceral fat for the increased health risks in obesity. Techniques for direct measurement of soft tissue composition such as CT or MRI are expensive, time-consuming or require a relatively high radiation dose. Simple anthropometric methods, such as waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference or sagittal diameter are widely used. However, these methods cannot differentiate between visceral and subcutaneous fat and are less accurate. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) method, possibly combined with anthropometry, offers a good alternative to CT for the prediction of visceral fat in the elderly. METHODS: Subjects were participants in the Health ABC-study, a cohort study of black and white men and women aged 70-79, investigating the effect of weight-related health conditions on disablement. Total body fat and trunk fat were measured by DXA using a Hologic QDR 1500. A 10 mm CT scan at the L4-L5 level was acquired to measure visceral fat and total abdominal fat. Weight, height, sagittal diameter and waist circumference were measured using standard methods. Fat in a manually defined DXA subregion (4 cm slice at the top of iliac crest) at the abdomen was calculated in a sub-group of participants (n=150; 50% male; 45.3% Afro-American/54.7% Caucasian, age 70-79 y). This subregion, the standard trunk region and total fat were used as indicators of visceral fat. RESULTS: Total abdominal fat by DXA (subregion) was strongly correlated with total abdominal fat by CT (r ranging from 0.87 in white men to 0.98 in black women). The DXA subregion underestimated total abdominal fat by 10% compared to the CT slice. The underestimation by DXA was seen especially in people with less abdominal fat. The association of visceral fat by CT with the DXA subregion (r=0.66, 0.78, 0.79 and 0.65 for white and black men and women, respectively) was comparable with the association of the CT measure with the sagittal diameter (r=0.74, 0.70, 0.84 and 0.68). Combining DXA measurements with anthropometry gave only limited improvement for the prediction of visceral fat by CT compared to univariate models (maximal increase of r(2) 4%). CONCLUSION: DXA is a good alternative to CT for predicting total abdominal fat in an elderly population. For the prediction of visceral fat the sagittal diameter, which has a practical advantage compared to DXA, is just as effective.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1998

Maternal anthropometry-based screening and pregnancy outcome: a decision analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of screening and intervention based on maternal height, prepregnancy weight and weight during weeks 16-19 or 24-27 in reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes (IUGR, preterm birth and assisted delivery) in developing country settings. METHODS: Decision analysis based on a recent multicentre WHO collaborative study of maternal anthropometry and pregnancy outcomes and meta-analyses of controlled clinical trials of balanced energy/protein supplementation (for IUGR and preterm birth) and support from caregivers during labour (for assisted delivery). Subjects for the analysis comprised pregnant women from Cali, Colombia (1989, n = 4598); urban and rural Pune, India (1990, n = 4307); and urban and rural Myanmar (1981-82, n = 3542) followed until delivery. RESULTS: Seven to 45% of pregnant women had positive screens, with preventive fractions (PFs) ranging from 0.034 to 0.109 for IUGR, 0.027-0.082 for preterm birth and 0.011-0.105 for assisted delivery. Screening prevention ratios (SPRs = ratios of the number of women treated to the number of cases of adverse outcome prevented) are high in all three study settings for preterm birth and assisted delivery (range 22.8-115.7) and low in settings with a high prevalence of the adverse outcome and high specificity of the anthropometric measure (India for IUGR, range 7.0-8.0). Sensitivity analyses demonstrate a marked linear fall in PF and an exponential rise in the SPR as the relative risk associated with intervention increases (i.e. as the protective benefit of intervention decreases) from 0.60 to 0.95. CONCLUSIONS: A maternal anthropometry-based 'risk approach' is unlikely to result in a major reduction in adverse pregnancy outcomes in developing country settings. For risk-free and inexpensive interventions (e.g. caregiver support during labour), a better strategy would be to forego screening and instead treat all pregnant women.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed1998

[Ultrasound-controlled anthropometry--on the development of a new method in asymmetry diagnosis].

UNLABELLED: Recently computer-based methods allow the registration of asymmetries in skeleton-axis. In comparison to classical methods the Ultrasound-Guided-Anthropometry (UGA) has been tested in regard to its quality criteria for representing body specific marks in three dimensions. In a sample of healthy subjects objectivity (n = 13), retest-reliability and internal validity (n = 26) have been determined. For analysis of system-quality a standardized cuboid phantom (side length 400 mm) has been measured. RESULTS: objectivity r = 0.93-0.98 (p < .05), retest-reliability r = 0.97-0.99 (p < .05) and internal validity between both methods r = 0.92-0.97 (p < .05). The analysis of system-quality produced an error in measurement of 0.65% (0.58 +/- 1.29 mm). UGA as a screening method is not a substitute for case-history or classical anthropometry, but it offers useful parameters which facilitate decision making for further diagnostic procedures.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reliability and repeatability of 3-D body scanner (LASS) measurements compared to anthropometry.

The Loughborough Anthropometric Shadow Scanner (LASS) digitizes the body, to give size and shape in three dimensions. After some manipulation of data, body measurements can be taken from the computerized scan. This paper compares LASS measurements with anthropometric measurements, and examines intra- and inter-observer differences of both techniques. LASS and anthropometric measurements were generally similar. Although there were small but significant (p < 0.05) differences at some sites, these differences were explained by difficulties in making horizontal tape measurements, and by differences in site location on LASS scans due to imperfect site markers. Standard errors of measurement due to intra-observer differences were generally smaller by LASS (1.1-5.3 mm) than anthropometry (2.0-7.2 mm); however, inter-observer differences were similar by both techniques (3.0-13.1 mm for anthropometry compared to 1.3-8.3 mm for LASS). Repeatability of 3-D measurements taken from computerized whole-body scans was no better than that from traditional anthropometric measurements; however, the scan data have a far greater utilization, for they provide information on body shapes, segmental volumes and surface areas as well as size.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prediction of total body water in Indian men from anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance using deuterium dilution as reference.

Total body water (TBW) obtained by deuterium dilution (TBWD) in 45 adult Indian males of low body mass index was compared with values obtained from bioelectrical impedance (TBWImp) and two anthropometry-based prediction equations. Bioelectrical impedance significantly underestimated TBW when compared with deuterium dilution, by 2.75 SD 2.86 kg. Comparisons of the anthropometry-based prediction equations demonstrated that TBW was overestimated by 0.87 SD 2.49 kg, and 2.47 SD 2.57 kg, respectively. Since all parameters in the bioelectrical impedance method were standardized, the difference in the values could have been because of the equation used. Therefore, a fresh equation for the measurement of TBW by the bioelectrical impedance method was derived using the variables of height2/impedance and weight. New prediction equations for TBW were also derived based on anthropometric variables of weight and height. Body weight has the greatest influence in the prediction equations for TBW, and the equation derived was TBW (kg) = 0.533 x body weight (kg) + 3.77, SEE = 2.4 kg. Using height2/impedance gave the relationship: TBW (kg) = 0.568 body weight-0.04 height2/impedance + 4.35, SEE = 1.9 kg.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal anthropometry and pregnancy outcome among Jerusalem women.

Maternal anthropometry, expressed in terms of height, prepregnancy weight and weight gain during pregnancy was studied in 432 Israeli mothers who attended routinely the Hadassah Community Health Centre in Jerusalem, and delivered live births from 1990 to 1994. Among the variables studied, social class was positively associated to mother's height. From five curves fitted with gestational age and weight gain of each woman, a quadratic one was chosen to describe the weight gain pattern of the population. From the model, prepregnancy weight and the weekly rate of weight gain were calculated. Height was positively associated to the rate of weight gain. Gestational age at delivery and gender were the strongest predictors of birth weight, followed by height and rate of weight gain. Three patterns of weight gain were observed: concave, linear and convex. No one of the variables studied was related to the pattern of weight gain as determinant or consequence. Since not all the patterns follow the same shape, the interpretation of adequacy of weight gain at a certain gestational age by using available standards must be done carefully until further studies clarify the relationships between patterns of weight gain and pregnancy outcomes for this population. Prospective studies should be carried out in Israel to control for several factors influencing maternal anthropometry and pregnancy outcomes.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Arm anthropometry in evaluation of malnutrition in children with cancer.

Malnutrition in children with cancer is reported to be relatively uncommon at the time of diagnosis. However, in most studies nutritional status measurement has relied almost exclusively on weight-related indices. This can be misleading, because in children with malignancy, tumor masses can reach more than 10% of total body weight. A controlled study was performed in 62 patients using arm anthropometry to provide a more accurate evaluation of the nutritional status of children with cancer at presentation. Height, weight, midupper arm circumference (MUAC), and triceps skinfold thickness (TSFT) were measured in all patients (40 boys, 22 girls) and controls (18 boys, 13 girls). Weight for height (WFH) of each patient was compared with the national standards. MUAC and TSFT were also interpreted according to the standards developed by A. Roberto Frisancho. The mean ages were 6.5 +/- 3.7 years (range 0.08-13) and 5.7 +/- 4.7 years (range 0.25-15) in patients and control group, respectively. Results showed that although the WFH values for patients were normal, MUAC and TSFT values were significantly less than control values (P < 0.001). Moreover, 27% of patients showed malnutrition (they had MUAC and TSFT below 5th percentile). Patients with intraabdominal solid tumors had significantly lower MUAC and TSFT values than those with extraabdominal solid tumors (P < 0.05). The data strongly indicate that malnutrition is common at the time of diagnosis in children with cancer, and arm anthropometry should replace the use of weight-related indices to identify malnutrition in children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

High altitude and the eye: a case controlled study in clinical ocular anthropometry of changes in the eye.

Tribal natives of two spatially separate districts of Lahaul-Spiti (mean altitude = 3300 m) and Kinnaur (mean altitude = 1,700 m) in the Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh have lived for centuries as closed isolated groups, marrying within the local community up to the recent past. Studies on highland natives in the Andes have shown differences in chest diameters, lung volumes, hematocrit, and the like, in those living at high altitudes. We wanted to study whether stay at high altitude for generations confers any change in the ocular anthropometry. No study of this nature is available in the literature. We studied the ocular parameters using Snellen's charts, Standard Royal-Air-Force Rule, A-2,500 Sonomed A-Scan, Goldmann's aplanation tonometer, and S-7,000 Autorefractometer on 50 healthy volunteers at the Indira Gandhi Medical College Out Patient Department at Shimla (mean altitude = 2,100 m). Those living at higher altitudes in Lahaul-Spiti [LS] (n = 10) had significantly wider nose bridge width (p < 0.05); inter-inner canthal distance [IICD] (p < 0.05); inter-outer canthal distance [IOCD] (p < 0.05); and interpupillary distance [IPD] (p < 0.05) than the group living at Kinnaur (n = 40) at lower elevation. The LS group also had narrower palpebral fissure length in the vertical dimension (p = 0.05) and a lower IOP (p = 0.002) than the Kinnaur group. The axial length, lens thickness, and anterior chamber depth were comparable in the two groups. It appears that the eye and its adnexa respond to hypoxia, ultraviolet radiations, and persistent snow cover at high altitude by altering its anthropometry in a subtle but discernible manner. This was a hitherto unexplored area in the literature. Further studies to elucidate and substantiate the findings of the study are indicated.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed1989

Status of anthropometry and body composition data in elderly subjects.

Understanding the normal changes in the body and its composition with increasing old age and their health implications are important to the health care and nutritional support of elderly subjects. Distribution statistics for selected body measurements of persons aged 65-80 y are available from the national health surveys. Recumbent anthropometric techniques and B-mode ultrasound may be applicable to measuring those greater than 80 y who have difficulty standing or are chair- or bedfast. The problems of estimating body composition in elderly subjects could be improved by using a four-compartment model. Noninvasive methods, such as anthropometry and bioelectric impedance, could be used to predict body composition in elderly subjects if appropriate equations were available and validated against direct methods. The most pressing need is for the development of suitable reference data for anthropometry and body composition in large representative samples of black, white, Hispanic and Oriental elderly persons in the US.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Energy supplementation in the last trimester of pregnancy in East Java, Indonesia: effect on maternal anthropometry.

The effect of prenatal energy supplementation on maternal anthropometry was assessed in a controlled, randomized trial in Madura, East Java. At 26-28 wk of gestation women were either given 465 kcal/d (HE group) or 52 kcal/d (LE group). Two hundred seventy-six women were enrolled in the HE group and 266 women, in the LE group. Supplement intake was variable. Testing of effect by treatment and compliance was thus done by subcategories (HE 1-3 and LE 1-3, corresponding to less than 45, 45-89, and greater than or equal to 90 packets of supplement consumed). Analysis of variance did not show significant differences among the six subcategories in third-trimester weight gain, sum of skinfold thicknesses, 4-wk postpartum weight, or body mass index. In this population energy supplementation for the short duration of the last 90-110 d of pregnancy was not sufficient to improve maternal nutrition as judged by anthropometry.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1994

Evaluation of nutritional status by using anthropometry in adults with alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease.

No systematic studies have examined the nutritional status of patients with alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease by using anthropometry. In this study the nutritional status of 132 patients with chronic liver disease was evaluated by using anthropometry, and results were compared with 56 control subjects and 46 patients with other diseases by using standards recommended by Frisancho. Nineteen percent of patients with liver disease were below the 5th percentile for arm fat area and 35% were below the 5th percentile for arm muscle area. Malnutrition was seen equally among patients with alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease. Nutritional status of patients with liver disease was similar to that of patients with carcinoma. Anthropometric measurements correlated significantly with measurements of albumin concentration but not with other liver-function tests or with the severity of liver disease as assessed by Child-Pugh score. These data suggest that malnutrition is common in patients with both alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed2002

Anthropometry-based reference values for 24-h urinary creatinine excretion during growth and their use in endocrine and nutritional research.

BACKGROUND: Urinary creatinine reference values that take anthropometric data into account, which is mandatory during growth, are not available for healthy white children. OBJECTIVE: We sought to establish anthropometry-based reference values for 24-h urinary creatinine excretion in healthy white children aged 3-18 y. DESIGN: Anthropometric variables and 24-h urinary creatinine excretion rates were determined cross-sectionally (225 boys and 229 girls). Age and sex dependency of 24-h creatinine excretion (crude and related to individual anthropometric variables) were assessed to derive appropriate creatinine reference values. The applicability of these creatinine reference values for estimation of daily excretion of certain analytes was assessed in 40 additional children. RESULTS: Sex-specific, body-weight-related creatinine reference values were derived for the following age groups: 3, 4-5, 6-8, 9-13, and 14-18 y. The 5th percentile exceeded 0.1 mmol x kg(-1) x d(-1) in all age groups >3 y. The use of these creatinine reference values for estimating average 24-h excretion rates of certain analytes (determined as the ratio of analyte to creatinine in spot urine samples) yielded reasonable estimates of mean 24-h urinary excretion rates actually analyzed (spot and 24-h urine samples from the same children). Ideal 24-h creatinine excretion values for height were also derived for a potential determination of the creatinine height index. CONCLUSIONS: Established anthropometry-based creatinine reference values are recommended as a convenient, simple tool to 1) identify severe 24-h urine collection errors, 2) calculate average 24-h excretion rates of certain analytes (from respective ratios of analyte to creatinine) determined in spot urine samples, and 3) assess somatic protein status by determining the creatinine height index.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Assessment of total body water from anthropometry-based equations using bioelectrical impedance as reference in Korean adult control and haemodialysis subjects.

BACKGROUND: Several indirect prediction equations to estimate total body water (TBW) with simple demographic and anthropometric data are commonly used by researchers and dialysis units. These equations are largely based on observations in subjects of the Western hemisphere. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible application of anthropometry-based TBW equations to a Korean adult control population and maintenance haemodialysis (HD) patients using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as reference. METHODS: We performed BIA and anthropometric measurements in 67 healthy adults and 101 HD patients. Four anthropometry-based equations were used: 58% of actual body weight (TBW-58), the Watson formula (TBW-W), the Hume formula (TBW-H), and the Chertow formula (TBW-C). Multifrequency BIA was performed at fasting state in controls and after HD. RESULTS: TBW-BIA was 34.6+/-6.9 l in control and 29.9+/-5.1 l in HD patients. TBW-58 and TBW-C gave significantly greater TBWs than TBW-BIA in both control and HD subjects. The correlation coefficients of TBW-BIA with calculated TBWs were lowest in TBW-58 (0.754 in control and 0.856 in HD subjects), and highest in TBW-C (0.944 in control and 0.916 in HD subjects). Mean prediction error was greatest in the Chertow formula for control and HD patients. Mean prediction error, limits of agreement, and root mean square error were lowest between TBW-BIA and TBW-H in control and between TBW-BIA and TBW-W in HD subjects. The correlation coefficient in the Bland-Altman plot was closer to zero and parallel with TBW-W than TBW-H in control and HD subjects. CONCLUSION: Currently available TBW equations overestimate TBW in both Korean normal control subjects and HD patients. Among them, the Watson formula appears to be the closest to TBW and to have the least bias. Based on this analysis, it is reasonable to use the Watson formula for the calculation of TBW in Korean adult control and HD subjects until an Asian-based TBW equation is available.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Effects of bias and random error in anthropometry and in age on estimation of malnutrition.

This paper describes a method of calculating theoretic bias in estimates of malnutrition due to errors in anthropometry and age. By this method, bias in estimates of malnutrition measured by weight for age, height for age, arm circumference for age, and weight for height is obtained and presented for different levels of bias and random error in anthropometry and age.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed2006

Anthropometric precision and accuracy of digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: comparing the Genex and 3dMD imaging systems with one another and with direct anthropometry.

A variety of commercially available three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging systems are currently in use by craniofacial specialists. Little is known, however, about how measurement data generated from alternative 3D systems compare, specifically in terms of accuracy and precision. The purpose of this study was to compare anthropometric measurements obtained by way of two different digital 3D photogrammetry systems (Genex and 3dMD) as well as direct anthropometry and to evaluate intraobserver precision across these three methods. On a sample of 18 mannequin heads, 12 linear distances were measured twice by each method. A two-factor repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test simultaneously for mean differences in precision across methods. Additional descriptive statistics (e.g., technical error of measurement [TEM]) were used to quantify measurement error magnitude. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) mean differences were observed across methods for nine anthropometric variables; however, the magnitude of these differences was consistently at the submillimeter level. No significant differences were noted for precision. Moreover, the magnitude of imprecision was determined to be very small, with TEM scores well under 1 mm, and intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.98 to 1. Results indicate that overall mean differences across these three methods were small enough to be of little practical importance. In terms of intraobserver precision, all methods fared equally well. This study is the first attempt to simultaneously compare 3D surface imaging systems directly with one another and with traditional anthropometry. Results suggest that craniofacial surface data obtained by way of alternative 3D photogrammetric systems can be combined or compared statistically.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed1992

Anthropometry, spinal canal width, and flexibility of the spine and hamstring muscles in 45-55-year-old men with and without low back pain.

One hundred fifty 45-55-year-old men were divided into three groups: those with healthy backs, recurrent low back pain (LBP), and chronic LBP. These groups were studied with respect to anthropometry, spinal canal width, spinal sagittal configuration and flexibility, and the flexibility of the hamstrings musculature with straight leg raising (SLR). There were no differences between the groups with respect to anthropometry. The group with healthy backs had significantly greater lordosis and sagittal flexibility than the other groups. The width of the spinal canal was correlated to body height. The SLR test showed significantly higher values in the group with healthy backs and in the recurrent pain group than in the chronic pain group. The possible role of restoring normal range of motion to minimize the risk of LBP recurrence is discussed.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed1999

Computer-assisted anthropometry for outcome assessment of cleft lip.

Anthropometry and clinical examination best evaluate the morphology of repaired cleft lip and nose. An original, accurate, and practical image analysis of the lip and nose, which takes advantage of the mathematic, geometric, and organizational capabilities of public domain NIH-Image software (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/), has been developed and tested over the past 6 years. A modified structured physical examination form that complements this analysis is under study. Accuracy of NIH-Image-based anthropometry was compared with direct measurements of 22 linear distances on the lip and nose. Twenty-five sets of direct measurements were taken, prospectively, on 15 children with repaired cleft lip over a 6-year period. The results were submitted to regression analysis. Then, relevant lip and nasal tip aesthetics were evaluated by the measuring capabilities of NIH-Image to create a quantitative assessment tool. For each episode, 15 possible faults were weighted, according to aesthetics and deformity, to provide an adverse score. The sum of the 5 lip scores, 10 nose scores, and combination gave respective grades. The analysis was modified to stratify congenital deformity to relate severity of disease to outcome. This analysis was applied to digitized images of 19 consecutive children, immediately prior to repair of complete unilateral cleft lip and nose, at the time of palate repair, and annually from the age of 3 to 6 years. There were 19 NIH-Image-based measurements of the congenital deformity and 35 measurements of surgical results; four children had three sets of records, eight had two sets, and seven had one set Descriptive statistics were applied. Following 556 paired direct and computer-assisted measurements, exceptional linear correlation was shown with a Pearson R coefficient of 0.96. The best correlation was lines within the plane of the camera lens, with the average difference ranging between 0.025 and 0.997 mm. Visual inspection of frontal and submental photographs of excellent, good, and poor results substantiates the ability of this analysis to quantify and grade a spectrum of relevant cleft lip and nasal anatomy. For these 19 patients, there was a broad range of performance scores, approximating a normal distribution. The mean of the NIH-Image-based analysis scores, 16.91, was a (very) good grade. A single standard deviation of 6.88 extended up into excellent and down to fair. The congenital analysis indicated a range of deformity. Comparing deformity with outcome, simple regression analysis had a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.223, indicative of a weak positive relationship. An accurate and practical morphologic computer-assisted outcome assessment of repaired cleft lip and nasal deformity has been developed. There is a weak direct correlation between severity of deformity and outcome. Testing in multiple clinics is warranted.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed2005

Glucose tolerance in pregnancy in South India: relationships to neonatal anthropometry.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide, most rapidly in developing countries such as India. Exposure as a fetus to maternal gestational diabetes is thought to be a risk factor for developing the disease. This study was set up to determine the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in one urban maternity unit in South India and to examine its effect on the offspring's neonatal anthropometry, childhood growth, and glucose/insulin metabolism. This paper reports neonatal outcomes. METHODS: Seven hundred and eighty five women were recruited consecutively from the antenatal clinic of the Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore and underwent a 100 g, 3-hr oral glucose tolerance test at 30 +/- 2 weeks gestation. Gestational diabetes was defined using Carpenter and Coustan criteria. The babies were measured in detail at birth. RESULTS: Mean maternal age and body mass index were 23.6 years and 23.1 kg/m(2). The incidence of gestational diabetes was 6.2%. Mothers with gestational diabetes had babies that were heavier (3339 g compared with 2956 g for non-diabetic mothers) and larger in measurements of fat, muscle, and skeleton. Even in non-diabetic pregnancies, neonatal weight, head circumference, and ponderal index were positively related to maternal fasting glucose concentrations (P < or = 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of gestational diabetes was high in this unselected sample of mothers booking into one urban Indian maternity unit. Community-based studies are required to confirm this. The effect of maternal glucose concentrations on neonatal anthropometry is continuous and extends into the "normal" glycemic range.

Anthropometry↗