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PubMed1987

Acute toxicity studies of aluminium compounds: antidotal efficacy of several chelating agents.

Four aluminum compounds--nitrate, chloride, sulphate and bromide--were administered orally and intraperitoneally to rats and mice. The LD50-values (14 days) were determined. The majority of deaths occurring during the first four days. The clinical and physical signs appearing after intoxication include among other lethargy, decreased locomotor activity, piloerection, weight loss and perorbital bleeding. After 14 days no alterations in liver and renal functions were detected in the animals which received intraperitoneally the LD50-values of aluminum nitrate as a single dose. Aluminum concentrations were highest in liver and spleen. No histopathological lesions could be observed. To compare the efficacies of nine chelating agents on the toxicity of aluminum in mice, the therapeutic index and the therapeutic effectiveness of each chelating agent have been calculated. Malic, succinic, oxalic and malonic acids showed the best results with malic and succinic acids being the most effective. Deferoxamine mesylate (DFOA), sodium salicylate, L-cysteine and citric acid were not so effective as antidotes for acute aluminum toxicity. Aurin tricarboxylic acid (ATCA) should not be used due to its high toxicity.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMed1995

Persistent subcutaneous nodules in patients hyposensitized with aluminum-containing allergen extracts.

BACKGROUND: The development of persistent nodules that cause pain and itching at a vaccination or hyposensitization injection site is a rare event. These lesions have been mainly attributed to a hypersensitivity reaction to aluminum hydroxide, which is used as an absorbing agent in many vaccines and hyposensitization preparations. Patch tests with standard antigens and aluminum compounds and histopathologic and ultrastructural studies were performed on 10 patients with persistent subcutaneous nodules on the upper part of their arms after injection of aluminum-adsorbed dust and/or pollen extracts. OBSERVATIONS: The nodules appeared 1 month to 6.5 years after injections. The results of patch tests with 2% aluminum chloride were positive in five patients. Histopathologic examination revealed two different patterns: some biopsy specimens (from lesions of less than 9 months' duration) showed a pure foreign body histiocytic reaction characterized by extracellular amorphous dermal basophilic deposits with a histiocytic-macrophagic reaction; others showed a delayed hypersensitivity granulomatous reaction in association with an histiocytic foreign body response. The lesions were characterized by a unifocal or multifocal unencapsulated granulomatous reaction in the deep dermis and/or subcutaneous tissue. Eosinophilic necrotic areas surrounded by dense fibrous bands and a massive inflammatory infiltrate (lymphoid follicles, large histiocytic cells, abundant eosinophils, and some plasma cells) were observed. A granular basophilic material in extracellular spaces and within the cytoplasm of some histiocytes was also noted. Electron microscopic studies revealed intracytoplasmic and extracellular deposits of a fibrillar electron-dense material. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent subcutaneous nodules that develop after the administration of aluminum-containing preparations may show two characteristic histopathologic patterns. A pure histiocytic foreign body reaction was observed in early lesions, and a delayed hypersensitivity granulomatous reaction was seen in older lesions. No relationship between histopathologic pattern and patch test results was observed. Aluminum-free preparations should be used in patients in whom these nodules develop.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2003

Effect of aluminum adjuvants on safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b-CRM197 conjugate vaccine.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was carried out to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the Haemophilus influenzae type b-CRM197 (Hib-CRM197) conjugate vaccine in relation to the change of adjuvant from aluminum hydroxide to aluminum phosphate (AlPO4). METHODS: The present study was a clinical phase II, observer-blind, randomized, multicenter, controlled study. Subjects were healthy infants aged 6-12 weeks, eligible for expanded program of immunization (EPI) routine vaccination and admitted to Hacettepe University Department of Social Pediatrics and Gülveren Health Center, Ankara. A total of 520 healthy infants were randomized in a 2:2:1 ratio to receive at either Chiron Hib/AlPO4 vaccine or VaxemHib (aluminum hydroxide adjuvant) vaccine or HibTiter (no adjuvant). Vaccines were administered simultaneously with routine diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTaP) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) vaccines at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. Blood samples for anti-plain polysaccharide (PRP) antibody measurement were collected before the first vaccination and 1 month after the last vaccination. After each vaccination parents filled out a diary for 7 days. RESULTS: Out of 520 subjects enrolled, 514 received three doses and were included for safety analysis. Local and systemic reactions occurred with low and similar frequencies in all groups. Only erythema was more common in Chiron Hib/AlPO4 vaccine (19, 10, 11% in Chiron Hib/AlPO4, VaxemHib and HibTiter, respectively, P < 0.05). Nine serious adverse events were reported in seven cases of which none were related to vaccines. A total of 504 subjects were included in the immunogenicity analysis. The three vaccines were highly immunogenic and equivalent in terms of percentage of acquisition of long-term protective levels. The anti-PRP geometric mean titers were 9.9, 8.3 and 5.14 micro g/mL, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of aluminum compounds adjuvants in Hib-CRM197 conjugate vaccines does not impact the safety profile, while it does increase the magnitude of anti-PRP antibody titers.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2002

Formation and nitridation of vanadium-aluminum intermetallic compounds.

V(5)Al(8) and V(3)Al intermetallics have been formed by interdiffusion, by annealing of sputtered V/Al-multilayers at 700 degrees C in vacuo; sapphire (102) was used as substrate. The V/Al intermetallics were nitridated in NH(3) at 900 degrees C for 1 min by RTP (rapid thermal processing). The samples were investigated with XRD (X-ray diffraction), SNMS (secondary neutral mass spectrometry), and AFM (atomic force microscopy). A 5-10 nm thick AlN film (001 textured) was formed by nitridation of V(5)Al(8) (110 textured) and 2-3% nitrogen was incorporated in the V(5)Al(8) bulk. Nitridation of V(3)Al resulted in the formation of VN and AlN. Direct nitridation of V/Al-multilayers showed that near the surface nitridation is faster than intermixing of the V and Al layers. The capability of VN as diffusion barrier for Al could also be shown.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

ATR-FTIR investigation of the role of phenolic groups in the interaction of some NOM model compounds with aluminum hydroxide.

The role of phenolic groups in the interaction of natural organic matter (NOM) with metal hydroxides was investigated with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and adsorption tests by employing a series of dihydroxybenzoic acids (DHBAs) as the NOM surrogates and aluminum hydroxide as the adsorbent. All DHBAs examined in this study were found to be adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide by forming inner-sphere complexes. Carboxylic groups governed the complexation of DHBAs with aluminum hydroxide at low pH or in cases when the two hydroxyl groups were not adjacent to each other and neither of them was ortho to the carboxylic group. The involvement of the phenolic groups, ortho to another phenolic group or ortho to the carboxylic groups, in the complexation increased with increasing pH as the deprotonation of phenolic groups was easier at higher pH. The presence of phenolic groups increased the electron density of the carboxylic groups and facilitated the inner-sphere complexation of the carboxylic groups with metal hydroxide. The correlation between the pK(a) values and the amount of organic acid adsorbed on the aluminum hydroxide revealed that the adsorption of DHBAs at acidic pH was largely dependent on the surface chelate formation rather than on the electronic effect.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗
PubMed2006

Synthesis, characterization, and hydrolysis of aluminum(III) compounds bearing the C6F5-substituted beta-diketiminate HC[(CMe)(NC6F5)]2 (L) ligand.

A series of Al(III) compounds containing the C6F5-substituted beta-diketiminate ligands LAlMeCl (2), LAlMe2 (3), LAlMeI (4), and LAlBr2 (5) (L = HC[(CMe)(NC6F5)]2) were synthesized and characterized. The hydrolysis of 2 and 4 in the presence of 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene as the hydrogen halide acceptor both lead to (LAlMe)2(mu-O) (6), a methylalumoxane derivative, which is the first hydrolysis product with the general formula of (RAlMe)(n)O. A comparison of the hydrolysis products of 2 and 4 with that of L'AlMeCl (L' = HC[(CMe)(NAr)]2, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) shows that with the C6F5-substituted beta-diketiminate ligand, it was not possible to generate LAlMe(OH). This is obviously due to the stronger Brönsted acidity of the proton and the smaller size of the C6F5 group in this compound compared to that of the corresponding 2,6-iPr2C6H3 derivative.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Experimental and theoretical studies on the organic-inorganic hybrid compound: aluminum-NTCDA Co-deposited film.

Electronic absorption, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), and electron spin resonance spectra of aluminum-naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydlide (Al-NTCDA) co-deposited film have been measured at room temperature, and hybrid density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out in order to elucidate the electronic states for the ground and low-lying excited states of the complexes. After the interaction of NTCDA with Al atom, the new electronic transition bands were appeared at near-IR region. The C=O stretching modes of NTCDA are red-shifted by the interaction with Al. From the DFT calculations, it was found that the electronic state of the complex at the ground state is characterized by a slight charge-transfer state expressed by (Al(4))(delta+)(NTCDA)(delta-). The binding of Al to NTCDA is strong. The C=O double-bond character of NTCDA is changed to C-O single-bond-like character by the strong interaction of Al to the C=O bond. This is the origin of the red-shift of the FT-IR spectrum. The electronic states of organic-inorganic hybrid material were discussed on the basis of theoretical results.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Clearance and translocation of aluminum oxide (alumina) from the lungs.

Significant respiratory-tract exposure to insoluble aluminum compounds, such as alumina (aluminum oxide, Al(2)O(3)), can occur in occupational settings, yet little is known about the temporal pattern of pulmonary clearance of these materials from the lungs with repeated exposures, and potential subsequent translocation to other organs. This study evaluated the clearance pattern of alumina from the lungs of rats, and burdens in selected extrapulmonary organs (brain, bone, liver, spleen, kidney). Rats were instilled with alumina once weekly for 20 wk. Quantification of retention was performed by measuring aluminum burdens in the lungs and extrapulmonary organs during the exposure period, and then weekly for an additional 19 wk after the exposures ended. Lung burdens of aluminum were found to steadily increase during exposure. Clearance of the material following the end of the exposure regime was extremely slow; only approximately 9% of the amount in the lungs following the 20 weekly exposures was cleared by the end of the postexposure period. This study supports the concept of gradual accumulation and long-term retention of aluminum within the respiratory tract of individuals repeatedly exposed to alumina in occupational settings.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2002

Double catholyte electrochemical approach for preparing ferrate-aluminum: a compound oxidant-coagulant for water purification.

Ferrate is an excellent water treatment agent for its multi-functions in oxidation, disinfection, coagulation and adsorption, but its coagulation ability depends on its dosage and is after its oxidation. This paper focuses on preparing a new kind of ferrate combined with alum to enhance its coagulation function for water purification. An effective electrolysis reactor was designed and employed in the test. Some key parameters in the process of electrolysis concerning the preparation efficiency, such as the current density, temperature and alkalinity were also investigated. The proper conditions for ferrate-alum preparation were determined. Under the condition of 5 V given voltage, 6 h electrolyzing interval, below 2% alum concentration (in weight), a combined liquid ferrate-alum products was successfully prepared, which contained 0.0294 mol/L FeO4(2-) and 0.0302 mol/L total soluble ferron with 2% Al2O3. There was no insoluble ferron produced by controlling an optimum electrochemical condition.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMed1987

Aluminum deposition in the central nervous system. Preferential accumulation in the hippocampus in weanling rats.

Simultaneous administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3, citrate, and aluminum-containing phosphate binders is frequently used in patients with chronic renal failure. In order to investigate whether citrate may represent a risk factor of aluminum intoxication, 16 Sprague-Dawley weanling rats were randomly assigned to four groups: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 at 16 ng/kg/day was given to all groups except the control; in addition, two groups received either aluminum hydroxide at 160 mg elemental aluminum/kg/day, or aluminum citrate at 160 mg elemental aluminum/kg/day, respectively. The control group received only the vehicle. Extremely high aluminum concentrations were detected in the hippocampus of rats receiving aluminum compounds. This content of aluminum (microgram/g dry weight) was far higher than that found in other brain areas of the same animals (146.40 +/- 51.23 versus 4.49 +/- 0.62, P less than 0.001) as well as that detected in the hippocampus of the control animals (2.73 +/- 0.40). Thus, in non-uremic, weanling rats supplemented with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3, the administration of aluminum favors selective accumulation in the hippocampus. No differences between aluminum hydroxide and aluminum citrate administration were observed.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1986

[Evaluation of exposure to fluorine compounds in aluminum metallurgy].

concentrations of hydrogen fluoride and fluorides were determined near pots with a vertical pin Söderberg anodes and near the prototype pot with a prebaked anode. Samples were collected by the stationary method and with personal samplers (Casella) where the membrane filter was connected with the bubbler filled with 0.1 M NaOH. Hydrogen fluoride and fluorides were determined by colorimetric and potentiometric methods. Altogether 300 samples were determined. Fluorides concentrations near pots with Söderberg anodes ranged between 1.42-2.43 mg/m3 (P = 95), geometric mean being 1.86 mg/m3 (with stationary and personal samples). The range of hydrogen fluoride concentrations was 1.28-3.08 mg/m3 (P = 95), whereas geometric mean--1.99 mg/m3 (personal samples). Hydrogen fluoride concentrations in stationary samples were lower (geometric mean--1.47 mg/m3). Fluorides concentrations during the tests with the prototype pot (prebaked anode) were five times lower, as compared to fluorides concentrations near the traditional pots.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1982

Detection of aluminum by LAMMA spectrometry in plasma and in synovial liquids of patients on chronic dialysis.

The LAMMA (Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis) provides a semi quantitative analysis of mineral and organic ions. This microprobe has been applied in determining the aluminum detection threshold in sera or in synovial fluid of patients on chronic dialysis whose treatment includes some aluminum compounds. The limit of aluminum detection in a lyophilised sera is about 4 ppm that allows to expect on equivalent threshold in biological in heterogous matrices.

Aluminum↗