Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Agricultural Development”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Malaria, agriculture, and development: lessons from past campaigns.

The author presents in this article a historical-epidemiological evaluation of several anti-malaria campaigns and of the relative contribution of various direct measures employed and indirect factors operating during these campaigns. Approaches and factors that may be essential or at least useful for successful malaria control are identified. The malaria story in Palestine/Israel and the experience of the Tennessee Valley Authority are analyzed in some detail. In both cases, direct anti-malaria measures were versatile and based mostly on reduction of mosquito breeding and elimination of Anopheles larvae. Efficient organization and coordination of anti-malaria efforts, strenuous research and understanding of the vector biology, and accompanying socioeconomic and agricultural development contributed to successful campaigns. Malaria control in other parts of the United States and in Italy is also considered. The World Health Organization global anti-malaria campaign is discussed in the light of these earlier experiences. The study concludes that no single measure is sufficient to control malaria and that future anti-malaria campaigns need to adopt strategies that are flexible, incorporated into local health services, and interrelated with agricultural practices. Moreover, a certain threshold of socioeconomic development, health services infrastructure, and educational level may have to be reached for the successful application and maintenance of direct anti-malaria measures.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

[Theoretical and methodological research on the comprehensive development of agricultural model zone in waterlogged area].

The searching for a proper land reclamation and utilization method adapted to the regional natural conditions and economical level is a prime subject in the waterlogged area of Southern China. Choosing a dish-like micro-zone, one of the typical waterlogged areas deprived from a reclaimed lake as the studying region, its biophysical characteristics and developmental models was investigated, aiming at making a comprehensive development plan to this area. The results showed that with the successive change in altitude across the sector of the land, the soil type, soil profile structure, underground water level, and soil temperature were characterized by five step divergence steps. The analysis on the site and area of the individual divergences showed that the low land was unsuitable for rice planting, and the land between upland and paddy should be increased for rotation and needed to be reclaimed better. After an engineering consolidation to the land, the original five divergence steps were rehabilitated into four steps, and a utilization model of "development in a step way" focused on comprehensively agricultural development and improvement in farming systems was developed, which leaded to a great advance in economic profit of this area.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

Advantageous and disadvantageous impacts of tourism development on the living of Li ethnic minority villagers in Hainan Island, China.

Around the Mt. Wuzhishan in Hainan Island, China, tourism development has been rapidly progressed by the government and private companies since the 1980s, especially since the late 1990s, and consequently the living conditions of the Li ethnic minority people in Shuiman village, located in its center, have been drastically changing. As expected by the government, the villagers' income has increased by means of wage labors, selling the local products to the tourists, and compensatory payments for crops grown in the customary land when its use right was transferred to the company. Various changes in their lifestyle have contributed to the release from poverty and the overall improvement in basic human needs and primary health care. The villagers' flexible decision-makings on their living and environment use, with application of their traditional knowledge for resource uses, have been effective for sustainable human-environment relations, though further changes due to orders and requests of the government and companies may lead to environmental deterioration. Furthermore, inter-household differentiation in income and the perception on tourism development and agricultural development has been enlarged. These situations are discussed from the viewpoint of community-based sustainable development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Disasters and development in agricultural input markets: bean seed markets in Honduras after Hurricane Mitch.

The bulk of developing countries' populations and poor depend on agriculture for food and income. While rural economies and people are generally the most severely affected by natural disasters, little is known about how disasters and subsequent relief activities affect agricultural markets with differing levels of development. The article addresses this gap, drawing evidence from bean seed markets in Honduras after Hurricane Mitch. Case studies are used to address hypotheses about a disaster's effects on supply and demand in seed markets, farmers' responses and the performance of relief interventions in markets showing differing levels of development. The results show the importance of tailoring relief interventions to the markets that they will affect and to the specific effects of a disaster; the potential to use local and emerging seed distribution channels in a relief intervention; and opportunities for relief activities to strengthen community seed systems.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Agricultural health in The Gambia I: Agricultural practices and developments.

This manuscript reports results of our study to characterize the historical developments of agricultural practices in The Gambia and related health risks of farm workers. It surveys the various factors that shape production agriculture in the country and examines the degrees to which hand tools, animal traction, motorized traction and manual labour all contribute to the inherent hazards of farm work. The principal objective of this study is to lay the ground work for detailed research of occupational health hazards in Gambian agriculture; and development of policies and programmes to promote the health of Gambian farmers. The authors of this paper assume the belief that one must first understand the industry and its people before effective policies and programmes can be developed. The study concludes by highlighting the need for the integration of epidemiological investigations in the country's agricultural research programme.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1999

Agricultural policy and sustainable livestock development.

Future agricultural and rural development is, to a large extent, influenced by the projected food needs of 2.5 billion people expected to swell the world population by 2020. This increase will require more food in general and, in view of recent experience in East Asia, more animal products. To achieve this increase will require judicious use of resources, and trade, especially in those countries where natural resources are insufficient to support food production. Achieving food sufficiency in a sustainable manner is a major challenge for farmers, agro-industries, researchers and governments. The latter play an important role as many of the farmers' choices are, to a large extent, directed by government or supra-government, often through macro- and micro-economic policy. In many countries the economic, environmental, trade and agricultural policies have not been conducive to an agricultural development that is risk-free with respect to the environment, animal welfare or public health. The recent decline of government support in agriculture forced farmers in Western countries to think about more risk adverse agricultural practices and more efficient production systems. On the other hand, many countries in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, as well as other developing countries, are still going through a painful process of adjustment to new market conditions. International banks and development agencies have a mandate to help developing countries, but are somewhat restricted both by needing to work directly with governments and by their perceived dogmatic approach to development. Changing policies do, now and in the future, also affect the development of animal disease control programmes, including the control of parasitic diseases. On the one hand there is an increasing interest in risk-free control practices, and on the other hand a demand for greater regulatory control over the production process. As parasitic diseases of animals are closely linked to the environment (i.e. grazing and waste management) and public health (i.e. parasitic zoonoses), the new interest in sustainable agriculture provides a challenge for those concerned with the control and prevention of animal parasitism.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1994

Population growth, soil fertility, and agricultural intensification.

This paper presents a renewable resource model of soil fertility with a nonconvexity in the net benefit function. In this setting, recurring cycles of cropping and fallow can be the optimal soil management strategy. The model is used to illuminate the Boserup discussion of agricultural development, in which population growth leads to agricultural intensification, defined as an increase in cropping frequency. Previous formal models of the Boserup hypothesis focus on the land-labor ratio rather than cropping frequency and have not directly incorporated soil fertility dynamics. These models assume a convex production technology and are not optimistic about the prospect for agricultural development without technological progress. This paper explicitly models soil fertility dynamics and demonstrates that nonconvexities in the production technology are an important feature of the use of long fallow periods for soil management. As population grows, and the demand for food increases, the importance of the nonconvexity diminishes and more frequent cropping becomes economical. Given a nonconvexity in the production technology, it is possible, though not necessary, that average labor productivity increases with agricultural intensification. Thus, it is possible to reconcile the greater labor requirement of intensive farming with an increase in average labor productivity. In addition, Boserup argued that a larger and denser population facilitates the development of economic and social infrastructure which improve agricultural productivity.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2000

Impact of the development of agricultural land on the transmission of sleeping sickness in Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire.

Although tools to control sleeping sickness do exist, their use is difficult; areas where intervention is most required often cannot be targeted for lack of appropriate risk indicators. The importance of human behaviour and habits in the manifestation of the disease is clear. In the development of effective new approaches to the control of the disease, information must be gathered about human populations, and their interaction with the environment, in rural as well as in urban and peri-urban areas. The results of a study carried out in Daloa show that use of some methods for the development of agricultural land leads to increased human-vector contact and, as a result, increased risk of sleeping sickness. Such land-management methods may therefore be useful as risk indicators for transmission. Transmission does not occur in the town of Daloa itself but in surrounding areas under cultivation. The use of the epidemiological risk index seems to be inappropriate in urban (and perhaps peri-urban) areas. The results emphasise not only the importance of environmental and demographic data in elucidating the epidemiology of human trypanosomiasis but also the need for further investigations in peri-urban areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Health and agricultural intensification in the prehistoric Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico.

The effects of agricultural intensification on health are examined in prehistoric populations of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Agriculture was practiced in the Valley of Oaxaca by the beginning of the Early Formative period (ca. 1400 B.C.), and had intensified by the Late Formative (ca. 500 B.C.). Skeletal remains from 14 archaeological sites in the Valley are pooled by temporal affiliation into a nonintensive agriculture group (1400-500 B.C.) and an intensive agriculture group (500 B.C.-1400 A.D.). The health effects of agricultural intensification are assessed by comparing the frequency of periosteal reactions, cribra orbitalia, and enamel hypoplasia between the intensive and nonintensive agricultural groups. Overall, no significant differences (alpha = 0.05) are found between the nonintensive and intensive groups. Power analyses of the chi-square tests indicate that the tests have a high probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis. The intensification of agriculture does not appear to have had a deleterious effect on the health of the prehistoric population of the Valley. The differences between this study and previous studies of health and agricultural development may be explained by differences between the processes of intensification and development or by differences between primary and secondary centers of agricultural development.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2000

Challenges for health and water resources in the Birim districts of eastern Ghana.

In the late 1970s and early '1980s, the Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation (GWSC) with assistance from the government of Germany (KfW through IGIP) drilled 144 wells in the Birim North and South Districts of the Eastern Region of Ghana. This was part of an overall provision of water to rural communities which later came to be known as the 3000 Wells Project. The wells were supply-driven and were centrally-maintained, without community involvement in planning and operation. Earlier in 1970, an agricultural development project was also promoted in the two otherwise deprived districts with the aim of increasing output of produce and thereby improving incomes of rural farmers with emphasis on cocoa, rice and oilpalm. In 1992, under a United Nations' Development Programme Rural Water and Sanitation Project with the GWSC, another 141 wells were drilled and assistance provided to households to build 750 Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrines coupled with hygiene education under a demand-driven community management approach. (About 60% of the budget was allocated to water, another 30% to sanitation while some 10% was meant for hygiene education interventions). All the wells were fitted with modified Indian Mk II pumps. These measures together were meant to improve the health of rural communities and make them contribute more positively to national development. The paper looks at some of the possible factors of the two water projects and the agricultural development project that could impact negatively on the water resources and health of people in these two districts.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1975

Analysis of traditional strategies to combat world hunger and their results.

The traditional strategies proposed for development of the agricultural production of the underdeveloped countries are examined in this article. It is shown that the application of these strategies in the past has proven insufficient to eliminate world hunger. The limitations of these strategies are discussed and proposals are made for achieving the agricultural development in the underdeveloped world that will be necessary to eliminate hunger in the near future.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Influence of atmospheric pollutants on agriculture in developing countries: a case study with three new wheat varieties in Pakistan.

The performance of three wheat varieties (Inqilab-91, Punjab-96, Pasban-90) was investigated in open-top chambers with charcoal-filtered air (FA), unfiltered air (UFA) and unchambered field plots (AA) during the 2003-2004 season at a semi-urban site in Lahore, Pakistan. The 8-h daily mean O(3), NO(2) and SO(2) concentrations in UFA and AA remained 72, 28 and 15 ppb, respectively. Plants grown in UFA and AA showed stunted growth and accelerated rate of leaf senescence with pronounced reductions in stomatal conductance (7-24%), net photosynthetic rate (20-22%) and photosynthetic efficiency (9-17%) compared with FA plants. A mid-season harvest of 10-week-old plants revealed reduced plant fresh (14-37%) and dry weights (15-43) in UFA compared to FA counterparts. Grain yield recorded after a full season of growth was drastically reduced in UFA with 43% for Pasban-90, 39% for Punjab-91 and 18% for Inqilab-91 compared with FA control plants. Nutritional quality of seeds was also significantly reduced in UFA and AA with respect to starch, but not in protein and vitamin-E contents when compared with FA plants. This investigation carried out in a major developing country of southeast Asia has shown alarming effects of atmospheric pollutants on both yield and nutritional quality of an important cereal crop that needs urgent attention to maintain the agricultural systems with parallel efforts to reduce the emissions in the region.

Agriculture↗