Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “AXIS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Lack of remorse in antisocial personality disorder: sociodemographic correlates, symptomatic presentation, and comorbidity with Axis I and Axis II disorders in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare sociodemographic and family history correlates, symptomatic presentation, and comorbidity with Axis I and Axis II disorders, in an epidemiologic sample of adults with DSM-IV antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) who lacked, vs those who did not lack, remorse. METHODS: This study is based on a nationally representative sample of adults. Lifetime prevalences of each ASPD diagnostic criterion and each comorbid mood, anxiety, substance use, and personality disorder were estimated. Logistic regression was used to examine associations of lack of remorse with ASPD symptom patterns and comorbid disorders. Diagnoses were made using the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version. RESULTS: Among the 1422 respondents with ASPD, 728 (51%) lacked remorse. Respondents who lacked remorse were younger and more often reported a family history of drug problems than those who did not. More often than remorse-positive respondents, those who were remorse-negative met diagnostic criteria involving violence against persons and less often met criteria involving offenses against property. Remorse was not associated with cruelty to animals, nor with most nonviolent antisocial behaviors. Remorse-negative respondents endorsed more total lifetime violent behaviors than those who were remorse-positive. Lack of remorse was not associated with any lifetime comorbid Axis I or Axis II disorder. Patterns of findings were generally similar between men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of remorse appears to identify at best a modestly more symptomatically severe and violent form of ASPD in nonclinical populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Do clinicians see Axis I and Axis II as different kinds of disorders?

Since 1980, personality disorders have been conceptualized as a qualitatively different kind of mental disorder and placed on their own "axis." In this study, clinicians were given 67 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnoses and were asked to discard unfamiliar diagnoses, make groups of similar diagnoses, place the most similar groups next to each other, and describe the overall structure of their taxonomies. Results showed that clinicians were more familiar with the personality disorders than with some kinds of Axis I disorders (eg, sleep disorders). Clinicians tended not to keep the personality disorders in one group, although they often kept the cluster groupings together. Cluster groupings were often placed with comorbid Axis I disorders. These data suggest that clinicians did not see the personality disorders as qualitatively different from the Axis I disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The apparent mass of the seated human exposed to single-axis and multi-axis whole-body vibration.

Most workplaces where workers are exposed to whole-body vibration involves simultaneous motion in the fore-and-aft (x-), lateral (y-) and vertical (z-) directions. Previous studies reporting the biomechanical response of people exposed to vibration have almost always used single-axis vibration stimuli. This paper reports a study where apparent masses of 15 subjects were measured whilst exposed to single-axis and tri-axial whole-body vibration. Each subject was exposed to 28 vibration conditions comprising every combination of single-axis and tri-axial vibration with magnitudes of 0.4 and 0.8 ms(-2) r.m.s. in each direction, once with backrest contact and once without backrest contact. Results show that increasing the magnitude of vibration in directions orthogonal to that being measured affects the apparent mass, causing a reduction in the resonance frequency as the total magnitude of vibration increases. It is demonstrated that the apparent mass resonance frequency is a function of the total vibration magnitude in all axes rather than a function of the vibration magnitude in the direction being measured. It is also shown that, for individuals, the frequency of the peak in the apparent mass in one direction is not related to the frequency of the peak in another direction. It is concluded that more complex biomechanical models are required in order to simulate human response to multi-axis vibration.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The role of childhood abuse in Axis I and Axis II psychiatric disorders and medical disorders of unknown origin among irritable bowel syndrome patients.

OBJECTIVE: High rates of early abuse and psychopathology are commonly reported among treatment-seeking patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The purpose of this study is to further explore the relations among IBS, early abuse, Axes I and II psychopathology, and other medically unexplained disorders. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-six IBS patients seeking nondrug treatment for their symptoms were characterized in terms of their gastrointestinal (GI) status, psychiatric status (Axis I and Axis II), early abuse status, and the presence of other functional disorders. Patients were divided into two groups based on early abuse status. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No significant differences emerged between abused and nonabused groups on either the presence of Axis II disorders or other functional health conditions, although there were high levels of both in the IBS population. Patients with a history of abuse were significantly more likely to meet criteria for an Axis I disorder, especially substance abuse disorders, dysthymia, and generalized anxiety disorder.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Effects of acute alcohol intoxication on pituitary-gonadal axis hormones, pituitary-adrenal axis hormones, beta-endorphin and prolactin in human adolescents of both sexes.

Teenage drinking continues to be a major problem in industrialized countries, where almost 35% of alcohol drinkers are under 16 years old. In the present paper we studied the effects of acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) on the pituitary-gonadal (PG) axis hormones, and the possible contribution of pituitary-adrenal (PA) axis hormones, beta-endorphin (BEND), and prolactin (PRL) to the alcohol-induced dysfunction of PG axis hormones. Blood samples were drawn from adolescents that arrived at the emergency department with evident behavioral symptoms of drunkenness (AAI) or with nil consumption of alcohol (controls [C]). Our results demonstrated that AAI produces in adolescents a high increase in plasma PRL, ACTH, and cortisol (F), and a contradictory behavior of testosterone (T) according to gender: plasma T was increased in females and decreased in males. ACTH and PRL correlated positively with F, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEAS) and T in females, which suggests that PRL and ACTH could synergistically stimulate adrenal androgen production. In contrast, the decrease in T and increase in BEND in males suggests that AAI could have an inhibitory effect on testicular T, perhaps mediated by BEND. The hormones studied are involved in the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the growth axis during adolescence. The deleterious effects of alcohol abuse should be made known to adolescents and the appropriate authorities.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Axis I and Axis II disorder comorbidity in unipolar depression with anger attacks.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated whether anger attacks in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) are associated with higher rates of panic or other Axis I or II comorbid disorders. METHODS: 306 out-patients (163 women, mean age 39.5+/-10.5) with MDD were administered the Structured Clinical Interviews for Axis I and II Disorders, and the Anger Attacks Questionnaire. RESULTS: Patients with anger attacks showed only a trend toward a significantly higher rate of current panic disorder (P = 0.06) but no other difference in Axis I comorbidity. In addition patients with anger attacks had a slightly but significantly greater degree of depression severity. Consistent with previous studies, we have also found that depressed patients with anger attacks had significantly higher rates of dependent, avoidant, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders than those without anger attacks. CONCLUSION: Anger attacks do not appear to be associated with any specific pattern of Axis I comorbidity, but they are certainly linked with certain personality disorders. It is possible that the acute depressive state may have confounded the assessment of personality disorder rates, as well as the presence of anger attacks. On the other hand, both depressed patient groups (with or without anger attacks) were subject to the same confounding effect as their depression severity was rather comparable, thereby limiting the impact of this potential bias.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Tibial axis and patellar position relative to the femoral epicondylar axis during squatting.

A laboratory-based study was performed to describe the tibial axis and patellar position relative to the femoral epicondylar (FE) axis during squatting. During the squat, the angle between the tibial and FE axes averaged 90.5 degrees, and 66% of internal rotation of the tibia occurred before 15 degrees flexion. In the mid-sagittal plane of the femur, the patella followed a circular arc, and mediolateral patellar shift averaged 4.3 mm. These findings can be used as the basis for development of new total knee arthroplasty components that recreate normal patellofemoral kinematics, and may provide important guidelines for alignment of the tibial and femoral components. The perpendicular relationship between the tibial and the FE axes may be useful in locating the FE axis intraoperatively. The reduced mediolateral shift of the patella suggests that alignment of the femoral component with the FE axis will aid patellar tracking about a circular arc with small deviations in the medial-lateral direction.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2000

Co-occurrence of Axis I and Axis II disorders in substance abusers.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the co-occurrence of anxiety/mood and personality disorders (PDs) in substance abusers, the impact of anxiety/ mood disorders on the symptom profiles of PDs, and the impact of anxiety/mood disorders and PDs on pre-treatment status. METHOD: Current anxiety/mood disorders and PDs and pre-treatment status were assessed using semi-structured interviews in 370 treated substance abusers. RESULTS: Anxiety/mood disorders and PDs frequently co-occurred, with the overall pattern of associations being non-specific. The strongest associations were of social phobia with avoidant and schizotypal PD, and of major depression with borderline PD. However, symptom profiles of PDs were not associated with anxiety/mood disorders. Finally, anxiety/mood disorders and PDs were both independently and differentially associated with poor pre-treatment characteristics. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest the clinical importance of obtaining both Axis I and Axis II diagnoses in treated substance abusers, and highlight the distinctiveness of the Axis I and Axis II disorders.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of acute alcohol intoxication on pituitary-gonadal axis hormones, pituitary-adrenal axis hormones, beta-endorphin and prolactin in human adults of both sexes.

- The effects of acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) on the pituitary-gonadal axis hormones, and the possible contribution of pituitary-adrenal axis hormones, beta-endorphin and prolactin to alcohol-induced dysfunction of pituitary-gonadal axis hormones were studied in adult men and women. Blood samples were drawn from adults of both sexes who arrived at the emergency department with evident behavioural symptoms of drunkenness (AAI) or from adult volunteers with nil consumption of alcohol (controls). Our results demonstrated that AAI produces a high increase in plasma prolactin, corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH), and cortisol in adults of both sexes, a decrease in luteinizing hormone levels only in men, an increase in dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEAS) and a contradictory behaviour of testosterone according to gender, with increased plasma testosterone in women and a decrease in men. ACTH and prolactin correlated positively with cortisol, DHEAS and testosterone in women, which suggests that prolactin and ACTH could contribute to stimulated adrenal androgen production. In contrast, the decrease in testosterone and increase in beta-endorphin in men suggests that AAI could have an inhibitory effect on testicular testosterone, perhaps mediated by beta-endorphin. Our results suggest that the effect of alcohol on pituitary-gonadal axis hormones in humans could depend on the gender and degree of sexual maturity of the individual.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

DSM-III symptom disorders (Axis I) and personality disorders (Axis II) in an outpatient population.

Type and prevalence of Axis I and Axis II disorders (DSM-III) were assessed in a sample of 298 consecutive psychiatric outpatients. The instruments used were SCID and SIDP. About half of the Axis I diagnoses consisted of different subgroups of depression. Most patients had more than one diagnosis, anxiety being the second most common disorder. Eighty one percent of the subjects met the criteria for a personality disorder diagnosis; half of them obtained more than one Axis II diagnosis. Personality disorder was more common among men than among women. Avoidant and dependent personality disorders constituted the most frequent diagnoses.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Calculation of dose in off-central axis planes using off-axis ratios.

Accuracy of dose calculation for regular fields in off-central axis planes was investigated on a RAD-8 treatment planning computer for 4- and 10-MV x-ray beams produced by Varian Clinac -4 and Clinac -18 linear accelerators. These calculations, which are based on central axis depth dose and off-axis ratios in the principal planes, can be in error by as much as 25%-30% at locations well within the irradiated volume for the 4-MV x-ray beam. These large errors for the Clinac -4 beam result from the falloff in dose beyond the peak dose along a diagonal of a large field at distances greater than 14 cm from the central axis due to the lead flattening filter. The profile data stored in the computer along the principal planes cannot be used to calculate the dose accurately in such a situation. Computed doses for the 10-MV x-ray beam agreed with the measured doses within 4%-6% at all locations.

Computers↗
PubMed1994

On-axis and off-axis primary dose component in high energy photon beams.

The depth dose of the primary dose component, on axis and off axis of six different x-ray beams, has been determined from transmission measurements in narrow beam geometry with and without flattening filter using a Perspex column of a cross section large enough to ensure electronic equilibrium. In order to derive the primary photon fluence, a correction for the scatter from the column has been applied according to the following method: A number of spectra taken from the literature have been used for computing a scatter coefficient Sc at different depths by convolution of dose spread arrays. Using the relationship between Sc and the single attenuation coefficient mu i to represent each entire spectrum, it has been possible to correct the experimental transmission curves iteratively, until the corresponding values of mu were stabilized and representative of the primary. The measured attenuation coefficients were found to have a linear increase as a function of the distance from the central axis for all the energies and types of linear accelerators. For the same nominal energy, this increase is different from one accelerator to another. The same phenomenon was observed for the attenuation coefficients obtained without the flattening filter in the same experimental conditions. The results are tentatively interpreted considering the angular variation of bremsstrahlung energy spectra with and without a flattening filter as calculated by a Monte Carlo method and they are consistent and useful to take accurately into account the softening of the beam as the off-axis distance increases.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Atypical form of atrioventricular septal defect without left axis deviation: relation between morphology and unusual QRS axis.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the morphological features relating to an intermediate axis or a right axis deviation in atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). SUBJECTS: 135 patients with typical AVSD and with nine patients with atypical AVSD, characterised by a well formed atrial septum, a milder downward displacement of the atrioventricular valves, and a shorter length of the ostium primum defect. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relation between morphology and electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic findings; prevalence of Down's syndrome and of other cardiac anomalies. RESULTS: All nine patients with atypical AVSD had an unusual mean frontal QRS axis compared with six of the 135 patients (4%) with typical AVSD (p < 0.01). All eight patients who underwent the vector analyses showed atypical movement of the QRS loop--that is, an initial left inferior movement in the frontal loop (eight patients) and counter-clockwise rotation in the sagittal loop (seven). The corresponding values for 119 patients with typical AVSD were 20 and 22 patients (p < 0.01). Seven patients with atypical AVSD (78%) and 55 (41%) with typical AVSD had Down's syndrome (p < 0.05). None of the twenty one patients with additional cardiac anomalies had atypical AVSD, an unusual QRS axis, or unusual movement in the QRS loop. CONCLUSIONS: The atypical morphology, supposedly related to the degree of posteroinferior displacement of the conduction system, was one of the causes of unusual movement of the QRS loop in AVSD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Experimental hyperthyroidism and central mediators of stress axis and thyroid axis activity in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).

The effect of experimental hyperthyroidism, realized by T(4) injection, on central mediators of the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal axis (HPI-axis) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was studied. Our results show that hyperthyroidism evokes a marked 3.2-fold reduction in basal plasma cortisol levels. Corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein (CRH-BP) mRNA levels in the hypothalamus, measured by real-time quantitative PCR, were significantly elevated by 40%, but CRH, urotensin-I, prepro-TRH, prohormone convertase-1 (PC1), and POMC mRNA levels were unchanged. In the pituitary pars distalis, PC1, CRH receptor-1, and POMC mRNA levels were unaffected, as was ACTH content. Plasma alpha-MSH concentrations were significantly elevated by 30% in hyperthyroid fish, and this was reflected in PC1 and POMC mRNA levels in pituitary pars intermedia that were increased 1.5- and 2.4-fold respectively. The alpha-MSH content of the pars intermedia was unchanged. Hyperthyroidism has profound effects on the basal levels of a central mediator, i.e., CRH-BP, of HPI-axis function in unstressed carp in vivo, and we conclude that HPI- and hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid-axis functions are strongly interrelated. We suggest that the changes in plasma cortisol, thyroid hormone, and alpha-MSH levels reflect their concerted actions on energy metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and growth hormone axis in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome patients].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and growth hormone (GH) axis in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). METHODS: OSAHS patients (OSAHS group) and subjects with obesity alone (control group) were monitored by polysomnography (PSG). The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin (ACTH), cortisol and growth hormone levels in plasma were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay before and after sleep. Their correlation were analyzed. RESULTS: The CRH concentration [(1.66 +/- 0.34), (4.96 +/- 0.98) mmol/L before and after sleep] and cortisol content [(152.93 +/- 136.15), (445.53 +/- 123.09) microg/L before and after sleep] in the OSAHS group were significantly higher than those of the control group [CRH was (0.67 +/- 0.42), (2.27 +/- 1.10) mmol/L, cortisol concentration was (68.94 +/- 20.13), (146.05 +/- 30.48) microg/L, before and after sleep, respectively, all P < 0.01]; GHRH significantly decreased in the OSAHS group [(1.42 +/- 0.07), (1.01 +/- 0.05) mmol/L before and after sleep] compared with the control group [(1.99 +/- 0.34), (1.58 +/- 0.15) mmol/L, respectively; all P < 0.01]; but there was no difference in growth hormone. The ratio of the variation of CRH, GHRH level (DeltaCRH/DeltaGHRH) was significantly higher in the OSAHS group (285.02 +/- 143.32) than that in the control group (71.15 +/- 15.37, P < 0.01). The bivariate correlation analysis of the OSAHS group indicated that DeltaCRH/DeltaGHRH was correlated positively with average awake duration (r = 0.882), but negatively with average blood oxygen concentration (r = -0.696). The average blood oxygen concentration was negatively correlated with average awake duration (r = -0.729). CONCLUSIONS: There are abnormal changes of HPA axis and GH axis in OSAHS patients, and the feedback regulation is disordered. These abnormalities are related to sleep structure variation and hypoxia during sleep.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Axis I and Axis II diagnostic parameters of homicide.

A series of 100 murderers was examined to discern overall patterns of psychopathology. In addition, demographic and other discriminating factors were used to test the hypothesis that murderers do not constitute a homogenous population and that subgroups will differ diagnostically. DSM-III diagnostic criteria were used to make each diagnosis. The sample was found to be representative of the universe from which it was drawn at least as could be determined by available comparative criteria. Four Axis I (psychoses, substance abuse, dysthymia, no Axis I) and three Axis II (antisocial, borderline, no Axis II) diagnostic categories accounted for more than 80 percent of the study population. The murderers were found to be a heterogenous population, and subgroups based on a combination of assailant's crime pattern, sex, prior criminal history, and relationship to victim manifested different prevailing diagnostic patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Determination of the abduction-adduction axis of rotation at the human knee: helical axis representation.

This study used a finite helical axes representation to derive the axis of rotation of the human knee in the frontal plane for the neutral flexion/extension posture during resting and no load-bearing conditions. The three-dimensional finite helical axis pathway of the tibia relative to the femur was computed by passively adducting/abducting the lower limb via a servomotor system. Knee joint movements as a result of the positional perturbations were captured with an active marker kinematic tracking system. Contrary to traditional assumptions used in studies conducted under a similar experimental paradigm, our results indicated that the knee joint center, defined as the intercept point between the finite helical axis and the mid-coronal plane of the distal femur, was located within the femoral notch for a wide range of abduction and adduction angles (6 degrees abduction to 6 degrees adduction angles). Our data also indicated that at the neutral posture of the knee, the helical axes directions change as a function of the abduction/adduction perturbation angle. These findings are not only essential to error minimization during joint moment calculations, but can also facilitate new biomechanical interpretations of, for example, the functional role of the quadriceps and patellofemoral joint mechanics to overall knee stability in the medial-lateral direction.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Prevalence of axis I and axis II disorders in women with late luteal phase dysphoric disorder.

The authors interviewed 78 female patients with late luteal phase dysphoric disorder and found a 78% lifetime prevalence of axis I disorders but only a 10% prevalence of axis II disorders. A prior depression was the predominant axis I disorder found, and 29% of parous patients had a prior postpartum depression. A comparison of Global Assessment Scale scores obtained at both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle confirmed luteal increases in symptoms and role impairment.

Adult↗