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PubMed2000

Structure-based design of potent, amidine-derived inhibitors of factor Xa: evaluation of selectivity, anticoagulant activity, and antithrombotic activity.

To enhance the potency of 1,2-dibenzamidobenzene-derived inhibitors of factor Xa (fXa), an amidine substituent was incorporated on one of the benzoyl side chains to interact with Asp189 in the S1 specificity pocket. Lead molecule 1 was docked into the active site of fXa to facilitate inhibitor design. Subsequently, iterative SAR studies and molecular modeling led to a 1000-fold increase in fXa affinity and a refined model of the new inhibitors in the fXa active site. Strong support for the computational model was achieved through the acquisition of an X-ray crystal structure using thrombin as a surrogate protein. The amidines in this series show high levels of selectivity for the inhibition of fXa relative to other trypsin-like serine proteases. Furthermore, the fXa affinity of compounds in this series (K(ass) = 50-500 x 10(6) L/mol) translates effectively into both anticoagulant activity in vitro and antithrombotic activity in vivo.

Amidines↗
PubMed2006

Efficient microwave access to polysubstituted amidines from imidoylbenzotriazoles.

Microwave reactions of primary and secondary amines with imidoylbenzotriazoles 6a-w gave diversely substituted amidines 7a-Aa in 76-94% yields. Convenient preparations of a variety of amides 5a-Ab (87-96%) and imidoylbenzotriazoles 6a-w (56-95%) have also been developed using microwave irradiation under mild conditions and short reaction times. These results demonstrate further the advantages of microwave synthesis and introduce a new application of imidoylbenzotriazoles in the preparation of polysubstituted amidines.

Amidines↗
PubMed2005

Synthetic and structural chemistry of amidinate-substituted boron halides.

The following new amidinate-substituted boron halides are reported: [PhC{N(SiMe(3))}(2)]BCl(2)(6), [MeC{NCy}(2)]BCl(2)(10), [Mes*C{NCy}(2)]BCl(2)(11), [MeC{N(i)Pr}(2)]BCl(2)(12), and [FcC{NCy}(2)]BBr(2)(13). Compound 6 was prepared via the trimethylsilyl chloride elimination reaction of BCl(3) with N,N,N'-tris(trimethylsilyl)benzamidine, and compounds 10-12 were prepared by salt metathesis between the lithium amidinates [RC(NR')(2)]Li and BX(3). Compound 13 was prepared via the insertion of 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide into the B-C bond of ferrocenyldibromoborane FcBBr(2). The molecular structures of 6, 10, 11, 13 and the known compound [PhC{N(SiMe(3))}(2)]BBr(2)(1) were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

Amidines↗
PubMed2001

Protein kinase A of Leishmania amazonensis as a potential target for methoxy-amidine.

Cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is one of the most important signaling molecules for cell growth and differentiation in several systems including protozoal parasites such as Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania species. The most important event during Leishmania developmental cycle is the differentiation of procyclic into metacyclic promastigotes, which is associated with the appearance of pathogenicity. As previously demonstrated Leishmania amazonensis metacyclogenesis is associated with an increase of a protein kinase A activity, and therefore further studies on the activity of this phosphorylating enzyme as a target for chemotherapy were performed. Among several amidine derivatives tested by the authors against trypanosomatids (T. cruzi, T. evansi and L. amazonensis) the most effective compounds was defined as that with a methoxy group as substituent. In this work the inhibitory effect of this derivative on the phosphorylating activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) of promastigotes (containing high amounts of metacyclic forms) and axenic amastigotes of L. amazonensis is demonstrated. Soluble fractions (SF) and enriched membrane fractions (MF) were submitted to anion exchange chromatography in a DEAE-cellulose column and the collected fractions used to evaluate the phosphorylating activity associated with cAMP, in the presence/absence of methoxy-amidine and pentamidine (CAS 100-33-4), the latter being used as reference drug.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Free diC14-amidine liposomes inhibit the TNF-alpha secretion induced by CpG sequences and lipopolysaccharides: role of lipoproteins.

It has been shown that a preinjection of diC14-amidine cationic liposomes decreased TNF-alpha secretion induced by lipoplexes intravenous injection. We showed here that free cationic liposomes inhibit CpG sequences- or lipopolysaccharides-induced TNF-alpha secretion by macrophages. Surprisingly, this effect was strictly dependent on serum. Free cationic liposomes alone did not reveal any anti-inflammatory activity. Low-density lipoproteins and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins were identified as the serum components that confer to the liposomes an anti-inflammatory activity. Lipid fractions of these lipoproteins were able to reproduce the effect of the total lipoproteins and could inhibit, in association with diC14-amidine liposomes, the CpG-induced TNF-alpha secretion. Serum components confer to cationic liposomes new properties that can be used to modulate the inflammatory response directed against CpG sequences and lipopolysaccharides.

Amidines↗
PubMed2005

Amidine derivatives and Leishmania amazonensis: an evaluation of the effect of nitric oxide (NO) production on the parasite-macrophage interaction.

Previous work has demonstrated that N-N'-diphenyl-R-benzamidine was highly effective against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes/axenic amastigotes and Trypanosoma evansi trypomastigotes and the compound with a methoxy substituent, was the most effective derivative in the parasite-macrophage interaction. Comparative analysis of the nitric oxide (NO) released from the culture infection's supernatant showed the amidine to be less effective than pentamidine Isethionate as a reference drug. Additionally, in order to verify if the methoxylated derivative interferes with NO production by L. amazonensis, the effect of the amidine on the constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) purified from parasites, was examined, but demonstrated less activity in comparison with the reference drug. This data contributes to studies concerning the metabolic targets present in Leishmania parasites for leishmanicidal drugs.

Amidines↗
PubMed1986

Aromatic tetra-amidines: antiproteolytic and antiesterolytic activities towards serine proteinases involved in blood coagulation and clot lysis.

The inhibitory effect of 1,3-di-(p-amidinophenoxy)-2,2-bis-(p-amidinophenoxymethyl)propane (TAPP-H), TAPP-halo derivatives (with Cl, Br or I) and benzamidine on the Ancrod, bovine Factor Xa, and human plasmin catalyzed hydrolysis of esters and anilides of amino acids was investigated, at pH 8.1 and 37 degrees, and compared with that shown from these compounds on bovine thrombin and porcine pancreatic kallikrein catalysis. The inhibitory effect of TAPP-H and TAPP-halo derivatives on the proteinases considered, involved, to different extents, in blood coagulation and clot lysis, is higher by at least 10-fold, than that of benzamidine, which binds at the primary specificity subsite (S1) of serine endopeptidases and is commonly taken as a molecular inhibitor model. The high inhibitory effect of aromatic tetra-amidines has been interpreted taking into account an additional productive binding for a second benzamidine or halo-benzamidine moiety to the enzyme surface. Moreover, the data reported here allowed us to clarify the inhibition mechanism (in vitro) of TAPP-H on blood coagulation, induced by the "cancer coagulation factor" produced by the Walker carcinoma in Wistar rats and on the fibrinogen-to-fibrin conversion, and to identify some serine proteinases which act as targets for aromatic tetra-amidines.

Amidines↗
PubMed1976

[Mechanical resistance of amidinated human erythrocytes].

The amidination reactions by means of dimethyl adipimidate (0.25-10.0 mM) or dimethyldodecane-imidate (0.1-1.0 mM) cause an alteration of the mechanical resistance of red blood cells. Low amidination results in peripheral cross-links of erythrocytes whose mechanical resistance increase relative to borate buffer treated cells. Increasing cross-linking reduces the mechanical resistance of erythrocytes, which finally appears to have become restored. The final state, however, is characterized by an almost complete cross-linking of the cell, which than no longer behaves like an osmometer.

Amidines↗
PubMed1997

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of N-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)amidines.

Several N-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)amidines were synthesized and examined for their in vitro antimicrobial activity. Some of the compounds studied were effective against bacteria and fungi. Amidines carrying unsaturated alkylic chains showed the highest antimicrobial activity, the propenyl derivative 7 proving to be the most potent with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 25 micrograms/ml against Gram positive bacteria and mould and of 3-12 micrograms/ml against yeasts. The results indicate that an unsaturated moiety is an important function for enhancing the antimicrobial activity in the compounds under investigation.

Amidines↗
PubMed1979

Amidination of amino groups of aldehyde reductase from human liver.

Amidination of human liver aldehyde reductase (alcohol:NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.2) with monofunctional n-alkane methylimidates increased the enzymic activity by 10--30%, whereas analogous bifunctional imidoesters caused a loss of activity of about 80%. Both effects were prevented in the presence of the coenzyme NADPH or NADP+, but not of the substrate 4-nitrobenzaldehyde. Amidination increased the apparent Michaelis constant of both the coenzyme (up to 20-fold) and the substrate (about 5-fold). Bifunctional imidoesters with at least 4 carbon atoms between the functional groups (approx. 0.7 nm) crosslinked the enzyme intramolecularly. This reaction was retarded in the presence of the coenzyme, whereas 4-nitrobenzaldehyde had no effect. The results suggest the presence of reactive amino groups at the coenzyme binding site of aldehyde reductase.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1977

Effects of amidination and chemical cross-linking on human factor VIII (antihemophilic factor).

The bifunctional reagent dimethyl suberimidate, reacting with primary amino groups of proteins, was used to cross-link highly purified human factor VIII. Reaction products were reduced with beta-mercaptoethanol or treated with Rhizopus arrhizus triglyceride lipase. The proportions of the dissociated subunits and their oligomers were calculated from the relative staining intensities of individual bands following polyacrylamide electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Low concentrations of dimethyl suberimidate (up to 0.5 mM) produced covalently linked dimers which retained full functional (coagulant and von Willebrand factor) activities. Treatment with increasing concentrations of dimethyl suberimidate resulted in an almost simultaneous appearance of both trimeric and tetrameric species, suggesting the existence of specific intra-dimer contacts. A parallel decrease of functional activities was observed at higher concentrations of dimethyl suberimidate. A monofunctional reagent (ethyl acetimidate), reacting similarly with primary amino groups, amidinated factor VIII at rates similar to dimethyl suberimidate. Up to 40% amidinated factor VIII retained full biological activities. We conclude that the most reactive lysine residues are not involved in the active sites responsible for either coagulant or von Willebrand activity.

Blood Coagulation↗
PubMed2004

Amidine analogue of chlorambucil is a stronger inhibitor of protein and DNA synthesis in breast cancer MCF-7 cells than is the parent drug.

A novel amidine analogue of chlorambucil-N-(2-(4-(4-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl)butyryl)aminoethyl)-5-(4-amidinophenyl)-2-furancarboxamide hydrochloride (AB(1)) and the parent drug were compared for their effects on collagen and DNA biosynthesis in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. IC(50) values for chlorambucil and AB(1) for collagen biosynthesis were found to be about 33 and 13 microM, respectively. The greater potency of AB(1) to suppress collagen synthesis was found to be accompanied by a stronger compared with chlorambucil inhibition of prolidase activity and expression. The phenomenon was related to inhibition of beta(1)-integrin and IGF-I receptor-mediated signaling caused by this compound. The expression of beta(1)-integrin receptor, as well as Src, son of sevenless protein (SOS) and phosphorylated mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases (MAPK), extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK(1)) and kinase 2 (ERK(2)) but not focal adhesion kinase pp125(FAK) (FAK), Shc, and Grb-2 was significantly decreased in cells incubated for 24 h with 10 microM AB(1) compared to the control, whereas in the same conditions chlorambucil did not evoke any changes in expression of all these signaling proteins, as shown by Western immunoblot analysis. Furthermore, AB(1) induced a stronger down-regulation of the expression of IGF-I receptor and evoked a higher antiproliferative effect. During 12 and 24 h of incubation AB(1) decreased DNA biosynthesis by about 33 % and 51 % of the control, whereas chlorambucil decreased it by about 19 % and 35 %, respectively. These data suggest that the amidine analogue of chlorambucil is a stronger inhibitor of protein and DNA synthesis in MCF-7 cells than is the parent drug.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2004

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new cyclic amidine analogs of chlorambucil.

A number of novel cyclic amidine analogs of chlorambucil were synthesized and examined for cytotoxicity in breast cancer cell cultures and for inhibition of topoisomerases I and II. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of these compounds employing a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and inhibition of [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells demonstrated that these compounds were more active than chlorambucil. The degree to which these compounds inhibited cell growth breast cancer cells was directly correlated to DNA-binding affinity. These studies indicate that cyclic amidine analogs of chlorambucil are a potent catalytic inhibitor of topoisomerase II but not topoisomerase I. The highest degree of DNA binding and cytotoxicity in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells was observed for the compound, which possess a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol moiety.

Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating↗
PubMed2003

Discovery and characterization of a potent and selective non-amidine inhibitor of human factor Xa.

Benzothiophene-anthranilamide 1 (3-chloro-N-[2-[[(4-fluorophenyl)amino]carbonyl]-4-methylphenyl]benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide) was discovered by high throughput screening to be a highly potent and selective non-amidine inhibitor of human factor Xa with a K(i) of 15+/-4nM. Compound 1 is a selective inhibitor of human factor Xa as suggested by the K(i)((app)) determined for nine other human serine proteases and bovine trypsin. The activity of reconstituted human prothrombinase complex was inhibited by compound 1 when assayed in physiological concentrations of the substrate prothrombin. However, 27-fold higher inhibitor concentrations were needed to achieve the same level of inhibition than were required for the inhibition of free factor Xa, due in part to non-specific binding of the inhibitor to phospholipid under the assay conditions. Failure to demonstrate enzymatic cleavage of compound 1 suggests that compound 1 is solely an inhibitor rather than a substrate for factor Xa. The inhibition of factor Xa by compound 1 was reversible upon dilution of the enzyme/inhibitor mixture. Analyses of the inhibition mechanism with Dixon, Cornish-Bowden, and Lineweaver-Burk plots showed that compound 1 is a linear mixed-type inhibitor with 5-fold higher affinity for free factor Xa than the factor Xa/substrate complex. The linear mixed-type inhibition suggests that compound 1 binds to the active site region of factor Xa, but its binding cannot be fully displaced by the substrate S2222 (1:1 mixture of N-benzoyl-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide and N-benzoyl-Ile-Glu(gamma-OMe)-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide hydrochloride). Thus, the inhibition mechanism for compound 1 is novel compared to most serine protease inhibitors including amidine-containing factor Xa inhibitors, which rely on binding to the S1 pocket of the enzyme active site. Compound 1 represents an attractive, novel structural template for further development of efficacious, safe, and potentially orally active human factor Xa inhibitors.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1997

Thrombin-like enzyme from Lachesis muta muta venom: isolation and topographical analysis of its active site structure by means of the binding of amidines and guanidines as competitive inhibitors.

A serine protease enzyme was purified from Lachesis muta muta venom, with 40% yield, by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and affinity chromatography on Sepharose-agmatin. Homogeneity of the enzyme preparation was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the enzyme had a relative mol. wt of 45,000. The molar extinction coefficient at 280 nm was 62,127 (M x cm)-1. The enzyme hydrolysed Bz-Arg-Nan with Ks = 0.233 +/- 0.08 mM and kcat = 2.80 +/- 0.07 sec-1. All the amidines and guanidines tested for their inhibitory effect on thrombin-like enzyme behaved as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme with Ki values in the range 6.2 microM to 42.3 mM for amidines and 0.19 mM to 9.31 mM for guanidines. Dissociation constant values were analyzed in terms of the binding of the inhibitors with the subsite S1, the specificity pocket of the enzyme, Ki values were discussed in accordance with those for trypsin inhibition. beta-Naphthamidine was the strongest inhibitor, while guanidine was the weakest. The differences among the Ki values were interpreted in terms of the shape of the enzyme active site. For meta- and para-substituted benzamidinium ions a good correlation was found between log l/Ki and sigma Hammett values of the substituents. The substituent effects in the pi-electrons of the benzamidine ring were considered in the frame of Hückel molecular orbital theory. A model for the binding of p-benzamidine derivatives with the primary specificity S1 subsite of the enzyme active site was proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Design and synthesis of highly constrained factor Xa inhibitors: amidine-substituted bis(benzoyl)--diazepan-2-ones and bis(benzylidene)-bis(gem-dimethyl)cycloketones.

Two conformationally constrained templates have been designed to provide selective inhibitors of the coagulation cascade serine protease, Factor Xa (FXa). The most active inhibitor, 2,7-bis[(Z)-p-amidinobenzylidene)]-3,3,6,6-tetramethylcycloheptanone, exhibits a K(i) of 42 nM against FXa, with strong selectivity against thrombin (1000-fold), trypsin (300-fold) and plasmin (900-fold). With only two freely rotatable bonds, molecular modeling suggests that one amidine group is positioned into the S1 pocket, forming hydrogen bonds with the side chain of Asp189, similar to other amidine-based inhibitors, with the second benzamidine positioned into the S4 pocket in a position to form strong cation-pi bonding with the S4 aryl cage. We suggest that this interaction plays an important role in the specificity of these inhibitors against other serine proteases.

Antithrombin III↗
PubMed2002

Example of highly stereoregulated ruthenium amidine complex formation: synthesis, crystal structures, and spectral and redox properties of the complexes [Ru(II)(trpy)[NC(5)H(4)-CH=N-N(C(6)H(5))C(CH(3))=NH]](ClO(4))(2) (1) and [Ru(II)(trpy)(NC(5)H(4)-CH=N-NH-C(6)H(5))Cl]ClO(4) (2) (trpy = 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine).

The reaction of Ru(trpy)Cl(3) (trpy = 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine) with the pyridine-based imine function N(p)C(5)H(4)-CH=N(i)-NH-C(6)H(5) (L), incorporating an NH spacer between the imine nitrogen (N(i)) and the pendant phenyl ring, in ethanol medium followed by chromatographic work up on a neutral alumina column using CH(3)CN/CH(2)Cl(2) (1:4) as eluent, results in complexes of the types [Ru(trpy)(L')](ClO(4))(2) (1) and [Ru(trpy)(L)Cl]ClO(4) (2). Although the identity of the free ligand (L) has been retained in complex 2, the preformed imine-based potentially bidentate ligand (L) has been selectively transformed into a new class of unusual imine-amidine-based tridentate ligand, N(p)C(5)H(4)-CH=N(i)-N(C(6)H(5))C(CH(3))=N(a)H (L'), in 1. The single-crystal X-ray structures of the free ligand (L) and both complexes 1 and 2 have been determined. In 2, the sixth coordination site, that is, the Cl(-) function, is cis to the pyridine nitrogen (N(p)) of L which in turn places the NH spacer away from the Ru-Cl bond, whereas, in 1, the corresponding sixth position, that is, the Ru-N(a) (amidine) bond, is trans to the pyridine nitrogen (N(p)) of L'. The trans configuration of N(a) with respect to the N(p) of L' in 1 provides the basis for the selective L --> L' transformation in 1. The complexes exhibit strong Ru(II) --> pi* (trpy) MLCT transitions in the visible region and intraligand transitions in the UV region. The lowest energy MLCT band at 510 nm for 2 has been substantially blue-shifted to 478 nm in the case of 1. The reversible Ru(III)-Ru(II) couples for 1 and 2 have been observed at 0.80 and 0.59 V versus SCE, respectively. The complexes are weakly luminescent at 77 K, exhibiting emissions at lambda(max), 598 nm [quantum yield (Phi) = 0.43 x 10(-2)] and 574 nm (Phi = 0.28 x 10(-2)) for 1 and 2, respectively.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Bulky Amidinate Complexes of Indium(III). Synthesis and Structure of [CyNC((t)Bu)NCy](2)InCl.

Reaction of 2 equiv of lithium dicyclohexylacetamidinate with InCl(3) affords the new species In[CyNC(Me)NCy](2)Cl (Cy = cyclohexyl) (1). Compound 1 reacts with MeLi to yield In[CyNC(Me)NCy](2)CH(3) (2) and also reacts with a third equivalent of amidinate to yield In[CyNC(Me)NCy](3) (3). Two new bulky amidinate ligands are prepared by the addition of (t)BuLi to CyN=C=NCy and Me(3)SiN=C=CSiMe(3), respectively. Subsequent reactions with InCl(3) lead to the high-yield syntheses of In[CyNC(CMe(3))NCy](2)Cl (4) and [Me(3)SiN(CMe(3))NSiMe(3)](2)InCl (5). Spectroscopic and elemental analyses confirm the formulas of all of these new species. Compound 4 is further characterized by X-ray crystallography and shown to possess a distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry around the metal center with the chloride group in the equatorial position. Crystal data for 4: triclinic, P&onemacr;, a = 12.545(7) Å, b = 13.482(8) Å, c = 11.965(6) Å, alpha = 102.08(5) degrees, beta = 92.00(5) degrees, gamma = 64.36(4) degrees, Z = 2, R = 0.029, R(w) = 0.045.

Journal Article↗