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PubMed1996

Further tests for linkage of bipolar affective disorder to the tyrosine hydroxylase gene locus on chromosome 11p15 in a new series of multiplex British affective disorder pedigrees.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to confirm or refute previous reports that link bipolar affective disorder to polymorphic DNA markers at or near the gene for tyrosine hydroxylase. METHOD: A previous linkage analysis, which used a tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism at the tyrosine hydroxylase locus, of six Icelandic families was extended to include a new series of 17 multiply affected British families. RESULTS: Overall lod scores under the assumption of locus heterogeneity were between 1.20 and 1.40 at zero recombination with tyrosine hydroxylase, and these scores persisted across three affective disorder models. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide some support for linking affective disorder to this genetic region and suggest that additional linkage and association studies should be conducted to determine whether tyrosine hydroxylase or a nearby locus contributes to susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder in some families.

Alleles↗
PubMed1994

The stress-negative affect model of adolescent alcohol use: disaggregating negative affect.

The current study addressed three primary limitations of previous research on the relations among stress, negative affect and adolescent alcohol use. These include failure to distinguish among different types of negative affect, inattention to potential moderators of the relation between affect and alcohol use (e.g., impulsivity), and insufficient utilization of high-risk samples (e.g., children of alcoholics). In the current study, anger, anxiety and depression were found to differentially mediate the relation between stress and alcohol use, such that depression was the only significant mediator (above and beyond the effects of the other two affect measures). Impulsivity was also found to moderate the depression to alcohol use relation such that depressed, impulsive adolescents drank more heavily than depressed, nonimpulsive adolescents or nondepressed adolescents. Research implications include a need for future attention to the unique relations between forms of negative affect and alcohol use and to variables that might moderate these relations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

An epidemiological study of hand eczema. IV. Degree and pattern of eczema in affected hairdressers, with and without atopic symptoms, compared with a control group of affected teachers.

The aim of this study was to show degree and pattern of hand eczema in affected hairdressers (n = 69), compared with a control group of teachers (n = 19). Both groups consisted of employees having eczema, confirmed by the visit of a doctor at the working place. The mean age for the affected hairdressers was 27 years (range: 17-63) and for the teachers 43 years (range: 27-57). The mean duration of employment was 96 months for the hairdressers (range: 2-552) and 182 months for the teachers (range: 25-336). The localization of eczematous lesions, presence of efflorescenses and extent of skin affection were recorded by constructing scores for these variables. The mean number of localizations was significantly higher in hairdressers than in teachers; this was caused by greater affection of fingers in hairdressers compared to teachers. Seventy-five percent of the hairdressers and 79% of the teachers had only modest or very moderate erythema. Fourteen percent and 5%, respectively, had vesicular dermatitis. The right upper limb was most affected in both hairdressers and teachers. Three subgroups of hairdressers were considered: hairdressers with atopic dermatitis, those with only atopic mucosal symptoms and those without atopic symptoms. No significant differences were found between these groups, except a significant higher finger involvement in atopics compared to non-atopics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The affective component of the secure base schema: affective priming with representations of attachment security.

Using an affective priming procedure (S. T. Murphy & R. B. Zajonc, 1993), 7 studies examined the effects of the contextual activation of representations of attachment security (secure base schema) on the evaluation of neutral stimuli under either neutral or stressful contexts. In all the studies, participants also reported on their attachment style. Results indicated that the subliminal priming of secure base representations led to more positive affective reactions to neutral stimuli than did the subliminal priming of neutral or no pictures under both neutral and stressful contexts. Although the subliminal priming of positively valued, attachment-unrelated representations heightened positive evaluations under neutral contexts, it failed to elicit positive affect under stressful contexts. The results also revealed interesting effects of attachment style. The discussion focuses on the affective component of the secure base schema.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The Munich vulnerability study on affective disorders: premorbid polysomnographic profile of affected high-risk probands.

BACKGROUND: The most characteristic alterations in the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) during major depression are a shortened latency to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and an elevated REM density. Because these changes persist in remission, they might represent vulnerability markers. To identify vulnerability markers, we investigated premorbid sleep EEG parameters in healthy high-risk probands (HRPs) with a positive family history of affective disorders. METHODS: We identified 136 depressed inpatients from referrals to our hospital who had first-degree relatives with an affective disorder as well as first-degree relatives with no current or lifetime history of psychiatric disorders. The latter (the HRP group) were investigated by polysomnography. During the follow-up period, 20 HRPs developed an affective disorder. Their premorbid sleep data were analyzed. RESULTS: Premorbid sleep EEG of affected HRPs showed an increased REM density (total night and first REM period) compared with the control group without personal or family history of a psychiatric disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Increased REM density can be observed not only in patients with depression, but also in their healthy relatives. Moreover, it is predictive for the onset of a psychiatric disorder. Therefore, it can be recommended as a possible endophenotype of these diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Both concreteness and age-of-acquisition affect reading accuracy but only concreteness affects comprehension in a deep dyslexic patient.

As concreteness correlates very highly with the age-of-acquisition (AoA) of words, we attempted to disentangle the effects of these two variables in the oral reading and comprehension performance of the deep dyslexic patient LW. The results of a multiple regression analysis of LW's reading of 217 words showed that both AoA and concreteness affect reading accuracy, with the AoA effect being most apparent for her reading of concrete words. However, concreteness and not AoA affected LW's performance in matching spoken definitions to printed words, both when the distractors were semantically unrelated and when they were related. These data are interpreted in terms of a model of reading in deep dyslexia in which concreteness affects the ease with which semantics are accessed and can activate lexical representations, and AoA affects the ease with which lexical phonology becomes available for spoken word production.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

5-HT2A receptor and bipolar affective disorder: association studies in affected patients.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of genetic variation in serotonin receptors in the aetiology of bipolar affective disorder. The 5-HT2A receptor gene was systematically screened for genetic variants by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) methods in subjects with bipolar affective disorder. Four polymorphisms (two structural changes, Thr25Asn and His4 M52Tyr, and two silent polymorphisms, 102-T/C and 516-C/T) which had previously been found in patients with schizophrenia and control subjects were detected. No novel polymorphisms were found in patients with bipolar affective disorder. These polymorphisms were genotyped in a sample of 129 patients and 252 controls of German origin and 176 patients and 182 controls of British origin. No strong associations were found between any of these polymorphisms and bipolar affective disorder. Genetic variation at the 5-HT2A receptor gene does not play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disorder.

Alleles↗
PubMed1999

Micronucleus frequency in Gomel (Belarus) children affected and not affected by thyroid cancer.

Cytogenetic monitoring was carried out on a group of children from Gomel (Belarus), one of the areas most severely affected by radioactive contamination following the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, in 1986. We performed the micronucleus test (MN) in binucleated lymphocytes of 42 children (mean age: 11+/-2.34 years), 16 of whom were affected by thyroid gland tumor. Thirty healthy children living in Pisa (mean age: 14.96+/-2.17 years) were enrolled in the study as controls. Thyroid tumor affected children living in Gomel showed a statistically significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated cells as compared with the healthy children from Pisa. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between MN frequency and both the presence of tumor and higher 137Cs contamination. In addition, higher 137Cs contamination was more frequently observed in tumor affected children. These results suggest that the increased MN frequency is attributable more to 137Cs contamination rather than to the presence of the tumor itself.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Prediction of adolescent affective disorder: effects of prior parental affective disorders and child psychopathology.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of major parental and child diagnostic factors in predicting episodes of serious affective disorder in adolescents in a nonreferred sample. METHOD: The sample included 139 youngsters (average age 14 years at enrollment) drawn from a health maintenance organization and evaluated at two points in time 4 years apart. Both parents and adolescents were assessed using structured diagnostic instruments scored according to criterion systems. Parent and child lifetime diagnoses identified in the first assessment were used to predict the onset of episodes of serious affective disorder in the adolescents which occurred between the first and second assessment. RESULTS: Stepwise multiple regression analyses of the significant univariate factors showed that the most powerful predictors of episodes of affective disorder were total number of diagnoses the adolescents received prior to first assessment, lifetime duration of parental major depressive disorder, and total number of lifetime nonaffective disorders of the parents. CONCLUSION: Broad risk factors from different domains best predict episodes of affective disorder in children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The Munich vulnerability study on affective disorders: premorbid psychometric profile of affected individuals.

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a longitudinal high-risk study to identify psychometric vulnerability markers for affective disorders. METHOD: We examined 82 healthy subjects [high-risk probands (HRPs)] with at least one first-degree relative suffering from an affective disorder. The premorbid psychometric profile of 20 HRPs who developed a psychiatric disorder during follow-up was compared with the profile of control subjects without personal and family history of psychiatric disorders matched for age and gender. RESULTS: Somatization, complaints (vegetative lability), and perception of strain are increased in HRPs who developed a psychiatric disorder. These alterations were not influenced by the time interval until the onset of the disorder. CONCLUSION: The premorbid psychometric profile in subjects at high risk for affective disorders is characterized by somatization, complaints, and elevated perception of strain. Together with previous findings our results suggest that these alterations can be regarded as potential vulnerability markers for affective disorders.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Deficient erythrocyte NaK-ATPase activity in different affective states in bipolar affective disorder and normalization by lithium therapy.

This report expands on previously presented evidence for a trait-dependent deficiency of erythrocyte sodium pump activity in bipolar affective disorder. Several parameters of erythrocyte NaK-ATPase activity in different affective states and the effects of lithium therapy were examined. In lithium-free bipolar affective disorder patients, the mean percent differences from the individual sex- and age-matched controls for erythrocyte sodium pump activity were: manic + hypomanic group, -21.5%, n = 16, p less than 0.02; depressed group, -12.4%, n = 14, p less than 0.02; euthymic group, -6.9%, n = 18, p less than 0.10. Ouabain-sensitive potassium ion uptake was less than the controls in the manic group (-25.4%, n = 3, p less than 0.02), and in the combined affectively ill group, manic + depressed (-23.4%, n = 7, p less than 0.02). Cell ouabain binding was less than the controls in the manic group (-19.0%, n = 6, p less than 0.05). NaK-ATPase activity in washed erythrocyte membranes (ghosts) was significantly lower than the controls in the manic group (-14.5%, n = 4, p less than 0.02), and the mean value for the whole group (manic + depressed + euthymic) was lower than the controls (-11.8%, n = 18, p less than 0.05). Values for ouabain binding in ghosts from the bipolar subjects were not significantly different from the matched controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

A developmental view of affective disturbances in the children of affectively ill parents.

The authors review the various clinical and experimental studies of children of parents with affective illness, spanning infancy, childhood, and early adolescence and including their own and the studies reported in this Special Section of the Journal. They find a clear tendency to early disturbances in these children that seems related to adult affective illness in the areas of affect regulation and social interaction. Although these findings suggest a developmental line of affective illness linking child and adult forms, many issues need further clarification.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

On the clinical utility of the concept of depressive affect as signal affect.

The author reviews the scant literature relating to the concept of depressive affect as an affect parallel to anxiety. Then, through the presentation of detailed clinical psychoanalytic data, in particular the patient's associations to interpretation, he demonstrates the value to the conduct of a psychoanalysis of an awareness of the role of depressive affect as a signal affect that triggers defense.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1984

The occurrence of secondary affective disorder in an in-patient population with severe and recurrent affective disorder.

One hundred and eighty nine consecutive in-patients with treatment-resistant affective disorder were administered the Renard Diagnostic Interview to determine whether the 45 with secondary affective disorder (SAD) differed from the 144 with primary affective disorder (PAD). The SAD group, including 15 subjects with bipolar disorder, had an earlier mean age of onset of depression and contained more unmarried individuals. The total secondary group could not usefully be differentiated by assessment of clinical symptoms or discriminating analysis of social and clinical variables. While the present study of a severely depressed population does not lend itself to generalisability, this combined sample does have characteristics of patients used in biological investigations. No significant inter-group discrimination was found to support a previous assumption that identification of a prior psychiatric disorder provides the most suitable mechanism for selecting a population for research in affective disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Synergistic effects of a macrolide and a cell wall-affecting antibiotic on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo. 3. Incorporation of [14C]midecamycin acetate (MOM) into P. aeruginosa pretreated with cell wall-affecting antibiotics.

The occurrence in beta-lactam treated patients of unstable L-forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa insensitive to various antibiotics and synergistic effect of combined action of cell wall-affecting antibiotics and macrolide on Pseudomonas infection led us to examine the effects of macrolide on P. aeruginosa pretreated with cell wall-affecting antibiotics. The effects of macrolide antibiotics such as midecamycin acetate (MOM) on P. aeruginosa was investigated, a rapid killing effect by MOM was noted after treatment with suboptimal doses of cell wall-affecting antibiotics such as polymyxin B, carbenicillin, dibekacin or fosfomycin. Incorporation of [14C]MOM into intact P. aeruginosa cells was not significant, but was apparent into L-form cells or cells pretreated with cell wall-affecting antibiotics. The incorporated radioactivity was found in the 70 S ribosome fraction, binding with the 50 S subunits of ribosome in both cases. These results indicate that under certain conditions a macrolide antibiotic can enter the P. aeruginosa cell.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1995

The Comprehensive Assessment List for Affective Disorders (COALA): a polydiagnostic, comprehensive, and serial semistructured interview system for affective and related disorders.

This supplement describes the development and structure of the Comprehensive Assessment List of Affective Disorders (COALA) system, which was recently developed for a collaborative follow-up study of a broad spectrum of affective disorders in Japan and which consists of a series of semistructured interviews for affective and related disorders. The COALA distinguishes itself from the extant semistructured interviews by being able to provide polydiagnostic, comprehensive and serial assessments. It is polydiagnostic because it derives diagnoses according to 29 historical and modern diagnostic systems through computer algorithms. It is comprehensive because it not only depicts the symptoms profile and rates their severity according to various endogenicity indices and severity rating scales but also measures, in the psychosocial domain, the life events and their characteristics. In addition, it has sections for past illnesses and family history. It is serial because the system includes follow-up semistructured interviews that can be administered monthly and that monitor changes in the psychopathological and psychosocial features. The theoretical underpinnings of the COALA system, especially its polydiagnostic approach to a broad spectrum of affective disorders and its treatment of psychosocial factors, are discussed in view of recent proposals for the future nosological research. The findings of the interrater reliability study (n = 107) are also presented, with satisfactory to excellent results for almost all of the psychopathological and psychosocial variables, all of the composite severity ratings and most of the polydiagnostic evaluations.

Female↗
PubMed1983

The language of pain: affective descriptors of pain are a better predictor of psychological disturbance than pattern of sensory and affective descriptors.

The language used by chronic benign pain patients to characterize their pain complaint was analyzed to determine the best predictor of psychiatric disturbance. Using the 78 adjectives provided by the McGill Pain Questionnaire, the number of affective descriptors used was the best predictor of psychiatric disturbance. Addition of sensory descriptors either to augment the total number of descriptors used (magnitude) or as a pattern of sensory greater than affective or sensory less than affective failed to increase predictive strength.

Affect↗
PubMed1980

The effect of alcohol and placebo on affective reactions of social drinkers to a procedure designed to induce depressive affect anxiety and hostility.

Randomly assigned 33 males to one of three alcohol conditions: High dose (two groups), placebo, and no-dose. All Ss after drinking performed a pseudo test of intelligence. One group of high-dose Ss received feedback that indicated an extremely good performance on the intelligence task (Incentive Gain), while all other Ss received extremely poor performance scores (Incentive Loss). Analysis of pre-post feedback scores on the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List indicated differential effect of alcohol and placebo with no change of depressive affect in the two high-dose alcohol groups, but an increase in placebo Ss. Furthermore, incentive loss high-dose Ss rated themselves as significantly more intoxicated than did incentive gain high-dose Ss. The results are discussed in terms of attribution for success and failure, cognitions and depressive affect, and tension reduction models of alcoholism.

Adolescent↗