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PubMed2006

Profiles of adolescent stress: the development of the adolescent stress questionnaire (ASQ).

The importance of stress in the understanding of adolescent health and well-being is widely documented. The measurement of adolescent stress has however been subjected to sufficient methodological and conceptual criticism in recent times to warrant a concerted re-evaluation of the exercise. This study sought information on the nature of adolescent stressors, building on a previous instrument developed by the first author to ask adolescents themselves to inform the development of a pool of new items reflecting stressor experience and to advise on the wording of these items to comprehensively assess that experience. This pool of items was then administered as a self-reported questionnaire to a large sample of school-age adolescents (N>1000) together with a scale to assess the intensity of distress arising from stressor occurrence. Principal components analysis of the questionnaire yielded 10 internally reliable dimensions of adolescent stress, the nature of which were consistent with the available literature on adolescent stressor experience. Scales constructed from this PCA related positively to measures of anxiety and depression, and negatively to a measure of self-esteem, suggesting that they were valid measures of adolescent stress. Test-retest reliability was good for all scales. The resultant Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ) is therefore suggested to have potential for the measurement of adolescent stress in both research and clinical contexts.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

A longitudinal study of antisocial behaviors in early adolescence as predictors of late adolescent substance use: gender and ethnic group differences.

Data from the National Longitudinal Youth Survey (NLSY) were analyzed to study interrelationships between antisocial behaviors in early adolescence (ages 14-15) and late adolescent alcohol and drug use 4 years later (when adolescents were 18-19). Correlations between classes of antisocial behaviors in early adolescence and substance use in late adolescence were of higher magnitude and more uniform for men than for women; for women, property offenses (e.g., vandalism) in early adolescence were more highly associated with alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, and illicit drug use in late adolescence than with either status offenses or transgressions against persons. Multiple regression analyses indicated that early-adolescent substance involvement was a significant predictor of late-adolescent alcohol and drug use. Additional significant predictors included early adolescent general delinquency, male gender, and non-Black ethnicity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Adolescent obesity increases significantly in second and third generation U.S. immigrants: the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

Little is known concerning obesity patterns of ethnic subpopulations in the U.S. and the effects of acculturation on these patterns. Adolescent obesity, a major public health problem, has important health, social and economic consequences for the adolescent. The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health survey is unique in the size of the adolescent sample and in its ability to provide large representative samples of Anglo, African-American, Hispanic and Asian-American adolescents. A nationally representative sample of 13,783 adolescents was studied. Measurements of weight and height collected in the second wave of the survey were used to study adolescent obesity. Multivariate logit techniques were used to provide an understanding of the ethnic, age, gender and intergenerational patterns of adolescent obesity. Comparisons are presented between the NHANES III results and those from the Adolescent Health Survey. The smoothed version of the NHANES I 85th percentile cut-off was used for the measure of obesity in this paper. For the total sample, 26.5% were obese. The rates were as follows: white non-Hispanics, 24.2%; black non-Hispanics, 30.9%; all Hispanics, 30.4%; and all Asian-Americans, 20.6%. Important variations within the Hispanic and Asian-American subpopulations are presented. The Chinese (15.3%) and Filipino (18.5%) samples showed substantially lower obesity than non-Hispanic whites. All groups showed more obesity among males than among females, except for blacks (27.4% for males and 34.0% for females). Asian-American and Hispanic adolescents born in the U.S. are more than twice as likely to be obese as are first generation residents of the 50 states.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2006

Acculturation, parent-adolescent conflict, and adolescent adjustment in Mexican American families.

We tested an acculturation model in a community sample of Mexican American families (146 mothers, 137 fathers, and 146 adolescents) that proposed that differences between parents and adolescents in acculturation would be associated with parent-adolescent conflict and adolescent adjustment problems. Contrary to hypotheses, we found that families who exhibited an acculturation gap were not more likely to report parent-adolescent conflict or adolescent adjustment problems. In fact, familial conflict and adolescent sexual experience were associated with high levels of acculturation among adolescents and their parents. Pending replication, these findings suggest that both parent and children acculturation may independently predict familial processes and youth outcomes, irrespective of an acculturation gap. Future research should consider other factors aside from acculturation differences that might account for parent-adolescent conflict and adolescent adjustment in Mexican American families.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2001

Do early onset conduct disordered adolescents perform like brain injured or normal adolescents on cognitive tests?

In order to better understand whether adolescents with early onset conduct disorder are predisposed to this disorder because of neurological problems, the present study compared the performance of early onset conduct disordered adolescents to adolescents with left hemisphere and right hemisphere brain injuries and normal controls. It was hypothesized that adolescents with early onset conduct disorder would perform similar to adolescents with left hemisphere injury, confirming theories that neurological dysfunction may predispose children to the development of conduct disorder. Fifteen adolescents with conduct disorder were compared on a battery of cognitive tests to 12 left hemisphere brain injured, 11 right hemisphere brain injured, and 15 normal middle school adolescents. F-tests indicated that there were significant differences among the four groups on all measures (p < .01). According to a series of t-tests on each of the nine cognitive measures, there were no differences found between the early onset conduct disordered subjects and the left hemisphere subjects. The early onset conduct disordered group performed worse than the right hemisphere group on 7 of the 9 comparisons, and worse than the normals on 9 of 9 comparisons. The normal group performed better than all three of the other groups. These results demonstrate that the pattern of neuropsychological performance by early onset conduct disordered adolescents was similar to that of left hemisphere injured adolescents and different from that of the right hemisphere injured and normal adolescents. Potential applications of this research include describing new approaches to treatment of this disorder based on their similarity with the left hemisphere brain injured group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Attitudes of adolescents and parents of adolescents concerning condom advertisements on television.

The major television networks have considered airing condom advertisements. A Louis-Harris poll entitled "Attitudes About Television, Sex and Contraceptive Advertising" conducted in early 1987 concluded that at least 60% of adult Americans were in favor of such advertisements. To better understand the attitudes of adolescents and parents of adolescents in a private practice setting toward contraceptive advertisement on television, the present study was performed. Between March and June 1987, 108 parents of adolescents, 100 adolescent females, and 90 adolescent males filled out a questionnaire asking their opinions of such advertisements. Eighty-three percent of the parents, 89% of adolescent females, and 92% of adolescent males approved of such advertisements. The data suggest that a majority of adults and adolescents approve of condom advertisements on television. The use of the media to take advantage of the present opportunity to educate and promote birth control and disease prevention to our adolescent population may be beneficial.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Adolescent physical abuse: risk for adolescent psychiatric disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined whether physical abuse functions as an additional risk factor for adolescent psychopathology after other important known risk factors are controlled for. METHOD: The authors recruited 99 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years directly from the New York State Department of Social Services after official documentation of physical abuse. The abused adolescents were compared to 99 nonabused adolescents matched for age, gender, race, and community income. Diagnostic interviews and measures of selected risk factors for psychopathology were administered to the adolescents and their parents and then entered into a multiple logistic regression model testing the added risk contributed by physical abuse to adolescent psychopathology. RESULTS: Physical abuse added significantly to other risk factors in accounting for lifetime diagnoses of major depression, dysthymia, conduct disorder, drug abuse, and cigarette smoking. Physical abuse also contributed significantly to prediction of current adolescent unipolar depressive disorders, disruptive disorders, and cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Since physically abused adolescents are at greater risk for the development of psychiatric disorders, recognition of adolescent abuse and the provision of psychiatric and substance abuse services may reduce morbidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Lessons learned about adolescent nutrition from the Minnesota Adolescent Health Survey.

In 1986-1987, more than 30,000 adolescents completed the Minnesota Adolescent Health Survey, a comprehensive assessment of adolescent health status, health behaviors, and psychosocial factors. Although the survey included relatively few items on nutrition-related issues, a wealth of knowledge about adolescent nutrition was gained. Lessons learned from a decade of subsequent analyses of data collected in the survey and implications for working with youth are summarized in this article. Major concerns identified included high prevalence rates of inadequate intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products; unhealthful weight-control practices; and overweight status. For example, inadequate fruit intake was reported by 28% of the adolescents and inadequate vegetable intake was reported by 36%. Among female adolescents, 12% reported chronic dieting, 30% reported binge eating, 12% reported self-induced vomiting, and 2% reported using diuretics or laxatives. Some of the risk factors for inadequate food intake patterns or unhealthful weight-control practices included low socioeconomic status, minority status, chronic illness, poor school achievement, low family connectedness, weight dissatisfaction, overweight, homosexual orientation among male adolescents, and use of health-compromising behaviors. To improve adolescent eating behaviors, the results suggest a need for innovative outreach strategies that include educational and environmental approaches. Dietitians play a key role in developing interventions and promoting research in the field of adolescent nutrition.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trends in parent and friend influence during adolescence: the case of adolescent cigarette smoking.

A common characterization of adolescence is that parent influence decreases and friend influence increases as adolescents age. From that, we hypothesized that the association between parent and adolescent smoking decreases and the association between friend and adolescent smoking increases as adolescents become older. The hypothesis is tested with data from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Adolescent smoking is measured as progressions to more frequent smoking and as continuations from prior smoking levels. There is no support for the hypothesis, a finding consistent with the earlier panel study that tested it. The age-specific findings are discussed in the context of programs designed to influence adolescent cigarette smoking and why the hypothesis that drove this study was not confirmed. Among supplementary findings reported is that adolescent smoking is more influenced by friend smoking than by parent smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family matters: how mothers of adolescent parents experience adolescent pregnancy and parenting.

Family support has been demonstrated to be essential for successful long-term outcomes of low-income, African American adolescent mothers and their children [Apfel, N., & Seitz, V. (1996). Urban girls: Resisting stereotypes, creating identities. NY: New York University Press]. Family support may also be essential for the continued paternal involvement of unmarried, low-income, African American adolescent fathers. Twenty mothers of unmarried, low-income, African American adolescent parents were individually interviewed for this qualitative study to describe the experiences of paternal grandmothers (mothers of adolescent fathers) and maternal grandmothers (mothers of adolescent mothers) during transition to fatherhood for unmarried, low-income, African American adolescent fathers. Findings are presented according to the six factors of transition conditions from the nursing model of transitions [Schumacher, K., & Meleis, A. I. (1994). Image, 26, 119-127]: meanings, expectations, level of knowledge and skill, the environment, level of planning, and emotional and physical well-being. Findings indicate that transition to parenthood and grandparenthood is often abrupt and complicated for unmarried, low-income, African American adolescent parents and their families. Paternal and maternal grandmothers continue to act as primary parents for their adolescents while compensating for the lack of skills and attributes for the adolescents' children. Findings from this study can be used to design developmentally and culturally appropriate health care interventions that can support these families during this complex process.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Adolescent personality disorders associated with violence and criminal behavior during adolescence and early adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: A community-based, longitudinal prospective study was conducted to investigate whether personality disorders during adolescence are associated with elevated risk for violent behavior during adolescence and early adulthood. METHOD: A community-based sample of 717 youths from upstate New York and their mothers were interviewed in 1983, 1985-1986, and 1991-1993. Axis I and II disorders were assessed in 1983 and 1985-1986. Antisocial personality disorder was not assessed because most participants were less than 18 years of age in 1983 and 1985-1986. Violent behavior was assessed in 1985-1986 and 1991-1993. RESULTS: Adolescents with a greater number of DSM-IV cluster A or cluster B personality disorder symptoms were more likely than other adolescents in the community to commit violent acts during adolescence and early adulthood, including arson, assault, breaking and entering, initiating physical fights, robbery, and threats to injure others. These associations remained significant after controlling for the youths' age and sex, for parental psychopathology and socioeconomic status, and for co-occurring psychiatric disorders during adolescence. Paranoid, narcissistic, and passive-aggressive personality disorder symptoms during adolescence were independently associated with risk for violent acts and criminal behavior during adolescence and early adulthood after the covariates were controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Cluster A and cluster B personality disorders and paranoid, narcissistic, and passive-aggressive personality disorder symptoms during adolescence may increase risk for violent behavior that persists into early adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Programming for adolescent health and development. Report of a WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Study Group on Programming for Adolescent Health.

One in every five persons is an adolescent (10-19 years of age). What happens, or does not happen, during the second decade of life has implications that last throughout a lifetime and affect both individual and public health. What sets adolescents apart from children is the increasing autonomy they demonstrate. Their own decisions, behaviours and relationships increasingly determine their health and development. Moreover, adolescence brings with it expanded capacities--for abstract thought and contemplating the future, for empathy and idealism, for critical thought including the questioning of self and others, and for reproduction. Yet the use of these new capacities is dependent on the environment in which adolescents live. So while adolescents display more self-reliance than children, they lack the status and resources of adults. Indeed, they are often dependent on adults to meet many of their basic needs. The consolidation of knowledge and experience acquired through the WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Study Group on Programming for Adolescent Health is presented in this report. Verified by research, the report describes the guiding concepts and major interventions that are necessary components for country programming for adolescent health and development. The report asserts the value of addressing the health and development of adolescents simultaneously. It indicates the emerging evidence that actions to meet adolescents' needs for development also discourage them from adopting high-risk behaviours and protect them from the situations that lead to the major health problems. The report is illustrated by examples of programming efforts from around the world.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Programming for adolescent health and development. Report of a WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Study Group on Programming for Adolescent Health.

One in every five persons is an adolescent (10-19 years of age). What happens, or does not happen, during the second decade of life has implications that last throughout a lifetime and affect both individual and public health. What sets adolescents apart from children is the increasing autonomy they demonstrate. Their own decisions, behaviours and relationships increasingly determine their health and development. Moreover, adolescence brings with it expanded capacities--for abstract thought and contemplating the future, for empathy and idealism, for critical thought including the questioning of self and others, and for reproduction. Yet the use of these new capacities is dependent on the environment in which adolescents live. So while adolescents display more self-reliance than children, they lack the status and resources of adults. Indeed, they are often dependent on adults to meet many of their basic needs. The consolidation of knowledge and experience acquired through the WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Study Group on Programming for Adolescent Health is presented in this report. Verified by research, the report describes the guiding concepts and major interventions that are necessary components for country programming for adolescent health and development. The report asserts the value of addressing the health and development of adolescents simultaneously. It indicates the emerging evidence that actions to meet adolescents' needs for development also discourage them from adopting high-risk behaviours and protect them from the situations that lead to the major health problems. The report is illustrated by examples of programming efforts from around the world.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Factors related to adolescents' perceptions of treatment outcomes in an adolescent health clinic.

To determine factors related to adolescents' perceived treatment outcomes of their health problems in an adolescent health clinic located at a college hospital, 246 adolescent patients between the ages of 11 and 21 who visited the clinic twice or more during the period January 1994 to December 1995 were included in this study. Information concerning adolescents' sociodemographic characteristics, family function, office visits and health problems of first visits was collected by reviewing subjects' medical and other clinic-related records. In addition, a structured questionnaire was mailed to assess subjects' satisfaction with physicians and the environment and services provided by the clinic as well as their perceived treatment outcomes. 148 patients completed the questionnaire, a response rate of 60.2%. Most of the respondents were in late-stage adolescence (71.0%) and were in school (71.0%). About half of respondents had normal family function, while the other half had moderate or severe family dysfunction. Most of the health problems of respondents were acute (64.2%) and were biological (76.4%) conditions. Most of the respondents were satisfied with the various characteristics of physicians except confidentiality emphasized by the physicians, while many fewer respondents were satisfied with the environment and services provided by the clinic. Family function, physicians' respect toward the adolescents, and the adolescents' satisfaction with the services provided in general were the factors significantly related to adolescents' perceived treatment outcomes based on a stepwise, multiple logistic regression analysis. We conclude that efforts to provided could result in better adolescent perceived treatment outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The role of parental and peer support in adolescents well-being: a comparison of adolescents with and without a visual impairment.

In the present study we examined the importance of parental and peer support for well-being of adolescents with and without a visual impairment. The sample included 178 adolescents who are blind or visually impaired and 338 adolescents without visual impairments. Peer and parental support proved to be important for well-being of both adolescents with a visual impairment and sighted adolescents. Whereas in the group of adolescents with a visual impairment, a positive linear relationship exists between peer support and well-being, in the group of adolescents without an impairment well-being appears not be affected by peer support. Parental support is more strongly related to well-being of adolescents without impairments than of adolescents who are blind or visually impaired.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Consistency between adolescent reports and adult retrospective reports of adolescent marijuana use: explanations of inconsistent reporting among an African American population.

Drug use trends are typically monitored by surveys of retrospective self-reports of drug use; yet we know little about the consistency of reports made across the life course. This study examines the consistency of marijuana self-reports from adolescence and adulthood and what characterizes inconsistent reporting among a cohort of African American first graders followed longitudinally from age 6 to 32 (N=599, 51% female). Self-reported lifetime adolescent marijuana use (ages 16-17) and retrospective reports at age 32 were combined to categorize respondents as consistent reporters of nonuse (22%), consistent reporters of use (42%), adult recanters (19%), adolescent underreporters (8%), and inconsistent reporters of age of initiation (9%). Overall, about 64% of the population were consistent in their reports of adolescent marijuana use from adolescence to age 32. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that recanters reported less marijuana use as adolescents, lower parental supervision during adolescence, lower deviant behavior as an adult, and stronger anti-drug values as adults than did consistent reporters. Adolescent underreporters reported less assault behaviors and less alcohol use as adolescents and had lower first grade math achievement than consistent reporters. Family background, depression, criminal arrests, and the field conditions of the interview were not related to inconsistent reporting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Adolescent occupational exposures and pediatric-adolescent take-home exposures.

Thousands of adolescents are employed and routinely incur occupational exposures as part of their work. Case reports of adolescent exposure-related fatalities and illness, coupled with observational studies of chemical and other exposures with potential health risks, create a strong case for better tracking of work-related exposures and illness, better training for all working adolescents, education of their parents about risks, more clinical involvement in the health and safety of working adolescents, and advocacy for safer adolescent work environments. Because adolescents are neither children nor adults, much research is needed to clarify exposure patterns and risks; however, existing data on adolescent occupational injury and knowledge of exposures to adults in similar work environments permit immediate interventions. The most applicable information from the growing knowledge of environmental health in young children also can be borrowed and applied, especially to younger workers, such as those on farms, who may be children rather than adolescents. Crucial to future protection of working youth from occupational exposures are application of knowledge that already is possessed about occupational risks to adults, a cultural change in the way the US population views risks of chemical exposures, and improved occupational health and safety protection for all adult workers. Improving occupational health for working adolescents may be more politically acceptable and thus feasible than starting with adults, but ultimately the two are linked inextricably. These are new realms for pediatricians, but pediatrician input is needed greatly on all of these levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Development of adolescent self-report measures from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

PURPOSE: To present a set of multi-item indicators and associated reliability estimates derived from early research with survey data from adolescents participating in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). METHODS: Add Health provides information on the health and health-related behaviors of a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents, as well as on individual-level and contextual factors that either promote young peoples' health or increase their health risk. Specifically, the 135-page in-home adolescent survey instrument includes multiple items intended to measure individual-level and social-environmental constructs relevant to adolescent health and well-being. This article details the development of a set of multi-item scales and indices from Add Health in-home adolescent survey data. These steps include identification of inconsistent responders, use of a split-halves approach to measurement validation, and use of a deductive approach in the development of scales and item composites. RESULTS: Estimates of internal consistency reliability suggest that many of the multi-item measures have acceptable levels of internal consistency across grade, gender, and race/ethnic groups included in this nationally representative sample of adolescents. In addition, moderate to high bivariate correlations between selected measures provide initial evidence of underlying latent constructs. CONCLUSIONS: This article provides adolescent health researchers with a set of methodologic procedures and measures developed in early research on the Add Health core adolescent data set.

Adolescent↗