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PubMed2001

Efficacy of the full and abbreviated forms of the Portland Digit Recognition Test: vulnerability to coaching.

The present study compared the efficacy of the abbreviated and the full scale PDRT in simulated malingerers and effortful controls. A total of 80 undergraduates were randomly assigned to normal effort, naïve simulators, informed simulators, and simulators with information and warning about malingering detection groups. Comparison shows abbreviated forms are superior to the full scale PDRT at detecting malingerers. The conservative abbreviated form detected 80% of the Naïve and Informed malingerers and 35% of the Warned. Warned Simulators were overall better at avoiding detection than Naïve or Informed Simulators.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Safety and cost-containment data that advocate abbreviated pretransfusion testing.

Abbreviated pretransfusion testing, although permitted by American Association of Blood Banks Standards for unimmunized patients, is not widely practiced. Concerns remain about optimal antibody screening methods, antibodies missed by deleting the antiglobulin crossmatch, and cost-effectiveness. The authors prospectively tested 3,380 serum samples for blood type, antibody screen, and antiglobulin crossmatch. Antibody screens for 2,000 samples, performed with the use of a two-cell screen, were compared with 1,380 samples studied with a three-cell screen. Also, all 3,380 sera had major crossmatches performed carried through the antiglobulin phase. Two and three screening cells gave comparable results, with 5.45% of patients tested by two-cell and 5.22% by three-cell screens having a positive antibody screen. Of those with negative screens, 0.5% screened by two-cell screens and 0.8% by three-cell screens had a positive major crossmatch. Among these (negative antibody screen, positive crossmatch), only 0.03% (1 of 3.380) had a clinically significant alloantibody (anti-Kpa); 0.27% (9 of 3,380) had antiglobulin crossmatch positive with polyspecific antisera but negative with anti-IgG; and 0.12% (4 of 3,380) had positive crossmatch because of passive anti-A. By cost accounting of labor and reagents, 84 per unit would be saved using abbreviated versus complete pretransfusion testing. Blood banks now performing complete pretransfusion testing should reconsider abbreviated crossmatching for unimmunized patients as a safe, efficacious means of cost-containment.

Blood Grouping and Crossmatching↗
PubMed1985

Genetic control of immunity to Nematospiroides dubius: a 9-day anthelmintic abbreviated immunizing regime which separates weak and strong responder strains of mice.

Experiments were designed to re-examine the variables which influence the ability of single primary infections to elicit acquired immunity to Nematospiroides dubius, in particular the importance of the presence or absence of adult worms, as these are known to exert immunomodulatory effects. Briefly, anthelmintic abbreviated infections were considerably more effective at eliciting acquired immunity than longer infections in which adult worms were allowed to reside in the intestine. A 9-day anthelmintic abbreviated infection was extremely effective at stimulation of acquired immunity in NIH mice and very few immunising infection larvae were required. Immunity to subsequent reinfection developed rapidly after the primary infection worms had been eliminated; by day 21 post-infection, the mice were almost totally immune. Abbreviated infections were used to examine the capacity of a number of mouse strains to develop immunity to reinfection. Strains of mice were chosen to allow the effects of MHC linked and non-MHC linked (background) genes to be identified. CBA and C3H strains (both H-2k) were found to be weak responders to N. dubius. B10G (H-2q) mice responded better than C57Bl/10 (H-2b), although these strains have identical background genes. DBA/2 mice were stronger responders compared to BALB/c mice, both strains sharing a common MHC haplotype (H-2d). (NIH X B10G) F1 mice (H-2q) were better responders than either of the parental strains. Several mouse strains all sharing the H-2q haplotype were particularly effective at developing immunity to N. dubius, as were also SJL mice which were the sole representatives of the H-2s haplotype, in the present study. The results established that the response phenotype is influenced by both background and MHC genes and demonstrated gene complementation in the capacity of mice to acquire immunity to N. dubius.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of a shortened version of the Abbreviated Mental Test in a series of elderly patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a shortened version of the Abbreviated Mental Test is as effective as the Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) itself in assessing cognition in elderly patients. DESIGN: A shortened four-item version of the Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT4) was constructed using the following items: (1) Age, (2) Date of birth, (3) Place, and (4) Year, with impaired cognition indicated by an AMT4 score of less than four. Patients were assessed with the AMT. The AMT4 scores were then determined and matched against AMT scores. The performance of all 210 possible four-item combinations derivable from the AMT was assessed and ranked according to predictive efficiency (the percentage of patients whose cognition as judged by the AMT was correctly categorized by each four-item combination). SETTING: Inner-city teaching hospital. SUBJECT: Two hundred consecutive elderly patients seen on domiciliary visits, in the clinic or as orthogeriatric referrals. RESULTS: The AMT4 score showed a statistically significant correlation with AMT score (Somers' d statistic 0.90: p < 0.001). The AMT4 had a predictive efficiency of 91% and ranked 7 = /210 possible four-item combinations. CONCLUSIONS: The AMT4 may be useful in the initial assessment of cognition in elderly patients, with little loss of accuracy in detecting marked cognitive impairment when compared to the AMT.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Development of abbreviated measures to assess patient trust in a physician, a health insurer, and the medical profession.

BACKGROUND: Despite the recent proliferation in research on patient trust, it is seldom a primary outcome, and is often a peripheral area of interest. The length of our original scales to measure trust may limit their use because of the practical needs to minimize both respondent burden and research cost. The objective of this study was to develop three abbreviated scales to measure trust in: (1) a physician, (2) a health insurer, and (3) the medical profession. METHODS: Data from two samples were used. The first was a telephone survey of English-speaking adults in the United States (N = 1117) and the second was a telephone survey of English-speaking adults residing in North Carolina who were members of a health maintenance organization (N = 1024). Data were analyzed to examine data completeness, scaling assumptions, internal consistency properties, and factor structure. RESULTS: Abbreviated measures (5-items) were developed for each of the three scales. Cronbach's alpha was 0.87 for trust in a physician (test-retest reliability = 0.71), 0.84 for trust in a health insurer (test-retest reliability = 0.73), and 0.77 for trust in the medical profession. CONCLUSION: Assessment of data completeness, scale score dispersion characteristics, reliability and validity test results all provide evidence for the soundness of the abbreviated 5-item scales.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The effects of signal salience and caffeine on performance, workload, and stress in an abbreviated vigilance task.

In 2 experiments, a 12-min computerized vigilance task was demonstrated to reproduce the vigilance decrement, high workload (NASA-TLX), and stressful character (Dundee Stress State Questionnaire) of vigilance tasks lasting 30 min or more. In Experiment 1, the abbreviated task was also shown to duplicate the signal salience effect, a major finding associated with long-duration vigilance tasks. Moreover, Experiment 2 showed that performance on the abbreviated task can be enhanced by caffeine - a drug that benefits long-duration tasks. This enhancement effect was limited to performance, however, suggesting that caffeine influences factors that control signal detection but not those that control task-induced stress. The results parallel those obtained with long-duration tasks and support a resource-depletion model of the vigilance decrement. The abbreviated task might be useful in situations in which long-duration tasks are precluded (e.g., performance assessment batteries, neuropsychological testing, and brain imaging).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Cefpodoxime proxetil. An appraisal of its use in antibacterial cost-containment programmes, as stepdown and abbreviated therapy in respiratory tract infections.

Cefpodoxime proxetil is an orally administered prodrug which is converted in vivo to the third generation cephalosporin cefpodoxime. Cefpodoxime has a similar spectrum of antibacterial activity to the parenteral cephalosporins ceftriaxone and cefotaxime and a long elimination half-life, which allows once- or twice-daily administration. Cefpodoxime proxetil has proven efficacy in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and upper respiratory tract, skin and soft tissue and urinary tract infections. It has been evaluated for use in cost-containment programmes, as stepdown (parenteral-to-oral conversion) therapy in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and as abbreviated therapy in upper respiratory tract infections. Substituting oral for parenteral therapy can achieve considerable savings (in acquisition, delivery and labour costs). Moreover, oral administration has advantages for the patient in terms of comfort and mobility, avoids the hazards of parenteral delivery and may allow earlier discharge from hospital, or even allow home treatment from the outset in low-risk patients. As hospitalisation is usually the major cost component in treating serious infections, considerable savings can be made in this way. Pharmacy-driven stepdown programmes in 2 US hospitals have achieved cost savings by targeting patients with community-acquired pneumonia for early conversion from intravenous ceftriaxone therapy to oral cefpodoxime proxetil. Costs were compared with those from a control group of patients who continued to receive intravenous ceftriaxone until physicians deemed that oral therapy (with various agents) was appropriate. In one study, duration of parenteral therapy in the cefpodoxime proxetil group was reduced from 6.18 to 3.82 days and duration of hospitalisation was reduced from 10.06 to 6.23 days (p < 0.02), with corresponding hospitalisation cost reductions of $US7300 per patient. However, clinical trial data relating to the efficacy of cefpodoxime proxetil as stepdown therapy in patients initially requiring parenteral antibacterials are lacking. Abbreviated (4-to 7-day) cephalosporin regimens appear to be as effective as traditional 10-day penicillin regimens in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. Short regimens may improve patient compliance and tolerability, thereby reducing the costs of adverse effects and treatment failures. Data from preliminary clinical studies suggest that a 5-day course of cefpodoxime proxetil is as effective as an 8-day course of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in treating either acute otitis media or sinusitis, and as effective as a 10-day course of amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid and more effective than a 10-day course of phenoxymethyl- penicillin in the treatment of pharyngotonsillitis. Cefpodoxime proxetil tended to be better tolerated and was associated with better compliance than penicillin-based regimens. Indeed, a pharmacoeconomic study showed that a 10-day regimen of cefpodoxime proxetil was associated with lower costs for treating adverse effects and treatment failures than a 10-day regimen of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. A 5-day course of cefpodoxime proxetil had a lower cost per patient treated per month free of recurrence than a 10-day course of phenoxymethylpenicillin (non-generic) or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of recurrent pharyngotonsillitis. Thus, evidence to date suggests that cefpodoxime proxetil has potential for use as stepdown therapy in community-acquired pneumonia and in abbreviated therapy courses in upper respiratory tract infections. These preliminary observations require confirmation in well designed studies.

Ceftizoxime↗
PubMed2004

[In what case can we abbreviate mediastinal lymph nodes dissection of peripheral small-sized lung cancer?].

UNLABELLED: We analyzed 723 cases of non small cell lung cancer (459 adenocarcinomas and 264 squamous cell carcinomas) from the view point of lymph nodes metastases, according to histological type, location of cancer and tumor size. METHOD: Histological type was adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. Location was divided into 8 areas [right side; 4 areas, upper lobe (RUL)/middle lobe (RML)/S6 (RS6)/basal segment of lower lobe (RBS): left side; 4 areas, upper division of upper lobe (LUD)/lingula (LLS)/S6 (LS6)/Basal segment of lower lobe (LBS)]. Tumor size was divided by centimeters, namely 0.0-1.0 cm, 1.1-2.0 cm, 2.1-3.0 cm, etc.. RESULTS: Safety size of lung cancer in which we can abbreviate mediastinal lymph nodes dissection was as follows. In adenocarcinoma, in RUL/RML/RBS 1.0 cm, in RS6 2.0 cm, in LUD 1.0 cm, in LLS/LS6/LBS 2.0 cm. In squamous cell carcinoma, in RUL 1.0 cm, in RML/RS6/RBS 2.0 cm, in LUD 1.0 cm, in LLS/LS6/LBS 2.0 cm. CONCLUSION: In 1.0 cm or smaller non small cell lung cancer we might abbreviate mediastinal lymph nodes dissection. Moreover, in squamous cell carcinoma of (RML, LLS, right or left lower lobe) of 2.0 cm or smaller size, we might abbreviate mediastinal lymph nodes dissection.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

[Evaluation of "hidden" renal insufficiency by abbreviated-MDRD equation].

BACKGROUND: Early detection of renal insufficiency (RI) allows to start therapies in order to slow renal disease progression and modify associated risk factors. Serum creatinine (Cr) is not a good marker of renal insufficiency. Some patients with significant renal failure can show Cr values in the normal range. Cr derived equations can help us to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) more precisely. The aim of this study has been to know the utility of abbreviated-MDRD equation to detect "hidden" (non detected by Cr) renal insufficiency in patients attending general practices. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with blood samples attending general practices in two localities were studied during one year. In all, one thousand patients were included. Collected data were: age, sex, creatinine, haemoglobin, previous diagnosis of arterial hypertension or diabetes mellitus and chronic abuse of analgesic. Abbreviated MDRD equation was used to know GFR. "Hidden" RI was defined when GFR was lower than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and Cr was in the normal range. RESULTS: 104 (10.4%) patients showed "hidden" RI. Patients with "hidden" RI were older (70.7 +/- 12.5 vs. 52.4 +/- 18.6 years, p < 0.001), were more frequently women (86.5% vs 62.4%, p < 0.001) and hypertensive (46.1% vs. 23.6%, p < 0.001) and showed lower levels of haemoglobin (13.8 +/- 1.3 vs 14.2 +/- 1.3 g/dl, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients attending general practices abbreviated-MDRD allows to recognise a significant number of patients with "hidden" renal insufficiency, but with normal range creatinine. Patientes with "hidden" renal insufficiency are more frequently older, women and hypertensive.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Abbreviated kinetic profiles in area-under-the-curve monitoring of cyclosporine therapy.

Abbreviated kinetic profiles can reduce the number of phlebotomies and drug assays, and thereby the cost of area-under-the-curve (AUC) monitoring. In the present investigation, we used two independent data sets: group 1, 101 AUC profiles from 77 stable renal-transplant patients, which included a 5-h sample in addition to the usual 0-, 2-, 4-, 6-, 10-, 14-, and 24-h samples; and group 2, 100 profiles from 50 stable renal-transplant patients before and after a change in their daily oral dose of cyclosporine. Group I demonstrated a fair correlation between cyclosporine trough concentrations and the AUC calculated from a complete set of seven concentrations (r2 = 0.820 and 0.758 for the 24- and 0-h samples, respectively). Stepwise multiple linear-regression analysis revealed that the abbreviated set of three time points (2, 6, and 14 h) explained 96% of the variance in AUC values calculated from the full set of seven samples; additional time points increased the accuracy only slightly. For group 2, we examined the difference between the observed and the predicted concentrations by linear extrapolation; the error in the observed AUC value, compared with the predicted value calculated from seven time points (-13.2% to -1.2%), was similar to the error from just three time points (-11.5% to 4.5%). Abbreviated AUC profiles involving three time points used with a model equation seem to provide a reliable alternative to full seven-point profiles.

Cyclosporine↗
PubMed1987

Abbreviated antibiotic therapy for the treatment of postpartum endometritis.

Standard antimicrobial therapy for postpartum endometritis usually consists of several days of intravenous antibiotics followed by up to ten days of oral therapy. In an effort to decrease the length of hospitalization and duration of antibiotic use, 54 patients were placed on an abbreviated antibiotic protocol. Therapy consisted of intravenous gentamicin and clindamycin until the patient's temperature remained lower than 99.5F for 24 hours, at which time intravenous antibiotics were discontinued and the patient was discharged immediately without oral medication. No morbidity secondary to the abbreviated regimen was observed. Further, the duration of hospitalization and antibiotic therapy of the study group were significantly shorter than similar data from a group of historic controls. These observations suggest that an abbreviated course of antibiotics, based upon the patient's "therapeutic response," may be a safe and cost-effective alternative to the currently practiced therapeutic regimen.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The abbreviated 2-1-1 schedule of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccination for rabies postexposure treatment.

During August 1988 to January 1990, the immunogenicity and safety of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (PCEC) given by the conventional and abbreviated regimens in 82 vaccinees moderately to severely exposed to laboratory proven rabid animals were studied. The 16 vaccinees received PCEC six doses as conventional schedule on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90, the 11 vaccinees received six doses of PCEC plus human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) on day 0. The 29 vaccinees received an abbreviated schedule of PCEC as two doses on day 0, one dose each on days 7 and 21 and the 26 cases received PCEC abbreviated schedule plus HRIG on day 0. The kinetics of the neutralizing antibodies on days 0, 7, 14, 28, 56, 180 and 365 were studied for comparative purpose. All vaccinees had high antibody levels from day 14 which last longer than a year and were safe after one year follow up. The adverse reactions of the vaccine were mild and self-limited.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A new classification of ophthalmic disorders with standardized ophthalmic abbreviations.

A classification of ocular disorders has been developed that is both comprehensive and easy to use. Each disorder was assigned a unique abbreviation and cross referenced to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition (ICD-9). Ophthalmic procedures, medications, and other terms were similarly standardized and abbreviated. The result is a system of ophthalmic terminology that improves the quality of the medical record, facilitates ICD-9 coding, and makes computer data entry faster and more accurate. The system is published as a standard text with companion handbook. A computer program that uses the system also has been developed.

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed2006

AAC menu interface: effectiveness of active versus passive learning to master abbreviation-expansion codes.

This study investigated the accuracy with which 30 young adults without disabilities learned abbreviation expansion codes associated with specific vocabulary items that were stored in an AAC device with two accessing methods: mouse access and keyboard access. Both accessing methods utilized a specialized computer application, called AAC Menu, which allowed for errorless practice. Mouse access prompted passive learning, whereas keyboard access prompted active learning. Results revealed that participants who accessed words via a keyboard demonstrated significantly higher mastery of abbreviation-expansion codes than those who accessed words via a computer mouse.

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed2004

SaRAD: a Simple and Robust Abbreviation Dictionary.

MOTIVATION: Due to recent interest in the use of textual material to augment traditional experiments it has become necessary to automatically cluster, classify and filter natural language information. RESULTS: The Simple and Robust Abbreviation Dictionary (SaRAD) provides an easy to implement, high performance tool for the construction of a biomedical symbol dictionary. The algorithms, applied to the MEDLINE document set, result in a high quality dictionary and toolset to disambiguate abbreviation symbols automatically.

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed1999

Abbreviated injury scale unification: the case for a unified injury system for global use.

BACKGROUND: The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), developed by the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine is the most widely used anatomic injury severity scale in the world (Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. The Abbreviated Injury Scale; 1985 and 1990 revisions. Des Plaines, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine). However, different user groups have modified the AIS system to fit their needs, and these modifications prevent ready comparison and trending of data collected in these systems in the United States and throughout the world. The United States currently has five AIS-based severity systems and two AIS-based impairment systems in use, with additional revisions forthcoming. Other modified AIS systems are known to be in use in the United Kingdom and Japan. The data collected in these systems cannot be accurately combined or compared without re-coding or the use of complex "mapping" methodologies. Furthermore, the expanding use of data linked from multiple databases to answer complex medical, engineering, or policy issues emphasizes the need for coordination between severity and other injury systems. Linkage of state-wide motor vehicle crash data with data from hospital injury classification systems, mortality files, trauma registry, and national crash databases brings into immediate focus the lack of well defined relationships between the severity coding systems and these other widely used injury systems (Mango N, Garthe E. SAE Congress, February, 1998; Johnson, S, Walker, J. NHTSA Technical Report. DOT HS 808 338, Washington, DC: NHTSA; January, 1996). With the expanding use of linked data in state and national policy decisions, it is vital that consistent standards for injury descriptions, severities, and impairments be available for clinical, engineering, and policy users. METHODS: This paper compares five anatomic severity systems and two impairment systems in terms of purpose, code structure, and use and discusses the reasons for the differences between these systems. With global "harmonization" encouraging greater sharing of international data, the paper also presents the relationship of the severity and impairment systems to US morbidity and reimbursement and worldwide mortality classification systems. RESULTS: To resolve compatibility issues resulting from multiple injury systems, the authors propose that a "unified" system for global use be developed, configured by inputs from major "data owners," users, and analysts. The proposed unified system has six key attributes: backward compatibility with historical data through "maps" so no data are lost; "scalability" to allow a simple level of use for developing countries, a more complex level for crash research and a detailed level for clinical hospital use, all with data compatibility; the ability to satisfy the needs of the engineering community for injury location information and aspect, and also the clinical requirement for precise injury description; inherent integration with whole body severity scores to permit easy computation; compatibility with other injury data systems such as mortality, morbidity, and reimbursement systems; and a mechanism and process to maintain and upgrade the system into the 21st century. CONCLUSION: The authors believe that a "unified" injury system is a necessary and crucial advance from the currently fragmented injury system situation. Unified data can provide a pool of consistent international data to support a variety of important research and prevention and treatment efforts and is essential to satisfy the global needs of the medical and engineering communities.

Abbreviated Injury Scale↗
PubMed2005

The Knee Society system of standardized abbreviations for surgery of the arthritic knee.

A new standardized system of abbreviations has been adopted by the Knee Society to bring clarity and brevity to scientific reports involving the arthritic knee. This system works by using a set of core abbreviations that are modified with prefixes, suffixes, and superscript notations to indicate succinctly the surgical approach, the procedure used, and the type of prosthesis implanted.

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed2003

A simple algorithm for identifying abbreviation definitions in biomedical text.

The volume of biomedical text is growing at a fast rate, creating challenges for humans and computer systems alike. One of these challenges arises from the frequent use of novel abbreviations in these texts, thus requiring that biomedical lexical ontologies be continually updated. In this paper we show that the problem of identifying abbreviations' definitions can be solved with a much simpler algorithm than that proposed by other research efforts. The algorithm achieves 96% precision and 82% recall on a standard test collection, which is at least as good as existing approaches. It also achieves 95% precision and 82% recall on another, larger test set. A notable advantage of the algorithm is that, unlike other approaches, it does not require any training data.

Abbreviations as Topic↗