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PubMed1993

Prevalence of brucellosis among abattoir workers in Saudi Arabia.

The prevalence of brucellosis among abattoir workers in Saudi Arabia was determined through a randomised multi-stage sampling of 1200 abattoir workers. Diagnosis was made by both blood culture and standard tube agglutination test. The overall prevalence of brucellosis was 4.0% among abattoir workers. Infection was more common among butchers (8.9%), veterinarians and veterinary assistants (5.4%), and administrative personnel (1.1%). In order to reach optimum planning for a national brucellosis control programme in Saudi Arabia, ministerial co-ordination should be established with formulation of inter-governmental veterinary agreements between the Saudi government and the relevant authorities of animal exporting countries. A national survey on animal marketing is required.

Abattoirs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Survey of chicken abattoir for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli.

The genus Campylobacter is of great importance to public health because it includes several species that may cause diarrhea. These species may be found in water, food and in the intestinal tract of chickens. This study investigated the presence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken abattoirs in São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 288 samples of feces, feathers, scald water, evisceration water, chiller water, and the rinse water of eviscerated, not eviscerated and chilled carcasses were collected in six chicken abattoirs. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed in Campylobacter spp.-positive isolates using the gene HIP, specific for hippuricase enzyme from Campylobacter jejuni and aspartokinase gene, specific to detect Campylobacter coli. The percentage of positive isolates of Campylobacter jejuni was 4.9% (14/288). Isolation was greater in feces samples (22%, 8/36). One sample was positive for the species C. coli. In conclusion, the results indicate that it is necessary to improve quality control for Campylobacter spp. in chicken abattoirs.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2004

Spread of marker bacteria from the hides of cattle in a simulated livestock market and at an abattoir.

The spread of microbial contamination on the hides of beef was investigated at two stages in the meat chain: (i) in a simulated livestock market ("the market") using 33 animals, and (ii) in the unloading-to-skinning area of a commercial abattoir using 18 animals. At both stages, harmless bacterial markers (nalidixic acid-resistant Escherichia coli K-12; rifampicin- and nalidixic acid-resistant Pseudomonas fluorescens; and a tetracycline-resistant E. coli) were inoculated on the hides of a small number of selected animals, and their transfer to other animals and the environment was examined. At the market, the initial prevalence of animals positive for the hide markers (9.1% in each phase) introduced in the presale pen, sale ring, and postsale pen changed to 39.4, 15.1, and 54.5%, respectively, by the end of the market process. In addition, widespread contamination of the market environment with the hide markers was observed. At the abattoir, the initial prevalence of animals positive for the hide marker (11.1%) inoculated at unloading increased to 100% (hide before skinning) and 88.8% (skinned carcass). In addition, another marker inoculated on environmental surfaces in lairage pens, races, and stunning box was detected on 83.3% (hide before skinning) and 88.8% (skinned carcass). These results, although obtained with a relatively small number of animals, demonstrate that both the livestock market process and the unloading-to-skinning process at abattoirs can facilitate the extensive spread of microbial contamination on hides not just within, but also between, batches of animals.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

Presence of Salmonella in the red meat abattoir lairage after routine cleansing and disinfection and on carcasses.

Foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella, may remain in abattoir lairages after cleansing and pose a risk of transfer and contamination from one processing day to the next. These organisms may be transferred to the outer surface of animals held in lairage facilities, and the skin or hide may be a significant source of microbial contamination on the red meat carcasses subsequently produced. Sponge samples were taken from various sites in the lairage (n = 556), and single-pass sponge samples were taken from one side of red meat carcasses (n = 1,050) at five commercial abattoirs in Southwest England and tested for the presence of Salmonella. Of these, 6.5% of lairage samples were positive, containing estimated numbers of up to 10(4) Salmonella organisms per sampled area (50 by 50 cm). Salmonella was found on 9.6% of 240 lamb carcasses, 12.7% of 330 beef carcasses, 31% of 70 pig carcasses, 20% of 80 calf carcasses younger than 14 days of age, and none of 330 cull cow and bull carcasses. Subtyping divided the 137 isolates into seven serogroups and three pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clusters, and sensitivity testing against a bank of 16 antimicrobials indicated that 47 isolates had resistance to one or more antimicrobial agents. These results indicate that Salmonella contamination can persist in the lairage environment from one processing day to the next and that Salmonella is present on red meat carcasses, although the implications of residual lairage contamination on carcass meat microbiology are not clear from this study. Abattoir owners should take steps to reduce the level of contamination in their premises to prevent contamination from being carried over from one processing day to the next.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2001

Cloned transgenic offspring resulting from somatic cell nuclear transfer in the goat: oocytes derived from both follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated and nonstimulated abattoir-derived ovaries.

The use of nuclear transfer (NT) techniques to create transgenic offspring capable of producing valuable proteins may have a major impact on the pharmaceutical market. Our objective was to compare the in vivo developmental potential of NT embryos produced from the fusion of transgenic donor cells with cytoplasts prepared from either FSH-stimulated ovaries or nonstimulated abattoir-derived ovaries. Donor cells were prepared from a transgenic fetus carrying the gene for human antithrombin III as a marker and used within four to eight subpassages. Cells were serum deprived for 4 days prior to cytoplast transfer. Oocytes were enucleated by removing the metaphase plate using a DNA stain and epifluorescent illumination. Donor cells were fused to enucleated oocytes by electric pulse and then chemically activated. There was no difference in the number of transferable embryos produced from cytoplasts of FSH-stimulated ovaries or from the fusion of cytoplasts from abattoir ovaries, nor was there a difference in the number of pregnancies established per recipient with either treatment. All pregnancies from both groups culminated in the births of healthy female kids (five total). To our knowledge, this is the first report of cloned goats produced from NT using cytoplasts derived from abattoir ovaries.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Cancer mortality among workers in abattoirs and meatpacking plants: an update.

Workers in abattoirs and meatpacking plants have potential for exposure to bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and bovine papilloma viruses (BPV), which are oncogenic in cattle. These workers also have increased exposure to human papilloma viruses (HPV) and certain chemical carcinogens. We investigated whether such a group showed increased risk of cancers. We report mortality results after an additional 9-year follow-up of a previously studied group of 5,522 workers in abattoirs and 4,589 workers in meatpacking plants. Excess risk of all cancers combined, cancers of the lung, buccal cavity and pharynx, esophagus, colon, bladder, kidney, and bone was observed. Since factors such as tobacco smoking, alcohol, and diet, which have known associations with some of these cancers, were not taken into account, the significance of these findings is not known, except for lung cancer, for which occupational factors are probably involved. Because some of these findings have been consistently reported before, studies that will control for confounding factors as well are now urgently needed.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1979

A survey of abattoir data in northern Nigeria.

A survey of the abattoirs in 10 selected towne in Nigeria showed that about 41.9 per cent of whole carcasses condemned between 1975 and 1977 were due to tuberculosis and 22.2 per cent to beef cysticercosis. Seventy per cent of organ condemnations, mainly of livers, were due to fascioliasis. Other major causes of organ condemnations were hydatid cysts, tuberculosis and pneumonia of various causes. An estimated 500 tonnes of meat valued at about 1.25 million Naira (US $1.8 million) are condemned each year throughout Nigeria. The use of abattoirs as monitoring stations in national animal disease eradication programmes is highlighted.

Abattoirs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An abattoir survey of female genital disorders of imported camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kano, Nigeria.

An abattoir survey of 850 female genital organs of imported camels was conducted at the Kano abattoir between October 1987 and April 1988. An incidence of 4.49% of disorders was recorded, including follicular cystic degeneration (0.12%), ovarian haemorrhagic cysts (0.47%), pyometra (0.35%), early embryonic mortality (0.12%), endometrial haemorrhages (0.47%), fetal maceration (0.12%), abscess (0.24%), vulvar tick infestation (1.77%) and cervical hypoplasia (0.12%).

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2005

Characterisation of E. coli O157 isolates from bovine hide and beef trimming in Irish abattoirs by pulsed field gel electrophoresis.

Escherichia coli O157 isolates from bovine hide (n=117) and beef trimmings (n=32) from a single abattoir were examined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Using BioNumerics software, dendrograms of isolates from each sample type (i.e. hide and beef trimming) were produced. In assessing the genetic relatedness of isolates, a similarity criterion of 80% was applied. The 117 E. coli O157 hide isolates were grouped into 14 clusters, comprising of 109 different PFGE profiles. Of the 109 different PFGE profiles, 8 were common to multiple isolates (i.e. shared 100% similarity by PFGE). The 32 E. coli O157 beef trimming isolates produced 28 different PFGE profiles and 2 clusters. Of the 28 PFGE profiles, 2 were common to multiple isolates and the remaining 26 were distinct. On a number of sampling occasions, isolates displaying identical PFGE patterns were recovered from multiple isolates collected from a single sample type (i.e. hides or trimmings), suggesting cross contamination from contaminated hides/animals to uncontaminated hides/animals and from contaminated beef trimmings to uncontaminated beef trimmings during abattoir operations.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

Identification of Salmonella spp. isolates from chicken abattoirs by multiplex-PCR.

The present study was carried out to report the occurrence Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis, and Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken abattoirs. Samples of feces; feathers; scald, evisceration, and chiller water; and rinse water of non-eviscerated, eviscerated, and chilled carcass were collected from six chicken abattoirs. Salmonella isolates were identified by a multiplex-PCR using three sets of primers targeting the invA, pefA, and sefA gene sequences from Salmonella spp., S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. Salmonella spp. was detected in 10% (29/288) of the samples, whereas serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium were identified in 62% (7/288), respectively. The results indicate the need to improve hygiene and sanitary standards in poultry slaughter lines, besides the education of food handlers and information to consumers.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2003

Bovine and buffalo in vitro embryo production using oocytes derived from abattoir ovaries or collected by transvaginal follicle aspiration.

This study was undertaken in order to evaluate the effect of oocyte source (live animals and abattoir ovaries) on subsequent embryo development in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Cow ovaries were also collected as oocyte donors for in vitro embryo production (IVEP). Three hundred thirty-eight oocytes were recovered by ovum pick up (OPU, Group A) from 8 pluriparous buffalo cows, while 1127 and 1457 oocytes were aspirated, respectively, from buffalo (Group B) and bovine (Group C) slaughterhouse ovaries. Cumulus enclosed oocytes (COCs) suitable for IVEP were in vitro matured (IVM), fertilized (IVF) and cultured (IVC) to the tight morula (Tm) and blastocyst (Bl) stage. Within buffalo species Group A had a higher Bl yield (29.7 % versus 19.9%; P<0.05) and a lower proportion of embryos arrested at Tm stage (11.1% versus 22.3%; P<0.05) than Group B. Within slaughterhouse groups cattle oocytes had a higher cleavage rate (83.9% versus 64.8%; P<0.05) and yielded 49.2% more blastocysts than buffalo. However, when data are related to the total number of cleaved oocytes, only 13.7% more blastocysts were produced in cattle than in buffalo.In conclusion, in buffalo species the source of oocytes significantly affected post-fertilization embryo development, as demonstrated by the higher Bl yields derived from OPU-derived oocytes.A higher overall IVEP efficiency, mainly related to the higher cleavage rate, was recorded in cattle compared with buffalo when ovaries from an abattoir were used as oocyte donors.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1997

Ascaris suum prevalence and intensity: an abattoir survey of market hogs in Saskatchewan.

Two surveys examining the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris suum were conducted at a Saskatchewan abattoir. In the first, 2500 livers from market weight animals were examined and scored for lesions consistent with ascarid migration. Forty-four percent displayed some degree of scarring with approximately 8% being severely damaged. In the second, both livers and intestinal contents from 500 market weight animals were examined. Seventeen percent were infected with intestinal A. suum (mean of 2.5 parasites per infected pig) and 50% had liver lesions typical of ascarid larval migration. Fifty-three percent of the animals in the second survey had some evidence of ascarid infection (adult parasites, hepatic lesions or both). The results are compared with those from a similar survey conducted in the late 1970s at the same abattoir as well as with surveys conducted elsewhere in Canada and in the UK.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1977

Cold water, ultra-high pressure cleaning of abattoirs.

Cold water (10 degrees C) at ultra-high pressure (38-5--49 kg/cm2) was compared with (a) hot water 65-6--82.2 degrees C) at low pressure (4-2--5-6 kg/cm2) and (b) hot water containing a detergent (2% (w/v) sodium silicate). Seven sites were examined in a beef abattoir and six in a bacon factor. Three surfaces in the beef abattoir had lower residual colony counts (higher reductions) after hot water/low pressure than after cold water/high pressure. However, the differences were not significant (P greater than 0-05). The range of the mean log10 count/cm2 before cleaning was 4-02-5.15, and after cleaning 1-73-2.32 (hot water) and 1-9--2-85 (cold water). On three of the remaining sites, the three methods were compared. The total differences between treatments were not significant (P greater than 0-05), although there was an effect of surface and an interaction between surface and treatment. The cold water produced lower residual counts on three sites in the bacon factory than the hot water (45--54 degrees C). However, the differences were not significant on the remaining surfaces.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1983

A minimal apparatus method for counting bacteria: comparison with reference method in surveying beef carcasses at three commercial abattoirs.

In two surveys of three commercial abattoirs a minimal apparatus method for making bacterial counts, the "loop-tile' method, detected the same trends in bacterial numbers on beef carcasses as the ISO reference method applied to the same samples. Both methods showed the carcasses from one abattoir, that with an export license, to carry consistently higher numbers of bacteria, and one of the four sites sampled on each carcass to be consistently dirtier than the other three.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1985

The generation time, lag time, and minimum temperature of growth of coliform organisms on meat, and the implications for codes of practice in abattoirs.

The growth of coliform organisms on meat tissue from sheep carcasses processed in a commercial abattoir was investigated. The results indicated that for practical purposes the minimum temperature of growth of these organisms on meat may be taken as 8 degrees C. Equations were derived relating the generation time and the lag time of coliform organisms in raw blended mutton to the temperature at which the meat is held. Estimates of growth obtained with these equations were found to agree closely with the experimental results, especially at temperatures above 10 degrees C, and allowed the generation times and the lag times for all temperatures up to 40 degrees C to be calculated. These times were also found to agree closely with the times determined using a strain of Escherichia coli inoculated into blended mutton tissue. A strain of Salmonella typhimurium inoculated in the same way into blended mutton tissue gave longer generation and lag times at temperatures below 15 degrees C. Therefore, it is believed that the calculated tables of lag and generation times included in this paper can be used to determine the length of time raw chilled meat may be held afterwards at temperatures above the minimum temperature of growth without an increase in the number of any salmonella organisms present, and these times include a safety margin at each temperature. The study indicates that the mandatory codes of practice presently applied in commercial abattoirs are too stringent. Maintaining the temperature of boning rooms at 10 degrees C or less does not appear to be necessary providing the meat is processed within the calculated time limits. A relaxation of the restrictions on boning room temperatures would decrease costs, increase worker comfort and safety and would not compromise the bacteriological safety of the meat produced.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1980

The effect of incubation temperature and site of sampling on assessment of the numbers of bacteria on red meat carcasses at commercial abattoirs.

Several sites on commercial beef, pork and lamb carcasses were sampled at the end of the slaughterline. Total viable counts (TVC) of bacteria were assessed by incubation at 37, 20 and 1 degree C in addition to presumptive coliforms (PC), Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) and faecal streptococci (FS). Statistical analyses showed consistently dirty sites within an abattoir but these sites varied from one abattoir to another. Inter-site differences were unaffected by the incubation temperature of the TVC. Numbers of PC, ENT and FS did not mimic TVC. Empirical sampling plans are proposed to detect the highest count on a carcass by bulking samples from known dirty sites. At the end of the slaughterline TVC 37 degrees C is the most useful bacteriological index.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1996

An abattoir-based study of the prevalence of subclinical Johne's disease in adult cattle in south west England.

The prevalance of subclinical Johne's disease was estimated in adult cattle slaughtered at three major abattoirs in south west England. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on IS900 was used to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in intestinal lymph nodes of 1553 cattle. Culture was also carried out on all PCR positive and inconclusive samples. The prevalence of subclinical disease in adult cattle was 3.5% (95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.6-4.7) by PCR and 2.6% (CI 1.8-3.6) by culture. The proportion of the disease in each month ranged from 1.6% (CI 0.2-5.5) in April to 4.6% (CI 2.8-6.9) in November, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The proportion of PCR positive lymph nodes in each abattoir ranged from 2.8% (CI 1.6-4.6) to 4.9% (CI 2.9-7.6), this difference was not significant either (P > 0.05). The prevalence in young cattle was 2.0% (CI 0.6-4.5). The difference between age groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1995

Antibiotic susceptibility of campylobacter isolates from sewage and poultry abattoir drain water.

In this study, the in vitro susceptibility of 209 campylobacter strains to the quinolones nalidixic acid, flumequine, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and to ampicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin was tested by the disk diffusion method. The strains were isolated from poultry abattoir effluent (DWA) and two sewage purification plants (SPA and SPB). Sewage purification plant SPA received mixed sewage, including that from a poultry abattoir, whereas SPB did not receive sewage from any meat-processing industry. The quinolone resistance of the DWA isolates ranged from 28% for enrofloxacin to 50% for nalidixic acid. The strains isolated from the sewage purification plants were more susceptible to the quinolones with a range of 11-18% quinolone resistance for SPB isolates to 17-33% quinolone resistance for SPA isolates. The susceptibility criteria as recommended by National Committee Clinical Laboratory Standards (USA) cannot readily be employed for campylobacter isolates. This investigation shows that the resistance of campylobacter bacteria is highest in the plant receiving sewage from a poultry slaughterhouse. Monitoring of antibiotic resistance of aquatic Campylobacter spp. is important, as surface waters are recognized as possible sources of infection.

Abattoirs↗