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We investigated the effects of estradiol and progesterone on placental aminopeptidase A and leucine aminopeptidase activities in pregnant rats. Estradiol (0.5, 1.0 and 2 mg/day) plus progesterone (5, 10 and 20 mg/day) was given for five days starting from the 16th day. Changes in both enzyme activities in the serum, placental cytosol and microsome caused by the steroids were analyzed. Aminopeptidase A activities in all three compartments and leucine aminopeptidase activities in the serum and cytosol were stimulated by estradiol (1.0 mg/day) plus progesterone (10 mg/day). Since we previously found that the placental aminopeptidases degrade peptide hormones, our present study suggests that steroids effect the metabolism of peptide hormones of fetal and/or maternal origin.
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OBJECTIVE: In 1996, the American Academy of Pediatrics published practice parameters for the acute management of febrile seizure. These guidelines emphasize the typically benign nature of the condition and discourage aggressive neurodiagnostic evaluation. The extent to which these suggestions have been adopted by general emergency medicine practitioners is unknown. We sought to describe recent patterns of the emergency department (ED) evaluation of febrile seizures with respect to these parameters. METHODS: A retrospective review of records of children between 6 month and 6 years of age diagnosed with "febrile seizure" (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification 780.31) at 42 community hospital general EDs nationwide was performed. Electronic records of an ED physician billing service from October 2002 to September 2003 were used to identify relevant records. Data had been entered into a proprietary template documentation system, and all charts were reviewed by a professional coder blinded to outcomes of interest. Rates of resource utilization (including lumbar puncture, radiography, hospital admission) were noted. RESULTS: A total of 1029 charts met inclusion criteria. The overall rate of lumbar puncture was 5.2%, and variations were strongly associated with age (8.4% <18 months old vs 3.3% >18 months old). This low rate and age discrimination were consistent with the guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Although not recommended in the routine evaluation of febrile seizure, computed tomography was part of the evaluation in 11%. The overall rate of admissions or transfers was 12%. CONCLUSIONS: Six years after publication of practice parameters, the use of lumbar puncture in the evaluation of febrile seizure is uncommon and most patients are discharged home. However, the relatively frequent use of head computed tomography is inconsistent with these practice guidelines and merits further investigation.
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The concepts of particle engineering and dosage form design have become dominant themes in pharmaceutical manufacturing. This trend is not simply a reflection of the development of new, more sophisticated manufacturing methods of particles or dispersed systems but also recognition of the importance of quality control even in more traditional manufacturing processes. However, the diversity of particle treatments, methods of particle size analysis, expression and interpretation of data, and process applications results in complicated and sometimes confusing criteria for selection, adoption, or relevance of the available techniques.
The goal of this special volume is to provide veterinary scientists with state-of-the art reviews in animal health and to inform human health scientists of the various challenges and collaborative opportunities associated with their animal health counterparts. The contributors are highly respected experts, providing invaluable insights into current issues and state-of-the-art advances within veterinary medicine.
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