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PubMedDate not supplied

[Medico-social aspects of sexual and reproductive behavior of young people].

Discusses the negative aftereffects of sexual and reproductive behavior of modern young people. Special attention is paid to medicosocial aspects, such as increased incidence of sexually-transmitted diseases, undesired pregnancies, induced abortions and deliveries in adolescents. The effect of natural birth on the health status and development of a child is demonstrated. A conclusion is made on the necessity of more intensive work aimed at preparing young people to marriage and childbirth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Effect of an aerobic training on magnesium, trace elements and antioxidant systems in a Down syndrome population.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of an aerobic training on plasma and red blood cells' levels of magnesium, copper, selenium and zinc and on some oxidative stress parameters in a Down syndrome (DS) sample population. Sixteen young male adults with DS participated in the protocol. Among them, eight were randomly assigned to the control group and the remaining eight participated in a 16 week training programme consisting of 10 min warm-up followed by an aerobic session at a work intensity of 60 to 75 per cent of VO2 peak lasting from 15 to 25 min, increasing 5 min every 5 weeks and by a 5 min cool-down period, 3 days/week. Blood was withdrawn by butterfly from antecubital vein of each subject at fast, 2 days before the beginning of the programme and 2 days after its ending. Before the training period, when comparing the two groups, no significant differences were observed in the evaluated parameters. However, when comparing with a healthy population, red blood cells magnesium and plasma and red blood cells selenium mean values were low in both groups and mean SOD activity was 1.4 times higher. After the protocol the mean values of the minerals studied did not show significant differences between groups except for plasma zinc that was lower (p = 0.029) in the trained group. Plasma TBARS increase was significant in the trained group (p = 0.034) but not in the control group and plasma GSH of the trained group had a significantly higher increase than the control group (p = 0.003). The levels of plasma TBARS after the training programme that were inversely correlated with red blood cells GSSG levels (p = 0.023) and the higher increase of plasma GSH mean values observed, may be explained by the effect of the exercise period on the peroxidation and reduction of glutathione and also on the synthesis and efflux of GSH. Red blood cells magnesium levels remained low after the training programme which is in accordance with other studies. Plasma zinc decreased during the programme could be related to the activated expression of antioxidant mechanisms after the training.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Expert assessment of work disability--do we realize the effects?].

Three inquiries on the results of medical expertises concerning incapacitation for work in cases where employers had doubted this fact, seem to establish that the Medical Service of the Social Health Insurance (MDK) is quite capable of keeping improper use of the epithet "unfit for work" in check. If the design of the studies is critically analysed, it becomes evident that most problems are still unsolved. More clarity regarding the sense or nonsense of this work-intensive topic may result from a carefully and completely planned randomised trial. Such a study appears mandatory, the more so since the economic benefit of the expertises does not seem to be very bright, taking several hypotheses into consideration.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed1997

[Development of the age structure of a cat population compared with the dog].

The dogs and cats, treated at the Clinic of Internal Medicine of the University of Munich since 1983 show a tendency to a higher age of life; this is true especially in cats. The age structure of the dog population expresses a tendency to an increase of older individuals since a longer time period, whereas in the cat population this development could not be verified before the year of 1987. The results of this examination require an intensive work on the problems of increasing age, especially with those of multimorbidity, the preponderance of chronic diseases, prophylaxis, nutrition, and posture.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevention of decompression sickness as applied to conditions of multiple space walks].

Six 3-day experiments were carried out in an altitude chamber in which 6 test subjects took part. The experiments simulated repeated extra-vehicular activities--intensive work at an altitude of 10,000 m in a helmet or at an altitude of 40,000 m on a space suit pressurized at 200 mm Hg. It was demonstrated that altitude decompression could be prevented by desaturation--prolonged exposure to the hypobaric atmosphere (430 mm Hg) and 100% O2 or a 40% O2 and 60% N2 mixture. During the 3-day experiment the test subjects made seven 3--4 hour excursions, showing no symptoms of decompression disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence and risk factors of bone spavin in Icelandic horses in Sweden: a radiographic field study.

The present field study was performed to estimate the prevalence of radiographic signs of bone spavin (RSBS) and to evaluate some possible risk factors for RSBS in the Icelandic horse in Sweden. The survey included horses from 11 farms involving 379 horses, comprising 238 geldings, 125 mares and 16 stallions. Age ranged from 0 to 19 years with a mean age of 8.1 years. Horses were radiographed with a dorsolateral-plantaromedial-oblique projection of both tarsi. Information about age, gender, origin, working intensity, number of gaits and age when saddle broken were obtained by interviewing the owners. Features of each horse's conformation were obtained by measurement or inspection. Radiographic signs of bone spavin were found in 23% (n = 88) of the horses. Horses younger than 5 years did not show any RSBS and the prevalence increased from zero to 33% between 4 and 8 years of age. Using a multivariate logistic regression model increasing age and sickle hock conformation were found to be significantly associated with increased risk of RSBS. Age when saddle broken in combination with height at the withers also influenced the multivariate logistic regression model significantly.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Chronic renal insufficiency: 1) adaptation of nephron function in chronic renal insufficiency and 2) progression of chronic renal insufficiency].

In chronic renal insufficiency resulting from destruction of the vast majority of nephrons, the surviving nephrons adapt their functions to the conditions of vigorous haemodynamic and osmolar overloads. They acquire an appropriate behaviour to preserve the principal renal functions and to achieve the balance of inner space. In the long period of time, similarly as in healthy people. Glomerulotubular balance as well as tubuloglomerular balance distinguish the remaining nephron function, while autoregulation of perfusion pressure along the glomerulus rapidly vanishes. All three regulation mechanisms are characteristic of the nephron function under physiologic conditions. Intense work of the remaining nephrons in chronic renal failure is under the high level controls of the group of hormones, among them are rennin-angiotensin system, arginine-vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide playing very important and particular roles. Comparison of different published studies emerge the idea that chronically increased arginine-vasopressin levels in chronic renal failure could block the autoregulation of blood flow and hydraulic pressure in glomeruli, which together with other mediator actions give high and fluctuating tense within remaining glomeruli, during every single cardiac cycle. It is probably the main event in the further course of kidney disease progression resulting in definite damage of the overloaded nephrons. Angiotensin II is one of reliably recognised mediators of unfavourable outcome in the process of nephron adaptation in chronic renal failure. Knowing the pathophysiologic processes in the remaining functionally adapted nephrons in chronic renal insufficiency determines a more adequate therapeutic approach in these patients.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1992

Studies of hospital social stays in the frail elderly and their relationship to the intensity of social work intervention.

The elderly frequently suffer long lengths of hospital stay (LOS). These long stays are often associated with long social care stays which occur when patients no longer require acute care and are awaiting post-discharge services. In this study, actual acute care LOS and social care LOS were studied specifically in hospitalized frail elderly. Our data demonstrate that frail elderly receiving only acute care do not suffer markedly prolonged total LOS (TLOS). However, in hospitalized frail elderly patients who experience acute care and social care stays, social care LOS accounts for over half of all hospital days. When patients were grouped and studied according to the type of post-discharge services being sought by the health care team, significant differences in acute LOS and social care LOS were noted. Subgroups of patients were also identified among the various groups which differed significantly in their LOS parameters. Patients who required more than one discharge plan during the course of hospitalization experienced the longest hospital stays of all groups, and spent almost 70% of these days receiving non-acute social care. In a study of the relationship between the intensity of social work intervention and social care LOS in the frail elderly, a statistically significant relationship was noted between the timing and frequency of social work intervention and the actual length of social care stays. Early and frequent social work interventions were associated with significantly shorter social care LOS. We conclude that the study of TLOS should include acute LOS and social care LOS to obtain a reliable measure of the course and cost of hospital care for the frail elderly. The study of social care subgroups may facilitate future investigations to define the social care problems which contribute most to TLOS, and the patient populations which should be most heavily targeted for early and intensive social work intervention.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

It happened to an ICU nurse : an experience on the receiving end of intensive care.

After working in intensive care for thirteen years, I believed I understood some of the experiences of our patients and their families. However, my own experience on the receiving end of intensive care has demonstrated how little I knew and has changed not only my own views and perceptions, but has stimulated changes to practice in one icu.

Critical Illness↗
PubMed1997

Principles and practice of managing difficult behaviour situations in intensive care.

Nurses working in intensive care units may be vulnerable to verbal or physical aggression from relatives. This article explores the principles and skills associated with de-escalating aggression in such scenarios. These nurses may also be exposed to manipulative patterns of behaviour on the part of relatives and the article explores a research technique with which to manage this kind of situation.

Aggression↗
PubMed2002

[Social representation of nursing workers who are not nurses (nursing technicians and aids) on the work at the intensive care unit in a teaching hospital].

The study identifies and analyses social representations of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) nursing staff about their work and how they express feelings of sorrow and pleasure associated to their job. The theoretical and methodological reference used by this study was the Theory of Social Representations. Interviews were carried out with auxiliary nursing personnel (licensed practical nurse and nurse technician). The data were analyzed by analysis-of-content technique, in particular the enunciation. The results indicate that ICU units causes much suffering, forcing nursing staff to utilize, individually, several defense mechanisms traditionally described by psychoanalysis and psychopathology.

Brazil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Variability in working systems in intensive care units].

INTRODUCTION: Patients attended in Intensive Medicine Services (IMS) require a high therapeutic support. To do so, each IMS elaborates a work system (monitoring of constants, insertion of catheters,...) aiming to respond to these high necessities of therapy. The objective of this study is to describe the variability among different IMS. METHODS: The study was performed in 15 hospitals in Catalonia between April and May 1995. In the end two of them did not participate in the study. In each hospital 180 pieces of data were collected referring to their material and human resources, graphics of data collection, monitoring of respiratory system (mechanical ventilator, aspirations of secretions, tracheostomy care), techniques of catheterization of artery and venous via vesical probing, prevention of pressure ulcers , hygiene of patients, nutrition, family treatment and data about medical orders and nursing courses. Similarly, the fact whether the work system was justified by studies from the same IMS, other centres, or whether it was simply unknown, was also evaluated. RESULTS: There was a great variability among the IMS studied, oscillating significatively according to assigned resources, frequency of action and cost. According to the procedure 61% of IMS did not justify the work systems depending on scientific data. CONCLUSION: it is necessary to unify the different work systems. To do so, and in our opinion, scientific societies should establish common norms, guidelines and protocols so as to obtain a higher efficiency of IMS.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Heart rate response and plasma lactate concentrations of horses competing in the speed and endurance phase of 3-day combined training events.

The exercise intensity of horses competing in 3-day combined training events at 3 different levels of competition (CCI, n = 7; CCI, n = 11; CCI, n = 23) was investigated. Environmental conditions during all events were cool with 100% cloud cover. Heart rates were continuously recorded at 5 s intervals by a heart rate monitor. Mean +/- s.d. heart rate for all horses during each phase were: Phase A = 118 +/- 11 beats/min, Phase B = 179 +/- 22.7 beats/min, Phase C = 129 +/- 13.9 beats/min and Phase D = 174 +/- 19.6 beats/min. Mean +/- s.d. heart rates on Phase A and C were significantly different from mean heart rates on Phases B and D. Plasma lactate concentrations were determined at rest, within 60 s and 10 min after the end of Phase D or the cross country test. Mean +/- s.d. lactate concentrations were highest immediately post exercise (mean = 18.4 +/- 5 mmol/l for all horses) and had declined significantly in 10 min (mean = 15 +/- 6.8 mmol/l for all horses). Mean +/- s.d. heart rates and lactate concentrations were not significantly different among levels of competition at each time period. The intensity of work of fit horses successfully competing in 3-day combined training events consists of both low intensity aerobic exercise and more intense submaximal work with significant anaerobiosis. The work intensity is remarkably constant throughout different levels of competition, despite the increasing distance, number and difficulty of jumping efforts and faster optimum speeds.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1979

[The role of anaesthesiology in intensive care (author's transl)].

The German Society of Anaesthesia and Resuscitation was founded in 1953. The change of name to "German Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care" in 1977 reflects the development that this specialty has undergone since 1953; it is also an indication of the claim of anaesthesia to play a part in the care of the critically ill surgical patient. To the questions: what is the basis for this claim, what can anaesthesia contribute towards the care of these cases, where is the dividing line between anaesthesia and the other disciplines concerned in intensive care, what effect has intensive care work on the training of the anaesthetist, the answers are as follows: the concern of the anaesthetist is the care of the patient whose vital functions are impaired by surgery, anaesthesia or disease; he has therefore acquired techniques and means to maintain and assist these vital functions. His work in the intensive care ward is thus often no more than a continuation of the work he is doing in the operating theatre. This does not mean that he should replace the clinician of the traditional specialties working in the intensive care unit; rather that he should function as a co-ordinator as regards the type and course of treatment and nursing. For the anaesthetist there is the advantage that he can enlarge and consolidate the skill and knowledge acquired in the operating theatre, deepen his understanding of pathophysiological conditions and gain experience and assurance in evaluation of a variety of clinical situations. By becoming competent in diverse fields (at a time when the general trend is for ever more specialization) he will contribute towards raising the status of the anaesthetist who is still apt to be regarded as merely a technician.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1992

[Principles and methods of evaluating tension of the functional systems in the body during work].

Grounded and worded concept stresses that the intensity of regulating mechanisms must be taken into account in evaluating the difficulty and intensity of work, criteria of intensity are suggested. Growth of intensity index, centralized administration or considerable number of correlations (above the average on the whole industry) and more synchronized functions during the work improve the intensity of work by one step above the results of the simple physiological evaluation of work intensity.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Caring about--caring for: moral obligations and work responsibilities in intensive care nursing.

The aim of this study was to analyse experiences of moral concerns in intensive care nursing. The theoretical perspective of the study is based on relational ethics, also referred to as ethics of care. The participants were 36 intensive care nurses from 10 general, neonatal and thoracic intensive care units. The structural characteristics of the units were similar: a high working pace, advanced technology, budget restrictions, recent reorganization, and shortage of experienced nurses. The data consisted of the participants' examples of ethical situations they had experienced in their intensive care unit. A qualitative content analysis identified five themes: believing in a good death; knowing the course of events; feelings of distress; reasoning about physicians' 'doings' and tensions in expressing moral awareness. A main theme was formulated as caring about--caring for: moral obligations and work responsibilities. Moral obligations and work responsibilities are assumed to be complementary dimensions in nursing, yet they were found not to be in balance for intensive care nurses. In conclusion there is a need to support nurses in difficult intensive care situations, for example, by mentoring, as a step towards developing moral action knowledge in the context of intensive care nursing.

Empathy↗