Risk assessment of "down-the-drain" chemicals: search for a suitable model.
Legal and regulatory authorities around the world generally require that risk assessments are undertaken for the licensing of new and existing substances that present high risk to the environment or the human health. This applies to 'down-the-drain' chemicals that are usually found in household products, such as detergents, that are mainly discharged into rivers via sewer systems. However, the data available for these chemicals is often limited due to cost constraints: in particular, concentration time series for works effluent are generally unavailable, even load data for specific works is often scarce. Although a wide range of models are available, there is a general lack of knowledge on their suitability to model the fate of down-the-drain chemicals at the catchment scale. Several models are presented in this review. The models selected are: the Mackay models, EUSES, Mike 11, QUAL2E, TOMCAT and GREAT-ER. Various applications of these models were investigated to investigate their strength and weaknesses. It appears that, where the availability of data is limited, multimedia fate models such as the Mackay models and EUSES may best be applied to estimate the global risk within each media. However, for site-specific risk assessment the GREAT-ER in-stream water quality model was considered to be more appropriate for modelling down-the-drain chemicals, because it accounts for both spatial and temporal variability, while its data requirements are lower than for models such as Mike 11 and QUAL2E.