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PubMed1979

Haptic visual discrimination and intelligence.

Investigated the relationship between tactual-visual discrimination and intelligence from a neuropsychological perspective. Parieto-occipital areas were conceptualized as mediating centers for the integration of tactile and visual information, as well as for the processing of higher cortical functions. A recently designed test of tactual-visual information processing, the Haptic Visual Discrimination Test (HVDT), was administered to a group of 39 first-grade school children. Standard tests of intelligence (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, WISC-R), academic potential (Metropolitan Readiness Test, MRT), and spatial integration (Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test, BVMGT) also were given. The obtained correlation coefficients revealed consistently significant associations between the importance of parieto-occipital areas of the cortex for organizing sensory data as well as for the processing of intellectual information.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Racial influences on intelligence and personality measures of people who commit murder.

Examined a sample of murderers (N = 137) (91 white and 46 black offenders) for racial differences on intelligence (both verbal and nonverbal) and personality measures. Black offenders scored significantly lower than white offenders on both verbal and nonverbal intelligence as well as on the SI scale of the MMPI. However, they scored higher on the MA scale. Overall, the intelligence measures discriminated better between black and white offenders than personality measures. Implications for future research and efforts to develop new norms for the MMPI are discussed.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed1987

Autosomal recessive nonsyndromal microcephaly with normal intelligence.

Autosomal recessive microcephaly is usually associated with moderate to severe mental retardation. An apparently new autosomal recessive disorder comprising a characteristic facial appearance associated with microcephaly and normal intelligence, immunodeficiency, and increased risk for lymphoreticular malignancies has been described recently. We report on a large Arab kindred with frequent consanguineous marriages and eight cases in five sibships with microcephaly, peculiar facies, and normal intelligence. Of these cases, two died of an acute lymphoreticular malignancy or bronchopneumonia. Immunological and chromosomal studies carried out for the three affected living sibs were normal. The existence of an autosomal recessive nonsyndromal variant of microcephaly with normal intelligence is proposed and discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive profile in adult, normal intelligent female fragile X carriers.

Here we present the results of the study of the cognitive profile of 11 adult, normally intelligent female fragile X [fra(X)] carriers. In all individuals 3 types of testing were performed: full scale Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, a set of neuropsychological tests and an arithmetic achievement test. All 11 subjects showed an average to above-average intelligence but 10 of 11 performed better on the performance than on the verbal subscale. Neuropsychological tests suggest a dysfunction of the reticulo-thalamic axis with deficiency on tests requiring visual memory and a pronounced deficiency of attention skills combined with an impulsive way of completing tests.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Artificial intelligence versus logistic regression statistical modelling to predict cardiac complications after noncardiac surgery.

The traditional approach to developing models predictive of cardiac events has been to perform logistic regression (LR) analysis on a variety of potential predictors. An alternative to use an artificial intelligence system called a neural network (NN) which simulates biological intelligence. To evaluate the potential applicability of the latter method, we compared the ability of LR and NN techniques to predict cardiac events after noncardiac surgery. A total of 200 patients (training group) underwent cardiac risk assessment before major noncardiac surgery using 17 clinical parameters and 7 quantitative indices based on dipyridamole-thallium imaging. There were 21 post-operative myocardial infarctions and/or cardiac deaths. Data from the training group were used to develop two predictive models: one based on backward stepwise LR multivariate statistical analysis and the other one using a neural network. Both models were then validated on a second group of 160 consecutive patients also referred for preoperative risk stratification (validation group). The NN consisted of 14 input, 29 hidden, and 1 output neurons and used a back-propagation algorithm (learning rate 0.2, training tolerance 0.5, sigmoid transfer function). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive accuracies for the prediction of postoperative events in the validation group of 160 patients were, respectively, 67% (6/9), 82% (124/151), 18% (6/33), and 98% (124/127) for LR, and 67% (6/9), 96% (145/151), 50% (6/12), and 98% (145/148) for the NN, with a difference in specificity which attained statistical significance (p < 0.01). Artificial intelligence may provide a useful alternative to conventional LR statistical analysis for the purpose of preoperative cardiac risk assessment.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2005

Constructing Czechoslovakia: the meaning of "intelligence" in Czechoslovak educational discourse, 1900-1939.

Before World War II, Czechoslovakia went through its constituting process, including the development of an educational system. We made an analysis of Czechoslovak discussions about educational uses of intelligence tests from a discourse-theoretic and social constructionist perspective. In particular, we examined which connotations became associated with the concept "intelligence" in educational scientific publications about possible educational uses of the newly introduced tests in the years 1900-1939. Results substantiate the inextricable entwining of the meaning of "intelligence" with the unique characteristics of the historical situation in Czechoslovakia before World War II.

Attitude↗
PubMed1997

Estimation of premorbid intelligence in Spanish people with the Word Accentuation Test and its application to the diagnosis of dementia.

The Word Accentuation Test assesses the accentuation of 30 infrequent Spanish words written without the accentuation mark and is an easy-to-use tool for estimating premorbid intelligence of Spanish-speaking people. Its intraobserver (0.97) and interobserver (0.93) reliabilities and its correlation with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (.837) and Raven's Progressive Matrices (.655) are high, offering a good prediction of general intelligence. It is resistant to mental deterioration; 20 demented and 40 controls matched by sex, age, and education obtained similar scores. The discrepancies between current and predicted scores in Raven's scale can diagnose mild-moderate dementia with 0.79 accuracy (sensitivity, 0.78; specificity, 0.82).

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Putting intentions into cell biochemistry: an artificial intelligence perspective.

The living cell exists by virtue of thousands of nonlinearly interacting processes. This complexity greatly impedes its understanding. The standard approach to the calculation of the behaviour of the living cell, or part thereof, integrates all the rate equations of the individual processes. If successful extremely intensive calculations often lead the calculation of coherent, apparently simple, cellular "decisions" taken in response to a signal: the complexity of the behavior of the cell is often smaller than it might have been. The "decisions" correspond to the activation of entire functional units of molecular processes, rather than individual ones. The limited complexity of signal and response suggests that there might be a simpler way to model at least some important aspects of cell function. In the field of Artificial Intelligence, such simpler modelling methods for complex systems have been developed. In this paper, it is shown how the Artificial Intelligence description method for deliberative agents functioning on the basis of beliefs, desires and intentions as known in Artificial Intelligence, can be used successfully to describe essential aspects of cellular regulation. This is demonstrated for catabolite repression and substrate induction phenomena in the bacterium Escherichia coli. The method becomes highly efficient when the computation is automated in a Prolog implementation. By defining in a qualitative way the food supply of the bacterium, the make-up of its catabolic pathways is readily calculated for cases that are sufficiently complex to make the traditional human reasoning tedious and error prone.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The genetic correlation between intelligence and speed of information processing.

This study examined the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the observed correlation between intelligence test scores and speed of information processing, based on data for same-sex adult twin pairs (age, 15-57). Verbal and performance IQ scores from the Multidimensional Abilities Battery, as well as 11 reaction-time measures derived from a battery of information-processing tasks, were available for 50 monozygotic and 32 dizygotic pairs of twins. Multivariate biometrical analyses were used to estimate genetic and environmental parameters underlying observed variances and covariances among intelligence test scores and a general speed of information-processing factor (based on a linear composite of the 11 reaction-time scores). A common-factor model with loadings on general speed of processing, verbal IQ, and performance IQ fit the data well. The common factor was influenced primarily by additive genetic effects, such that the observed relationships among the speed and IQ measures are mediated entirely by hereditary factors. There was additional specific genetic variance for Verbal IQ and specific shared-twin environmental variance for Performance IQ. However, twin similarity for general speed of processing was explained entirely by genetic factors related to intelligence. The results emphasize the importance of common, heritable, biological mechanisms underlying the speed-IQ association.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Biophysical questions in ecology and environmental research. Part 1: An analysis of intelligence vs biomass development in humans (author's transl)].

A first analysis of intelligence vs. biomass development in humans shows that the increase of speed to accept new inventions appears not to keep pace with exploding population size. It is suggested to assess more accurately the "collective intelligence" of the human race, an attempt probably useful for several purposes. An equation is presented and used to calculate an upper human population limit for the world suggested by the present intelligence level. The equation suggests 1.5--2.3 billion people educated to the level of industrialized nations. The equation predicts acceptance times for innovations during the early evolution of mankind in the order of 10(6) years. Such a time span seems to be in accordance with archaeological findings for the acceptance of fire as a common tool.

Forecasting↗
PubMed1995

The relationship between intelligence and vigilance in children at risk.

The purpose of this study was to compare two competing models as an explanation of the relationship between intelligence and sustained attention in educationally at-risk kindergarten children. One model assumes that lower-IQ subjects allocate greater amounts of attentional resource of information-processing tasks than higher-IQ subjects, whereas the other model assumes that a "less-than" optimal level of arousal is associated with decrements in task performance across time. Twenty-nine teacher-nominated at-risk and 29 normal achieving kindergarten students were administered the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R) and vigilance taks. Signal detection measures of stimulus detectability (d'), decision criterion (beta), correct detections, and false alarms were used to assess children's sustained attention across three time periods (2, 4, and 6 min). The important results were (a) high-risk children were inferior on d' measures when compared to normal achieving children, (b) vigilance measures did not vary over time in either group, and (c) intelligence and vigilance shared a common factor in high-risk, but not low-risk, children. The results suggest that children educationally at risk suffer deficits related to attentional capacity for processing information.

Achievement↗
PubMed1996

[Articulatory capacity and intelligibility of speech of patients with carcinomas of the mouth cavity. A comparison of pre- and postoperative results of various reconstruction techniques].

Radical orofacial tumor resections often result in speech and swallowing dysfunctions. Thus, both communication ability and life quality can be markedly impaired in patients. Dysfunction is mostly related to the amount of tissue removed and the reconstruction technique used. In this prospective study, pre- and postoperative speech intelligibility following reconstruction with either local grafts, free jejunal flaps or myocutaneous/fasciocutaneous flaps was examined by subjective assessment of monosyllables chosen from the Freiburg audiometry test ("reverse speech intelligibility test"). It was shown that linguodental affricates and dorsofaucal plosives were especially affected, even preoperatively, in patients with T3 and T4 tumors, while additional deterioration of speech function occurred postoperatively. When comparing reconstruction techniques, use of local grafts showed less postoperative deterioration in the patients with T3 and T4 tumors (expert rating/student rating -5.0% +/- (-3.8%), whereas impairment was much more evident when jejunal flaps (expert rating/student rating -27.9% +/- (-35.1%) and myocutaneous and faciocutaneous flaps (expert rating/student rating -34.2% +/- (-48.1%) were used. Results demonstrated that patients should be informed about negative side effects following radical tumor resections and reconstructions of large tissue defects. Surgery should avoid marked motor and sensory nerve lesions whenever possible. Before speech therapy is begun, speech function should be examined carefully. Speech intelligibility should also be documented, e.g. with audio tapes, for quality assessment.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed1991

Relationship of intelligence with cognitive therapy outcome.

Theorists have speculated that intelligence is positively associated with the capacity to benefit from cognitive-behavioral therapies. We evaluated this notion by relating pre-treatment measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence to self-reported symptom reduction in a naturalistic study (n = 106) of cognitive therapy for outpatients with principal diagnoses of major depression, dysthymia, or generalized anxiety disorder. Intelligence measures did not significantly predict outcome, and nonsignificant relationships were in the opposite direction from the theoretical prediction. Discussion centered on possible limitations to the generalizability of these results and on the logical interpretation of prediction studies in psychotherapy research.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The alexithymia construct: relationship with sociodemographic variables and intelligence.

Conflicting results have been reported in studies examining the relationships between alexithymia and the variables of age, gender, social class, and intelligence. Moreover, these results are of dubious validity and generalizability because many of the studies used psychometrically poor scales to measure the alexithymia construct. The present study reexamined the relationships between alexithymia and sociodemographic variables and intelligence in a sample of normal adults using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), a recently developed self-report measure with evidence of reliability and validity. The results indicate that alexithymia, as measured by the TAS, is not associated with age, gender, educational level, socioeconomic status, and intelligence.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Self-administered intelligibility practice for esophageal speakers.

Eight esophageal speakers used multiple-choice intelligibility training materials in a self-administered practice regimen. "Before" and "after" test tapes were made and scored for intelligibility. A naive group and the speakers themselves served as listeners. Both sets of scores showed proportionally similar improvements in intelligibility.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

The relative effects of three expressive methods upon the speech intelligibility of profoundly deaf speakers.

Two studies, conducted over a nine month interval, were designed to evaluate the relative effects of three expressive methods (speech alone, speech and signs, and speech with cues) upon speech intelligibility. Five profoundly deaf adults, who were receiving continuous speech training, were recorded reading lists of individual words under all three expressive modes. Listeners were required to identify through a multiple choice format the target stimuli from auditory presentations only. Study I results indicated that speech with cues produced the highest level of intelligibility, while speech and signs produced the lowest level. Study II, with an expanded set of word stimuli, found that speech alone produced a 65% rate of correct identification by listeners; speech and signs again produced the lowest rate of correct identifications. Implications for the assessment and understanding of speech intelligibility are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Speech intelligibility of two voice output communication aids.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the intelligibility of two voice output communication aids. Twenty words and 20 sentences, synthesized with the Personal Communicator and with the SpeechPAC, were presented to 20 listeners. Listener transcriptions of the stimuli were used to compare the intelligibility of the two communication aids. Analysis of variance revealed significantly higher intelligibility scores for the Personal Communicator compared to the SpeechPAC and higher scores for sentences than for words. The implications of these findings for selection of augmentative communication devices is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Articulatory dimensions of hearing-impaired speakers' intelligibility: evidence from a time-related aerodynamic, acoustic, and electroglottographic study.

Regression and principal components analyses were employed to study the relationship between 30 aerodynamic speech parameters and the speech intelligibility of 40 severely to profoundly hearing-impaired speakers. Regression analysis on the original 30 aerodynamic variables revealed that speech intelligibility was predicted by a cognate-pair voice onset-time difference measure and a measure of the stability of the volume-velocity rise time. Principal components analysis of the 30 independent variables derived seven factors that accounted for 84.3% of the variance in the original 30 parameters. Subsequent regression analysis using the seven factors as predictor variables revealed four factors with independent relationships to speech intelligibility. These included a factor that reflected cognate-pair voice onset-time distinctions, a factor that reflected cognate-pair peak volume-velocity distinctions, and two other factors, which reflected production stability of temporal distinctions between cognate pair members.

Adult↗