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PubMed2003

Functional and structural proteomics: a critical appraisal.

The notion of functional proteomics (description of changes in protein expression during differentiation of cells) and structural proteomics (elucidation of the primary structure of the components in the proteomic pattern) is reviewed. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of the proteome analysis are discussed and evaluated. A list of projects is given that are of high priority for the elucidation of the proteome. This includes, e.g., the study of the repertoire of the proteome and the description of molecular pathways during the clonal cell replication. The paper re-evaluates a number of methodological issues, such as the comparison of the use of Ampholines and Immobilines, various staining procedures and labeling procedures.

Autoradiography↗

PubMed2006

Comparative analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis maps (2-DE) of Helicobacter pylori from Brazilian patients with chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcer: a preliminary report.

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium recognized as the major cause of peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis. Recently, a proteome-based approach was developed to investigate pathogenic factors related to H. pylori. In this preliminary study, H. pylori strains were isolated from gastric biopsies of patients with chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcers. A partial proteomic analysis of H. pylori strains was performed by bacterial lyses and proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). A comparative analysis was performed to verify a differential protein expression between these two 2-DE maps. These data should be useful to clarify the role of different proteins related to bacterial pathogenesis. This study will be completed using a larger number of samples and protein identification of H. pylori by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed2004

Differential protein synthesis and expression levels in normal and neoplastic human prostate cells and their regulation by type I and II interferons.

Protein expression and de novo synthesis in normal and prostate cancer cell lines derived from the same patient were compared by proteomic analysis, and the effects of INFalpha and INFgamma (INF=interferon) determined. The expressions of several INF-inducible proteins, including MxA, Nmi, PA28a and IFP53, were downregulated in the cancer cells. INFgamma induced a more than twofold increase or decrease in the synthesis rates of almost twice as many proteins in the cancer cell line. The positive regulator of INF-induced transcription ISGF3gamma was upregulated in the cancer cells and inversely regulated by INFalpha and INFgamma in the normal and cancer cells. Moreover, ISGF3gamma's induction by INFgamma in the cancer cells was more enhanced by simultaneous stimulation with EGF, than its induction in the normal cells. In all, 31 differentially regulated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry analysis, several of which are involved in chaperone-assisted protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or in regulated protein degradation. Our results suggest that the exclusion of proteins by the ER quality control system, crosstalk between the EGF- and INF-induced signalling pathways and the regulation of INF-inducible genes are all altered in the prostate cancer cells. The combination of upregulated activity in the growth-promoting PI3K/Akt pathway, suppression of Nmi and overexpression of hnRNP-K and c-myc proteins may explain why the prostate cancer cells were found to be more resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of INFgamma.

Carrier Proteins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Plasma proteomic profiling for detecting and differentiating in situ and invasive carcinomas of the uterine cervix.

The objective of this study was to identify multiple plasma protein markers that might be characteristic of in situ and invasive cervical cancers. Plasma samples obtained from patients with in situ cervical cancer (carcinoma in situ [CIS], n= 32), from patients with early invasive cervical cancer without lymph node metastasis (squamous cell carcinoma [SCC], n= 60), and from age-matched disease-free controls (n= 37) were analyzed by cation-exchange protein chips and surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A classification tree defined by six protein peaks could discriminate 84 of the 92 cancers (CIS and SCC) and 36 of the 37 controls, with 91% sensitivity and 97% specificity. In comparing the CIS and SCC samples, two protein peaks with Mr values of 6586.41 and 3805.68 were able to classify 55 of the 60 SCC and 31 of the 32 CIS samples, with 92% sensitivity and 97% specificity. This study demonstrates for the first time the feasibility of differentiating in situ and invasive cervical cancers through plasma protein profiling. Identification of the proteins different in invasive and in situ cancer may be of great value in the understanding of cervical cancer invasion and in the development of novel therapeutic intervention.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2005

[Preliminary proteome analysis of mouse embryonic fibroblast conditioned medium].

OBJECTIVE: To perform the proteome analysis of conditioned medium prepared from mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers by 2-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis and mass spectrometry and to find out the possible differentiation-inhibitory factor in conditioned medium. METHODS: Feeder layers were prepared by 60Co gamma-irradiation on mouse embryonic fibroblast. Insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite supplemented medium was used to culture the feeder layers for 24 hours. The condioned medium prepared from mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers were made into powder by lyophilization, the redissolved solution was applied to Sephadex G-50 gel filtration chromatography, and then cold acetone was used to precipitate the proteins in the eluted solution. The protein samples were applied to 2D electrophoresis. The 2D images were analyzed by 2D image analysis software. Selected protein spots were digested by trypsin, analyzed by mass spectrometry, and then searched against the NCBInr batabase using Mascot MS/MS Ions Search. RESULTS: The protein samples extracted from mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers conditioned medium could be used for 2D electrophoresis. On 2D images, there were (221+/-67) spots. Most of the proteins were located in the region of MW 20 approximately 70 kD, pI 4 approximately 8. Using mass spectrometry, we preliminarily identified 13 spots: 3 keratins, 3 transferrins, 1 trypsin precursor, 2 unknown proteins (3 spots), 1 connexin 46, 1 beta-galactoside binding protein, and 1 secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine. CONCLUSION: Conditioned medium prepared from mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers contain beta-galactoside binding protein and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Proteomic classification of pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissue using protein chip technology.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a most devastating cancer that presents late and is rapidly progressive. This study aimed to identify unique, tissue-specific protein biomarkers capable of differentiating pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) from adjacent uninvolved pancreatic tissue (AP), benign pancreatic disease (B), and nonmalignant tumor tissue (NM). METHODS: Tissue samples representing PC (n = 31), AP (n = 44), and B (n = 19) tissue were analyzed on hydrophobic protein chip arrays by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Training models were developed using logistic regression and validated using the 10-fold cross-validation approach. RESULTS: The hydrophobic protein chip array revealed 13 protein peaks differentially expressed between PC and AP (receiver operating characteristic [ROC] area under the curve [AUC], 0.64-0.85), 8 between PC and B (ROC AUC, 0.67-0.78), and 12 between PC and NM tissue (ROC AUC, 0.63-0.81). Logistic regression and cross-validation identified overlapping panels of peaks to develop a training model that distinguished PC from AP (77.4% sensitivity, 84.1% specificity), B (83.9% sensitivity, 78.9% specificity), and NM tissue (58.1% sensitivity, 90.5% specificity). The final panels selected correctly classified 80.6% of PC and 88.6% of AP samples (ROC AUC, 0.92), 93.5% of PC and 89.5% of B samples (ROC AUC, 0.99), and 71.0% of PC and 92.1% of NM samples (ROC AUC, 0.91). CONCLUSIONS: This study used surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to discover a number of protein panels that can distinguish effectively between pancreatic adenocarcinoma, benign, and adjacent pancreatic tissue. Identification of these proteins will add to our understanding of the biology of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, these protein panels may have important diagnostic implications.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2005

Analysis of candidate genes through a proteomics-based approach in primary cell lines from malignant melanomas and their metastases.

Proteomics provides a powerful approach for screening alterations in protein expression and post-translational modification associated with particular human diseases. In this study, the analysis of protein expression was focused on malignant melanoma in order to determine the candidate genes involved in tumour progression. The proteomes of cultured melanocytes and of cell lines from primary and metastatic lesions of one malignant melanoma patient were profiled using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry. Differentially expressed proteins were confirmed by 2-DE and mass spectrometry on an additional four malignant melanoma cell lines. Total RNA from the first subset of cell lines was used for quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the candidate genes identified after proteomics analysis. A very high similarity was observed in the 2-DE maps of two malignant melanoma cell lines derived from primary and secondary lesions of the same patient. Mass spectrometry identified 37 proteins which were found to be more abundant in tumour cells in comparison with control melanocytes (as confirmed on additional cell lines), with a relatively high prevalence of stress proteins. Eight candidate genes (PRDX2, HSP27, HSP60, HSPA8, HSP9B, STIP1, PDI and P4HB) were further characterized by evaluating their messenger RNA expression levels through real-time RT-PCR analysis. Overexpression of HSP27, HSP60 and HSPA8 and downregulation of PRDX2 were observed in cells from metastatic malignant melanoma in comparison with those from primary melanoma. Although further investigations with larger numbers of paired normal and tumour samples are needed, our findings strongly suggest that the dysregulation of stress pathways may be involved in melanoma progression.

Chaperonin 60↗

PubMed2003

Proteome analysis for the identification of tumor-associated biomarkers in gastrointestinal cancer.

Gastrointestinal cancers are usually diagnosed at advanced stages, making a curative treatment difficult. Biomarkers can help to overcome this problem by allowing earlier diagnosis, and thus better therapy. Proteomics tools are novel technologies to identify such biomarkers. This review summarizes advances in biomarker detection using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), chromatography and mass spectrometry technologies. 2D-PAGE combined with mass spectrometry has led to the identification of several differentially expressed proteins in cancer tissue. However, for serum analysis, 2D-PAGE has severe limitations. For serum-based cancer diagnosis, surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry is a promising new technology. The potential of proteins identified with this technology as novel cancer biomarkers still needs to be confirmed in clinical trials.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed2003

Comprehensive analysis of the secreted proteins of the parasite Haemonchus contortus reveals extensive sequence variation and differential immune recognition.

Haemonchus contortus is a nematode that infects small ruminants. It releases a variety of molecules, designated excretory/secretory products (ESP), into the host. Although the composition of ESP is largely unknown, it is a source of potential vaccine components because ESP are able to induce up to 90% protection in sheep. We used proteomic tools to analyze ESP proteins and determined the recognition of these individual proteins by hyperimmune sera. Following two-dimensional electrophoresis of ESP, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were used for protein identification. Few sequences of H. contortus have been determined. Therefore, the data base of expressed sequence tags (dbEST) and a data base consisting of contigs from Haemonchus ESTs were also consulted for identification. Approximately 200 individual spots were observed in the two-dimensional gel. Comprehensive proteomics analysis, combined with bioinformatic search tools, identified 107 proteins in 102 spots. The data include known as well as novel proteins such as serine, metallo- and aspartyl proteases, in addition to H. contortus ESP components like Hc24, Hc40, Hc15, and apical gut GA1 proteins. Novel proteins were identified from matches with H. contortus ESTs displaying high similarity with proteins like cyclophilins, nucleoside diphosphate kinase, OV39 antigen, and undescribed homologues of Caenorhabditis elegans. Of special note is the finding of microsomal peptidase H11, a vaccine candidate previously regarded as a "hidden antigen" because it was not found in ESP. Extensive sequence variation is present in the abundant Hc15 proteins. The Hc15 isoforms are differentially recognized by hyperimmune sera, pointing to a possible specific role of Hc15 in the infectious process and/or in immune evasion. This concept and the identification of multiple novel immune-recognized components in ESP should assist future vaccine development strategies.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2026

Comprehensive genomic and computational insights into Brucella suis: pan-genome analysis, evolutionary perspectives, and in-silico vaccine design.

BACKGROUND: Brucella suis is a zoonotic intracellular pathogen responsible for brucellosis, mainly in swine and humans. Although numerous genome sequences are publicly available, an integrative genomic analysis combining pan-genome architecture, structural organization, evolutionary relationships, and vaccine-associated targets remains limited. RESULTS: In this study, we analyzed 91 publicly available B.suis genomes to characterize their pan-genome composition and genomic structure. The pan-genome exhibited an open configuration, indicating continued genomic diversification. A total of 2,146 core genes were identified, representing conserved functions essential for species maintenance, while the accessory genome reflected strain-level variability. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on single-copy orthologs revealed distinct evolutionary clades among the strains. A complementary phylogenetic analysis of pan-genome gene presence-absence patterns further supported clade differentiation and highlighted variation in accessory gene repertoires. Comparative synteny and genome structural analyses demonstrated largely conserved chromosomal organization with localized rearrangements across strains. Screening of the core proteome identified 64 putative antigenic proteins with predicted surface localization and immunogenic properties. Additionally, resistance-associated determinants related to tetracycline and doxycycline were detected in one genome within the dataset. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive genomic analysis defines the pan-genome structure, evolutionary relationships, and genome organization of B.suis. The integration of core and pan-genome-based phylogenies provides complementary insights into strain diversification, while the identified conserved antigenic candidates offer a foundation for future experimental validation and rational vaccine development strategies.

Genome, Bacterial↗

PubMed2006

Multivariate statistical tools applied to the characterization of the proteomic profiles of two human lymphoma cell lines by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell lines have been difficult to generate, since only few have been described so far and even fewer have been thoroughly characterized. Among them, there is only one cell line, called GRANTA-519, which is well established and universally adopted for most lymphoma studies. We succeeded in establishing a new MCL cell line, called MAVER-1, from a leukemic MCL, and performed a thorough phenotypical, cytogenetical and molecular characterization of the cell line. In the present report, the phenotypic expression of GRANTA-519 and MAVER-1 cell lines has been compared and evaluated by a proteomic approach, exploiting 2-D map analysis. By univariate statistical analysis (Student's t-test, as commonly used in most commercial software packages), most of the protein spots were found to be identical between the two cell lines. Thirty spots were found to be unique for the GRANTA-519, whereas another 11 polypeptides appeared to be expressed only by the MAVER-1 cell line. A number of these spots could be identified by MS. These data were confirmed and expanded by multivariate statistical tools (principal component analysis and soft-independent model of class analogy) that allowed identification of a larger number of differently expressed spots. Multivariate statistical tools have the advantage of reducing the risk of false positives and of identifying spots that are significantly altered in terms of correlated expression rather than absolute expression values. It is thus suggested that, in future work in differential proteomic profiling, both univariate and multivariate statistical tools should be adopted.

Cell Line, Tumor↗

PubMed2006

Identification of differentially activated cell-signaling networks associated with pichinde virus pathogenesis by using systems kinomics.

Phosphorylation plays a key role in regulating many signaling pathways. Although studies investigating the phosphorylated forms of signaling pathways are now commonplace, global analysis of protein phosphorylation and kinase activity has lagged behind genomics and proteomics. We have used a kinomics approach to study the effect of virus infection on host cell signaling in infected guinea pigs. Delineating the host responses which lead to clearance of a pathogen requires the use of a matched, comparative model system. We have used two passage variants of the arenavirus Pichinde, used as a biosafety level 2 model of Lassa fever virus as it produces similar pathologies in guinea pigs and humans, to compare the host cell responses between infections which lead to either a mild, self-limiting infection or lethal disease. Using this model, we can begin to understand the differences in signaling events which give rise to these markedly different outcomes. By contextualizing these data using pathway analysis, we have identified key differences in cellular signaling matrices. By comparing these differentially involved networks, we have identified a number of key signaling "nodes" which show differential phosphorylations between mild and lethal infections. We believe that these nodes provide potential targets for the development of antiviral therapies by acting at the level of the host response rather than by directly targeting viral proteins.

Animals↗

PubMed2025

Differential expression of plasma proteins and pathway enrichments in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis.

BACKGROUND: In children with type 1 diabetes (T1D), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) triggers a significant inflammatory response; however, the specific effector proteins and signaling pathways involved remain largely unexplored. This pediatric case-control study utilized plasma proteomics to explore protein alterations associated with severe DKA and to identify signaling pathways that associate with clinical variables. METHODS: We conducted a proteome analysis of plasma samples from 17 matched pairs of pediatric patients with T1D; one cohort with severe DKA and another with insulin-controlled diabetes. Proximity extension assays were used to quantify 3072 plasma proteins. Data analysis was performed using multivariate statistics, machine learning, and bioinformatics. RESULTS: This study identified 214 differentially expressed proteins (162 upregulated, 52 downregulated; adj P < 0.05 and a fold change > 2), reflecting cellular dysfunction and metabolic stress in severe DKA. We characterized protein expression across various organ systems and cell types, with notable alterations observed in white blood cells. Elevated inflammatory pathways suggest an enhanced inflammatory response, which may contribute to the complications of severe DKA. Additionally, upregulated pathways related to hormone signaling and nitrogen metabolism were identified, consistent with increased hormone release and associated metabolic processes, such as glycogenolysis and lipolysis. Changes in lipid and fatty acid metabolism were also observed, aligning with the lipolysis and ketosis characteristic of severe DKA. Finally, several signaling pathways were associated with clinical biochemical variables. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight differentially expressed plasma proteins and enriched signaling pathways that were associated with clinical features, offering insights into the pathophysiology of severe DKA.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

Detection of coregulation in differential gene expression profiles.

Genomics and proteomics approaches generate distinct gene expression and protein profiles, listing individual genes embedded in broad functional terms as gene ontologies. However, interpretation of gene profiles in a regulatory and functional context remains a major issue. Elucidation of regulatory mechanisms at the gene expression level via analysis of promoter regions is a prominent procedure to decipher such gene regulatory networks. We propose a novel genetic algorithm (GA) to extract joint promoter modules in a set of coexpressed genes as resulting from differential gene expression experiments. Algorithm design has focused on the following constraints: (I) identification of the major promoter modules, which are (II) characterized by a maximum number of joint motifs and (III) are found in a maximum number of coexpressed genes. The capability of the GA in detecting multiple modules was evaluated on various test data sets, analyzing the impact of the number of motifs per promoter module, the number of genes associated with a module, as well as the total number of distinct promoter modules encoded in a sequence set. In addition to the test data sets, the GA was evaluated on two biological examples, namely a muscle-specific data set and the upstream sequences of the beta-actin gene (ACTB) derived from different species, complemented by a comparison to alternative promoter module identification routines.

Actins↗

PubMed2006

Comparative proteome analysis of breast cancer and adjacent normal breast tissues in human.

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS), incorporated with online database searching, were performed to investigate differential proteins of breast cancer and adjacent normal breast tissues. Considering that serum albumin is abundantly presented in normal control samples, 15 differential spots detected in 11 out of 12 (91.7%) breast cancer samples were identified by online SIENA-2DPAGE database searching and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS analysis. The results indicate that pathological changes of breast cancer are concerned with augmentation of substance metabolism, promotion of proteolytic activity, decline of activity of some inhibitors of enzymes, and so on. Some important proteins involved in the pathological process of breast cancer with changed expression may be useful biomarkers, such as alpha-1-antitrypsin, EF-1-beta, cathepsin D, TCTP, SMT3A, RPS12, and PSMA1, among which SMT3A, RPS12, and PSMA1 were first reported for breast cancer in this study.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Proteomic profiling of mature CD10+ B-cell lymphomas.

Proteomic profiling with protein-chip technology has been used successfully to discover biomarkers with potential clinical usefulness in several cancer types. Little proteomic study has been done in B-cell lymphomas. We determined whether the expression of a set of proteins by protein-chip technology coupled with new informatics tools could be used to build a model to molecularly classify B-cell lymphoma subgroups. We used surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to analyze 18 CD10+ B-cell lymphomas, including 6 grade 1 (G1) follicular lymphomas (FLs), 7 grade 3 (G3) FLs, and 5 Burkitt lymphomas. We used 7 reactive follicular hyperplasia cases as a control group. By using SAX2 ProteinChip arrays (Ciphergen Biosystems, Fremont, CA), we found a unique protein expression profile for each type of lesion. Two-way hierarchical clustering analysis of these protein expression profiles differentiated reactive follicular hyperplasia, FL, and Burkitt lymphoma, with 5 major clusters of differentially expressed protein peaks. In addition, we identified histone H4 as a potential differentially expressed protein marker that seems to distinguish G1 from G3 FL. To our knowledge, this is the first proteomic study using protein-chip technology for molecular classification of B-cell lymphoma subtypes with clinical samples.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed2005

Identification of differentially expressed proteins of gamma-ray irradiated rat intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry.

To identify proteins involved in the processes of cellular and molecular response to radiation damage repair in intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells, we comparatively analyzed the proteome of irradiated IEC-6 cells with that of normal cells. A series of methods were used, including two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (Z-DE), PDQuest software analysis of 2-DE gels, peptide mass fingerprinting based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and Swiss-Prot database searching, to separate and identify differentially expressed proteins. Western blotting and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to validate the differentially expressed proteins. Image analysis revealed that averages of 608 +/- 39 and 595 +/- 31 protein spots were detected in normal and irradiated IEC-6 cells, respectively. Sixteen differential protein spots were isolated from gels, and measured with MALDI-TOF-MS. A total of 14 spots yielded good spectra, and 11 spots matched with known proteins after database searching. These proteins were mainly involved in anti-oxidation, metabolism, and protein post-translational processes. Western blotting confirmed that stress-70 protein was down-regulated by gamma-irradiation. Up-regulation of ERP29 was confirmed by RT-PCR, indicating that it is involved in ionizing radiation. The clues provided by the comparative proteome strategy utilized here will shed light on molecular mechanisms of radiation damage repair in intestinal epithelial cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Proteome analysis of Pseudomonas sp. K82 biodegradation pathways.

Pseudomonas sp. K82 is a soil bacterium that can degrade and use monocyclic aromatic compounds including aniline, 3-methylaniline, 4-methylaniline, benzoate and p-hydroxybenzoate as its sole carbon and energy sources. In order to understand the impact of these aromatic compounds on metabolic pathways in Pseudomonas sp. K82, proteomes obtained from cultures exposed to different substrates were displayed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and were compared to search for differentially induced metabolic enzymes. Column separations of active fractions were performed to identify major biodegradation enzymes. More than thirty proteins involved in biodegradation and other types of metabolism were identified by electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. The proteome analysis suggested that Pseudomonas sp. K82 has three main metabolic pathways to degrade these aromatic compounds and induces specific metabolic pathways for each compound. The catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (CD2,3) pathway was the major pathway and the catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (beta-ketoadipate) pathway was the secondary pathway induced by aniline (aniline analogues) exposure. On the other hand, the catechol 1,2-dioxygenase pathway was the major pathway induced by benzoate exposure. For the degradation of p-hydroxybenzoate, the protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase pathway was the major degradation pathway induced. The nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of substrates demonstrated that Pseudomonas sp. K82 metabolizes some aromatic compounds more rapidly than others (benzoate > p-hydroxybenzoate > aniline) and that when combined, p-hydroxybenzoate metabolism is repressed by the presence of benzoate or aniline. These results suggest that proteome analysis can be useful in the high throughput study of bacterial metabolic pathways, including that of biodegradation, and that inter-relationships exist with respect to the metabolic pathways of aromatic compounds in Pseudomonas sp. K82.

Aniline Compounds↗