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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Reflections on renal replacement therapy (particularly on dialysis).

Organ replacement therapy is one of the three new forms of life (molecular biology, computer science, organ replacement) that modern techno-medicine affords. Of all the organs, the kidney is pre-eminent in quality and quantity of results. The kidney experience, indeed, acts as a teacher to the other organs in terms of organization and clinical practice. Among the various programs used in the treatment of chronic renal failure, transplantation stands first. It is the only non-illusory form of therapy (in clinical, social and economic terms), but it is only possible in 30% of cases, due to the shortage of valid donors. Artificial replacement (hemodialysis or its alternatives), predominates today and will predominate tomorrow, provided the political and economic structures of various countries are able to afford it. Without dialysis, transplantation itself would not be possible in over 95% of cases, and the graft would have failed in 50% after surgery. Thus, without the backup af artificial replacement therapy, transplantation may be an individual solution for individual cases, but not the solution to the problem as a whole in social terms. Although progressive improvements in technology have resulted in improved survival both in dialysis and in transplantation, all the other expectations of high-tech replacement have tended to be disappointing. As a multidisciplinary reality, renal replacement therapy still requires the integration of various sciences. Results so far achieved have shown the discrepancy between expectations and results, and indicated the way to follow to make the treatment biologically closer to man and physiologically closer to the organ.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Data mining: sophisticated forms of managed care modeling through artificial intelligence.

Data mining is a recent development in computer science that combines artificial intelligence algorithms and relational databases to discover patterns automatically, without the use of traditional statistical methods. Work with data mining tools in health care is in a developmental stage that holds great promise, given the combination of demographic and diagnostic information.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1998

The history of surgery for movement disorders.

Treatment of movement disorders by interruption of pathways within the nervous system has been a goal of neurosurgeons for the past century. When human stereotactic surgery was introduced 50 years ago, a major advance was made in surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease and other disorders of the motor system. Since then, the field has experienced a period of progressive growth, then abrupt decline, and now is more active than ever before and continuing to grow rapidly. Recent progress in computer science, imaging techniques, neurophysiology, and stereotactic targeting has provided the fuel for future progress.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1997

[Computerization of a clinical chemical laboratory. A contribution for quality assurance].

The application of computer science to the practice of laboratory medicine, one of the medical informatics fields, brings a complete revolution in laboratory work and the clinical pathologists profile. The authors explain the methodology for the implementation of such a system, in a perspective of quality assurance, defining the goals, objectives, customer requirements and analysis of the benefits they achieve. Finally the authors explain the future perspectives.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed1998

[Major statistical software usable in epidemiology].

Quality assurance of biostatistical data analysis is becoming mandatory. The aim of this review of statistical software was to guide uses who are faced with the increasing number of these tools. A list of softwares was obtained from statisticians and computer scientists, computerized databases, computer science lay press, and commercial documents. The softwares were described and their possibilities measured. The following functions were studied: functions considered as essential (descriptive analysis, Student's t, Mann-Whitney or Wilcoxon, ANOVA, Kruskall-Wallis, Pearson's chi 2, Fisher's exact test, Pearson's r), survival and multivariate analysis (logistic regression, proportional hazards modelling, times series). User-friendliness and quality of graphs were also studied. Among the 220 listed softwares, 26 could be considered as general softwares and were extensively analyzed. Statistical softwares may be classified into four categories: easy-to-use general public softwares with limited functions, such as EPI INFO; simple reference softwares with satisfactory user-friendliness and performing most of the statistical analyses, such as PCSM, STATISTICA or STATA; complex reference softwares intended for statisticians (EPILOG PLUS, SAS); specific cases such as EGRET performing only multivariate analysis or SUPERANOVA performing only analysis of variance. Such a review should be regularly updated.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Integrated case studies and medical decision making: a novel, computer-assisted bridge from the basic sciences to the clinics.

This article describes a novel course that was designed to bridge the gap between the basic science years and clinical experiences in medical school by using information science and computer technology as major components of problem-based learning (PBL) sessions. The course, Integrated Case Studies and Medical Decision Making, was first given to second-year students at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine in the spring of 1994. It consists of 13 PBL exercises, each of which explores a clinical case. The cases, including images and gated access to information, are housed on a computer. Using one of 16 networked terminals in specially designed small-group rooms, groups of nine students progress through the cases with a faculty facilitator. The responses of students and faculty to the initial year of the course were favorable. In comparison with traditional PBL sessions, enhanced quality of and access to images and accountability for accessing case information in sequential fashion were cited as major strengths of the course. Juxtaposition of basic science and clinical material and utility in reviewing for the United States Medical Licensing Examination were also cited as strengths. The diversity of the basic science material involved in completing the cases drew overwhelming enthusiasm from students and facilitators alike. In conclusion, the course successfully employs computer and information science technology, which will be of increasing importance to future physicians. The course also serves as an effective bridge to the clinical years of medical school and as a study adjunct for the USMLE.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1997

Human-computer interaction: psychology as a science of design.

Human-computer interaction (HCI) study is the region of intersection between psychology and the social sciences, on the one hand, and computer science and technology, on the other. HCI researchers analyze and design specific user interface technologies (e.g. pointing devices). They study and improve the processes of technology development (e.g. task analysis, design rationale). They develop and evaluate new applications of technology (e.g. word processors, digital libraries). Throughout the past two decades, HCI has progressively integrated its scientific concerns with the engineering goal of improving the usability of computer systems and applications, which has resulted in a body of technical knowledge and methodology. HCI continues to provide a challenging test domain for applying and developing psychological and social theory in the context of technology development and use.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

Computer-based instruction and the health sciences library.

Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is being used or considered at a growing number of medical institutions. The health sciences library, in its role as the learning resource center, can provide long hours of supervised access and more efficient sharing of resources if the CAI terminals are located there. Placing terminals in the library does, however, incur costs of training library personnel and of space and equipment and presents new problems in cataloging and maintenance. Budgetary and curriculum design considerations must be addressed in advance of adopting CAI, but those are not primarily library decisions. It is concluded that if an instution integrates CAI into its educational program, CAI does belong in the health sciences library and is fully compatible with the media already in use and that projected for the future.

Cataloging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Limits of natural science: brain research and computers.

The criterion that pure natural science can only investigate objective phenomena which can be observed by independent observers sets certain limits to our scientific understanding of brain functions. The methods and the present state of brain research and of computer development are described. The limitations of brain research are discussed by comparing the properties of brains and computers. At least for the time being we do not know of any natural scientific--i.e. physical or chemical--method which allows the objective measurement of consciousness, sensations, and emotions.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Computers in health-sciences education. An application to electrocardiography.

Aspects of a computer-based education (CBE) are described. Recent developments in the use of computer in health-sciences education are highlighted. An interactive computer system ( CALE ) has been developed to provide individualised instruction and testing for biomedical and medical sciences students. CALE is a system for computer assisted learning of electrocardiography which consists of an organizer program and few subprograms . The system has a self-instruction mode which is equivalent to lecturing . Moreover, review questions are supplied either in multiple choice questions ( MCQ ) and/or matched questions and answers ( MQA ) forms. Furthermore, the system can stimulate normal as well as abnormal electrocardiograms. A statistical program is included to evaluate the performance of the students while using the CALE -system. A comment file is created so that the users can register their comments about the CALE and the difficulties they have faced in using the system. CALE is easy to use and requires no knowledge of programming. The feedback obtained from the students currently using the system is encouraging. CALE is written in Data General FORTRAN 5.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1986

PROPHET, a national computing resource for life science research.

PROPHET is a national computing resource tailored to meet the data management and analysis needs of life scientists working in a wide variety of disciplines, ranging from pharmacology to molecular biology. The PROPHET system offers a fully integrated graphics-oriented environment designed to aid research scientists in the manipulation and analysis of scientific spreadsheets of data, graphs, molecular structures, biological simulation models, and protein and nucleic acid sequences, and it includes access to a range of molecular structure and sequence databases. This paper briefly describes the PROPHET system, some of its current capabilities, and plans for a new fully distributed version of the system now under development.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

PROPHET--a national computing resource for life science research.

PROPHET is a national computing resource tailored to meet the data management and analysis needs of life scientists working in a wide variety of disciplines, ranging from pharmacology to molecular biology. The PROPHET system offers a fully integrated graphics-oriented environment designed for the manipulation and analysis of tabular data, graphs, molecular structures, biological simulation models, and protein and nucleic acid sequences, and it includes access to molecular structure and sequence databases.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1997

Mathematical and computational challenges in population biology and ecosystems science.

Mathematical and computational approaches provide powerful tools in the study of problems in population biology and ecosystems science. The subject has a rich history intertwined with the development of statistics and dynamical systems theory, but recent analytical advances, coupled with the enhanced potential of high-speed computation, have opened up new vistas and presented new challenges. Key challenges involve ways to deal with the collective dynamics of heterogeneous ensembles of individuals, and to scale from small spatial regions to large ones. The central issues-understanding how detail at one scale makes its signature felt at other scales, and how to relate phenomena across scales-cut across scientific disciplines and go to the heart of algorithmic development of approaches to high-speed computation. Examples are given from ecology, genetics, epidemiology, and immunology.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗