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Results for “VESTIBULAR APPARATUS”

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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

[Pathogenesis of spinal osteochondrosis and its neurologic manifestations at different ages].

The paper deals with the modern pathogenetic concepts of vertebral osteochondrosis in the age aspect. It was demonstrated that most frequently vertebrogenic lesions of the peripheral nervous system appear in patients aged 30 to 50 years. The role of different pathogenetic mechanisms in the development of the disease (biochemical, autoimmune changes in the intravertebral discs, the state of the higher nervous acitivity, the vestibular apparatus, etc.) was investigated. Pathomorphological studies permitted to establish certain correlations between the intensity of the generative-dystrophic changes in the lumbar part of the vertebral column and the level of the blood supply. Vertebral osteochondrosis can be considered as a polyetiologic but monopathogenetic disease, the clinical signs of which depend upon different endogenous and exogenous factors. The clinical traits of vertebrogenic diseases of the peripheral nervous system in children and adolescents, as well as in patients of old age are described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[On the history of ENT in Austria (author's transl)].

The history of otology in Austria begins with Adam Politzer, the founder of clinical otology. In 1873, Politzer and Gruber founded the Clinic of Otology of the University of Vienna, the first of its kind in the world. The first stapes mobilization was performed in 1875 by Kessel in Graz. Similar university clinics were founded in Graz under Habermann in 1893 and in Innsbruck under Juffinger in 1894. Urbantschitsch initiated auditory training of the hard of hearing. In 1914 Barany received the Nobel prize for his research on the vestibular apparatus. The history of laryngology in Austria begins in 1857 when the laryngeal mirror was used for diagnosis for the first time by Ludwig Türck. In 1870, the first clinic of laryngology in the world was opened in Vienna by Schrötter von Kristelli. In 1873, the surgeon, Theodore Billroth, performed the first total laryngectomy. All the investigations made at the Austrian clinics were of decisive importance for the development of our specialty.

Austria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Autonomy of the centers of otolithic nystagmus].

Pigeons (Columba livia) with unilaterally sectioned saccular nerves (Ramuli sacculi) were rotated in the dark along the horizontal plane. The nystagmic reaction which developed when the vestibular apparatus was simultaneously exposed to otolith and canal stimuli, each of which taken separately caused nystagmus of the same direction, was less pronounced in the case of canal stimulation. This can be regarded as evidence indicating autonomicity of otolith nystagmus centers.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1980

[Treatment of Morbus Menière with intratympanally applied Gentamycin (author's transl)].

Since 1974 we have treated 59 patients suffering from unilateral and bilateral (two patients) Morbus Menière with intratympanal application of gentamycin-sulfate. In contrast to earlier attempts using this method, we did not try to destroy the vestibular apparatus, but taking into our considerations the recent findings about the pathophysiological mechanism of Morbus Menière, only to damage the secretory epithelium, thus preventing the endolymphatic hydrops. Releave from symptoms could be obtained in more than 90% of our patients.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1995

The dizzy patient: stepwise workup of a common complaint.

Dizziness is a common and potentially disabling complaint among older patients. A major consequence of dizziness is falls, which can lead to death or significant functional disability. Dizziness can be separated into four broad categories: vertigo, disequilibrium, near-syncope, and nonspecific. Given its multitude of possible etiologies, dizziness often poses a diagnostic dilemma for the physician. Symptoms can result from a disturbance in any number of balance control systems, including the visual pathways, vestibular apparatus, cardiovascular system, and CNS. In evaluating dizziness, the physician should first obtain a careful medical history and perform a targeted physical examination. Depending upon the organ system involved, an audiologist, otolaryngologist, neurologist, cardiologist, and/or psychiatrist should then be consulted for further assessment and management.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Herpes zoster oticus: diagnosis and management.

Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome) is recognized as a polycranial neuritis caused by the DNA virus Herpes zoster and characterized by damage to sensory and motor nerves, including the audio-vestibular apparatus. Common presenting symptoms include cutaneous auricular vesicles, severe otalgia, inflammation of the pinna, and occasionally unilateral sudden facial paralysis. This article reviews the medical management of this disease, including the efficacy of antibiotics, corticosteroids, and acyclovir, along with the role of surgical decompression of the facial nerve.

Herpes Zoster Oticus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in the clinical electromyographic indices of patients with the hyperkinetic form of infantile cerebral palsy and their dynamics during combined sanatorium-health resort treatment including transcerebral exposure to an ultrahigh-frequency electrical field].

Clinical electromyographic studies were made to evaluate the efficacy of transcerebral exposure to UHF electric field which has been used as an adjuvant to therapeutic exercise, massage, climate treatment in 33 patients with hyperkinetic infantile cerebral paralysis (ICP). The effect on the motor disorders reached 70.8%. Specific features of statokinetic function in hyperkinetic ICP children recorded electromyographically dictate combined use of various modalities (therapeutic exercises, preformed physical factors, games, reflex therapy, etc.) to improve therapeutic actions on vestibular apparatus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Applied nystagmometry in differentiating vesitbular diseases (author's transl)].

Nystagmus as a reaction on vestibular stimulation is influenced by many factors which are difficult to control. One of the most important parameters correlating best with the excitability of the peripheral vestibular apparatus is the speed of the slow phase of the nystagmus. This can be registered directly by use of the nystagmometer (or Blauert System), together with the speed of the fast phase. All parameters of the nystagmus can be easily described when recorded. However, an exact description of the nystagmic reaction should not be considered as a complete diagnosis by itself alone; the diagnosis can only be the result of combining nystagmometry, audiometry and other otoneurological or neurological findings with the patient's presenting complaints (or history of the disease involved).

Brain Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Brain function in patients with atherosclerotic circulatory encephalopathy].

Based on the analysis of findings from clinical and paraclinical investigations (ultrasonic vascular diagnosis, electroencephalography, computerized tomography, angiography) in 244 patients with atherosclerotic dyscirculatory encephalopathy, functional status was studied as were structural alterations in the brain tissue in stenosing lesions of precerebral arteries. The first clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic dyscirculatory encephalopathy in the presence of damage to the vestibular-basilar system were found to be dysfunction of column structures of vestibular apparatus, reticular formation and posterior longitudinal fascicle, and, in the presence of damage to the carotid area, -- dysfunction of cortex of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes of the brain.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Signal processing by vestibular nuclei neurons is dependent on the current behavioral goal.

The vestibular sensory apparatus and associated vestibular nuclei are generally thought to encode angular head velocity during our daily activities. However, in addition to direct inputs from vestibular afferents, the vestibular nuclei receive substantial projections from cortical, cerebellar, and other brainstem structures. Given this diversity of inputs, the question arises: How are the responses of vestibular nuclei neurons to head velocity modified by these additional inputs during naturally occurring behaviors? Here we have focused on the signal processing done by two specific classes of neurons in the vestibular nuclei: (1) position-vestibular-pause (PVP) neurons that mediate the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), and (2) vestibular-only (VO) neurons that are thought to mediate, at least in part, the vestibulo-collic reflex (VCR). We first characterized neuronal responses to passive rotation in the head-restrained condition, and then released the head to record the discharges of the same neurons during self-generated head movements. VOR interneurons (i.e., PVP neurons) faithfully transmitted head velocity signals when the animal stabilized its gaze, regardless of whether the head motion was actively or passively generated; their responses were attenuated only when the monkey's behavioral goal was to redirect its axis of gaze relative to space. In contrast, VCR interneurons (i.e., VO neurons) faithfully transmitted head velocity signals during passive head motion, but their responses were greatly (and similarly) attenuated during all behaviors (i.e., gaze shifts, gaze pursuit, gaze stabilization) during which the monkey's behavioral goal was to move its head relative to the body. To characterize the mechanism(s) that underlie this differential processing, we tested neurons during passive rotation of the head relative to the body, as well as during a task in which a monkey actively "drove" both its head and body together in space. We conclude that neither passive activation of neck proprioceptors nor knowledge of self-generated head-in-space motion directly mediate the observed reductions in head-velocity-related modulation. Instead, we propose that the VOR and VCR pathways use efference copies of oculomotor and neck movement commands, respectively, for the differential processing of vestibular information.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2001

Selective processing of vestibular reafference during self-generated head motion.

The vestibular sensory apparatus and associated vestibular nuclei are generally thought to encode head-in-space motion. Angular head-in-space velocity is detected by vestibular hair cells that are located within the semicircular canals of the inner ear. In turn, the afferent fibers of the vestibular nerve project to neurons in the vestibular nuclei, which, in head-restrained animals, similarly encode head-in-space velocity during passive whole-body rotation. However, during the active head-on-body movements made to generate orienting gaze shifts, neurons in the vestibular nuclei do not reliably encode head-in-space motion. The mechanism that underlies this differential processing of vestibular information is not known. To address this issue, we studied vestibular nuclei neural responses during passive head rotations and during a variety of tasks in which alert rhesus monkeys voluntarily moved their heads relative to space. Neurons similarly encoded head-in-space velocity during passive rotations of the head relative to the body and during passive rotations of the head and body together in space. During all movements that were generated by activation of the neck musculature (voluntary head-on-body movements), neurons were poorly modulated. In contrast, during a task in which each monkey actively "drove" its head and body together in space by rotating a steering wheel with its arm, neurons reliably encoded head-in-space motion. Our results suggest that, during active head-on-body motion, an efferent copy of the neck motor command, rather than the monkey's knowledge of its self-generated head-in-space motion or neck proprioceptive information, gates the differential processing of vestibular information at the level of the vestibular nuclei.

Action Potentials↗