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PubMed2005

Prevalence of nonvitamin, nonmineral supplement usage among students in a Turkish university.

BACKGROUND: There have been multiple studies carried out in many countries with regard to the use of nonvitamin, nonmineral (NVNM) supplements. These studies have shown that the use of NVNM supplements is on the increase throughout the world, particularly in western countries. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of NVNM supplement use among Turkish university students. METHODS: The survey was conducted between September and December 2004 at Osmangazi University, a public university located in the west of Turkey. Responses were analysed, using the chi-square (x2) test, t test and percent (%) ratios, according to gender and consumers. Differences were considered significant for p <or= 0.05. RESULTS: Of 2253 students attending the university, 1871 participated in the survey (909 men and 962 women). Overall, the prevalence of NVNM supplement use was 16.5% (16.6% in men and 16.3% in women, p < 0.05). The three most commonly given reasons for use were 'improvement of energy and vitality (78.6%)', 'promotion of weight loss (71.1%)', followed by 'enhancement of athletic performance (64.3%)'. Twenty-six of the 308 reported NVNM users (26/308, 8.4%) reported having experienced an adverse reaction. Television (76.3%), magazines/newspapers (41.5%) and internet websites (37.3%) were the most frequently used sources for obtaining information about NVNM supplements. The three most frequently used NVNM supplements were echinacea, ginseng, and gingko biloba (38.6%, 36.4%, and 32.8%, respectively). Nutritional scores were higher in NVNM supplement users than in non-users (66.510.8 vs. 62.712.7) (p < 0.001). Users and nonusers of NVNM supplements differed significantly according to sex, age, Body Mass Index (BMI) values, types of school, mother and fathers' education levels, family income, most permanent place of residence up to the time of survey, smoking status, and participating in sports. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the prevalence of NVNM supplement use is relatively modest among Turkish university students and more information is needed on why people use particular NVNM supplements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Combining lifelong learning with civic engagement: a university-based model.

What role can and should the university play in enhancing the civic engagement of the fifty-plus population? The interest on the part of this population in lifelong learning has already been demonstrated to be a priority. There is also a growing movement for increasing the engagement of universities with their local communities, including expanded service-learning opportunities for college students and faculty. Can universities build upon these two areas of growth to create a format that will assist in the recruitment and retention of older volunteers? The University of Maryland has been testing variations of a model that combines lifelong learning, leadership development, and civic engagement in both the United States and Europe. A version of this civic engagement model is presented as a replicable model that can pioneer new methods of civic engagement both for older adults and for universities.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Changes in conceptions of learning for indigenous Australian university students.

BACKGROUND: Conceptions of learning have been investigated for students in higher education in different countries. Some studies found that students' conceptions change and develop over time while others have found no changes. Investigating conceptions of learning for Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander university students is a relatively new area of research. AIMS: This study set out to investigate conceptions of learning for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander university students during the first two years of their undergraduate degree courses in three Australian universities. Conceptions for each year were compared. Knowing more about learning as conceived by this cultural group may facilitate more productive higher educational experiences. SAMPLE: The sample comprised 17 students studying various degrees; 11 were male and 6 were female. Ages ranged from 18 to 48 years; mean age was 26 years. METHOD: This was a phenomenographic, longitudinal study. Individual semistructured interviews were conducted each year to ascertain students' conceptions of learning. Conceptions for second year were derived independently of those from first year. A comparative analysis then took place to determine any changes. RESULTS: These students held conceptions of learning that were similar to those of other university students; however there were some intrinsic differences. On a group level, conceptions changed somewhat over the two years as did core conceptions reported by some individual students. Some students also exhibited a greater awareness of learning during their second year that resulted in three dimensions of changed awareness. CONCLUSIONS: We believe the changed conceptions and awareness resulted from learning at university where there is some need to understand and explain phenomena in relation to theory. This brought about new understandings which allowed students to see their own learning in a relational sense.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The impact of universal access to dental care on disparities in caries experience in children.

BACKGROUND: The authors investigated the association between socioeconomic status and the severity of dental caries in 6- and 7-year-old children who had had access to dental care throughout their lives. The children had lived since birth in Nova Scotia, Canada, a province with a universal publicly financed dental care program. METHODS: The authors selected a representative sample of first-grade children using a stratified multistage sampling method of primary schools (n = 1,614). The response rate was 78.8 percent. Two dentists were trained to diagnose dental caries using modified World Health Organization criteria. Intra- and interexaminer reliability was excellent (kappa > or = 0.88). Of the children who were examined (n = 1,271), 955 were lifelong residents of Nova Scotia, Canada, and so were included in this analysis. Data were weighted and adjusted for clustering (design) effects. RESULTS: Only 8.4 percent of the children had visited a dental office before the age of 2 years, and 88.5 percent of the children had their first dental visit between the ages of 2 and 5 years. Children whose parents had completed a university education had a significantly lower mean number of decayed, missing and filled surfaces, or dmfs, in their primary teeth than did children whose parents had a lower education level. A Poisson regression model indicated that parents' high education status, optimal fluoride concentration in schools' water supplies, daily toothbrushing and dental visits for checkup were significantly associated with low dmfs scores. CONCLUSION: Having access to a universal publicly financed dental insurance program since birth did not eliminate the disparities in caries experience. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This analysis of a highly utilized universal dental insurance program suggests that disparities in oral health status cannot be reduced solely by providing universal access to dental care. Focused efforts by professional and governmental organizations should be directed toward understanding the socioeconomic, behavioral and community determinants of oral health disparities.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Balance between education- and research-oriented publications from a Brazilian University Hospital.

We analyzed the trends of scientific output of the University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. A total of 1420 publications were classified according to pattern and visibility. Most were non-research publications with domestic visibility. With time, there was a tendency to shift from non-research (or education-oriented) publications with domestic visibility to research publications with international visibility. This change may reflect new academic attitudes within the institution concerning the objectives of the hospital and the establishment of scientific research activities. The emphasis of this University Hospital had been on the training of new physicians. However, more recently, the production of new knowledge has been incorporated as a new objective. The analysis of the scientific production of the most productive sectors of the hospital also showed that most are developing non-research studies devoted to the local public while a few of the sectors are carrying out research studies published in journals with international status. The dilemma of quality versus quantity and of education versus research-oriented publication seems, however, to continue to exist within the specialized sectors. The methodology described here to analyze the scientific production of a university hospital can be used as a tool to better understand the evolution of medical research in Brazil and also to help formulate public policies and new strategies to include research among the major objectives of University Hospitals.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2005

Richard F. Edlich, MD, PhD: recipient of Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Minnesota Medical Alumni Society.

On May 20, 2005, Dr. Richard F. Edlich, MD, PhD, was the recipient of the Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Minnesota Medical Alumni Society. It is the purpose of this report to review his academic contributions, which have resulted in dramatic improvements in healthcare in our nation. Dr. Edlich began his general surgical training at the University of Minnesota under the guidance of his beloved mentor, Dr. Owen H. Wangensteen. During his 8-year surgical residency, Dr. Edlich spent 4 years in Dr. Wangensteen's multidisciplinary research laboratory. This unique research opportunity allowed him to initiate a wide variety of important clinical investigations involving the biology of wound repair and infection, the control of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, as well as the revascularization of the ischemic myocardium. After Dr. Edlich completed his 8-year surgical residency training, Dr. Wangensteen selected a 2-year plastic surgical residency at the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center for Dr. Edlich, which would allow him to complete his plastic surgical training. During his plastic surgical training and subsequent academic career at the University of Virginia, Dr. Edlich modeled his clinical and research training after that of Dr. Owen Wangensteen. Working with gifted scientists, Dr. Edlich championed the development of revolutionary advances in emergency medical care as well as burn care in our nation. He left the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center in 2001 to expand his research interest by participating in a unique multicenter evaluation of surgical products, to accept the special opportunity of being Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants, and to assume a leadership position as Director of Trauma Research, Prevention and Education at Legacy Emanuel Hospital (Portland, Oregon). His academic journey that involves his beloved 2000 students is outlined in this report.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMed2005

The evaluation of first aid and basic life support training for the first year university students.

In Turkey, the first aiders are few in quantity and yet they are required in many settings, such as earthquakes. It was thought that training first year university students in first aid and basic life support (FA-BLS) techniques would serve to increase the number of first aiders. It was also thought that another problem, the lack of first aid trainers, might be addressed by training medical students to perform this function. A project aimed at training first year university students in FA-BLS was conducted at Hacettepe University. In the first phase, medical student first aid trainers (MeSFAT) were trained in FA-BLS training techniques by academic trainers and in the second phase, first year university students were trained in FA-BLS techniques by these peer trainers under the academic trainers' supervision. The purpose of this study was to assess the participants' evaluation of this project and to propose a new program to increase the number of first aiders in the country. In total, 31 medical students were certified as MeSFATs and 12 of these trained 40 first year university students in FA-BLS. Various questionnaires were applied to the participants to determine their evaluation of the training program. Most of the participants and the authors considered the program to be successful and effective. This method may be used to increase the number of first aid trainers and first aiders in the community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

"Health for three-thirds of the nation": public health advocacy of universal access to medical care in the United States.

The public health community has made important, original contributions to the debate over universal access to health services in the United States. Well before the decision of the American Public Health Association in 1944 to endorse a health plan encompassing virtually the entire populace, prominent public health practitioners and scholars embraced universality as an essential principle of health policy. Influenced by Arthur Newsholme, C.-E. A. Winslow began to promote this principle in the 1920s. Many others came to justify universal medical care as a corollary of the traditional ideal of all-inclusive public health services. By the 1940s, most leaders in the field saw national health insurance as the best way to attain universal access. For the past 30 years, advocates of universalism have asserted a social right to health services.

Health Care Reform↗
PubMed2003

Long-term morbidity in patients with acute chest pain. A comparison between a city university hospital and a county hospital.

AIM: To compare long-term morbidity after hospital discharge in patients admitted to the emergency department with acute chest pain in a city university hospital and a county hospital. METHODS: Patients with acute chest pain admitted to the emergency department due to acute chest pain at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Göteborg, Sweden, and at Uddevalla County Hospital in Uddevalla, Sweden, between October 21, 1996, and April 30, 1997, were retrospectively followed for 30 months. RESULTS: The mortality during the subsequent 30 months was similar in the two cohorts (16% in the city university hospital and 15% in the county hospital, respectively). In the city university hospital 1575 patients and in the county hospital 715 patients took part in the evaluation of survivors. Coronary angiography was performed less frequently in patients in the city hospital (14% versus 20%; p = 0.002) but there was no difference with regard to development of myocardial infarction (6% versus 7%), stroke (2% in both cohorts) or requirement of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) after hospital discharge. The proportion of patients who were rehospitalized did not differ, but the mean number of days in hospital per patient and per hospitalized patient was higher in the county hospital (10.2 +/- 17.2 versus 6.7 +/- 13.7 (p = 0.0003) and 17.3 +/- 19.5 versus 13.2 +/- 16.8 (p = 0.003), respectively). P-values were adjusted for differences in the patient's characteristics. The proportion of patients rehospitalized due to stable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias and heart investigation was higher in the county hospital. CONCLUSION: In chest pain patients admitted to a city university hospital and a county hospital morbidity differences were found after hospital discharge indicating a higher requirement of rehospitalization for various cardiac reasons and a higher use of coronary angiography in the county hospital after discharge from hospital. The mechanisms behind this observation are not clear at present.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

The rich tradition of radiology at the University of Michigan.

The evolution of radiology at the University of Michigan after Roentgen's discovery in 1895 has had a profound influence on radiology. The school has had notable firsts in medicine: it was among the first of the state-supported universities to have a medical school (1850), had the first teaching hospital owned by a university (1869), and had the first university department of roentgenology (1917). Given these circumstances, teaching and research were early high priorities. The original small hospital, a remodeled private residence in Ann Arbor (1869), proved inadequate and was replaced in 1891 by the Catherine Street Hospital, viewed then as the largest teaching hospital in the nation. This served the medical school well for many years but was succeeded by the magnificent new University Hospital in 1925. Built for $4.4 million with a bed capacity of 700 in a double-Y architecture, it was an entirely new concept in hospital design and was the pride of the state [1].

History, 19th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transition to university and vigorous physical activity: implications for health and psychological well-being.

The authors investigated vigorous physical activity and psychological well-being during transition from high school to first-year university in a sample of 145 Canadian undergraduates. Participants completed retrospective measures assessing vigorous physical activity during their first 2 months at university and their last 2 months at high school as well as measures assessing psychological well-being. According to nationally recommended (US Department of Health and Human Services) standards, two thirds (66.2%) of students reported adequate levels of vigorous activity in high school, whereas significantly fewer (44.1%) met the standard during their first 8 weeks at university. One third of students were active in high school but became insufficiently active once at university; 33% were active at both times; 23% consistently fell short of recommended levels; and only 11% became active once at university. Students who had become insufficiently active reported higher levels of fatigue and lower levels of vigor compared with those who continued to be active.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Correlates of university nurse faculty publication productivity.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors which may be important in the publication productivity of university nurse faculty. Two central research questions were addressed: 1) What relationship exists between selected professional, educational, and career variables and the publication productivity of university nurse faculty members? 2) What is the typical publication productivity profile of university nurse faculty? The population consisted of 422 full-time tenure tract nurse faculty teaching in seven nursing schools that offered baccalaureate, master's and doctoral programs and were located in public Research Universities I. All data were obtained through the use of a questionnaire. Completed questionnaires were received from 80 percent of the respondents. Faculty not meeting the criteria for the study and all instructors were eliminated from analysis. Data were ultimately analyzed for 261 subjects. Thirty-two variables were found to have a significant relationship to faculty publication productivity. Eleven of these variables (highest degree, years since first master's, age, rank, teaching responsibilities, time spent teaching, time spent in research, hours of clinical instruction, teaching and research preferences, journals received, beliefs about the desirable relationship between publication and promotion and tenure) and five motivational variables were included in a regression analysis. These 16 variables grouped into three clusters, accounted for .4845 percent of the total variation in university nurse faculty publication productivity. Current job socialization factors and motivational factors accounted for a significant amount of variation in faculty publication productivity even when highest degree, years since first master's, age, and rank were controlled.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Team physician preferences at National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I universities.

Virtually all National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I universities have physicians who evaluate and treat athletic injuries and other medical conditions. The relationship of these physicians to these institutions ranges from a very loose arrangement to full-time employment. The specialties of the physicians working with the athletes of NCAA Division I universities vary as well. This study attempts to determine the specialty of current team physicians at NCAA Division I universities and their qualifications as well as the preferences of athletic directors when they are seeking to employ a team physician for their university. By comparing IA and non-IA Division I institutions, an attempt is made to determine the possible reasons for differences. This information will then be useful both for physicians-in-training who aspire to be team physicians at the university level and for administrators at these institutions who will be recruiting physicians with the most desirable credentials in the future.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2000

Indications for labor induction. Differences between university and community hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the rates of and indications for labor induction between a university hospital and two community hospitals and to examine the risk of cesarean delivery among labor induction cases. STUDY DESIGN: Labor induction cases over a six-month period were included (N = 536). Medical records were reviewed by a trained abstractor using a standardized form to determine maternal characteristics, reason for induction and perinatal outcomes. RESULTS: Rates of labor induction were significantly different between the three hospitals: university, 18.2%; community hospital A, 21.4%; community hospital B, 33.7% (P < .001). At the university hospital, 95% of labor inductions were medically indicated using American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) criteria. Forty-four percent of labor inductions at community hospital A and 57% at community hospital B were for elective reasons. Cesarean rates among induction cases were highest at the university hospital (19%) as compared to community hospital A (15%) and community hospital B (11%), although the difference was not statistically significant. Parity, race and cervical status, but not elective induction, were significantly associated with cesarean delivery. CONCLUSION: Labor induction was more frequent in community hospitals but more likely to meet ACOG-approved indications at the university hospital. The more-frequent inductions at the community hospitals did not result in higher cesarean rates.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Mental health problems among university students, and their relationship to academic failure and withdrawal.

Two obvious forms of student "wastage" are academic failure and withdrawal from university. In this prospective cohort study of 2,041 first-year students at Monash University, the relationship of these two events to mental health, university life-stress and other variables is examined. Four factors found to be strongly related to first-year academic failure are mental illness at university a high level of life-stress, poor secondary school academic record, and an extroverted personality. Withdrawal from university during first year is frequently preceded by poor mental health, high life-stress and loneliness. Withdrawal during second year is strongly associated with first-year academic failure and mental illness. The significance of these findings is discussed, and comparisons are made with overseas studies.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

[Epidemiological study of university students].

OBJECTIVE: to study prevalence rates of psychological distress among university students. METHOD: descriptive correlational research. Data gathered administering the brief version ( Argentine adaptation) of the Psychiatric Epidemiological Research Interview (PERI) to a sample of 1130 individuals studying at the University of Buenos Aires are presented. (Age Mean: 23 years old). RESULTS: 30 % of female students and 15 % of male ones can be considered at psychopathological RISK. Psychological symptoms of distress more frequently found are: anxiety, anger, irritability, violent attitudes or feelings. It can be said that 33% of female students and 19% of male ones express their wish to have a psychological interview with some professional of the University Health Center. Prevalence rates of distress are higher among participants who study Agronony, Philosophy and Literature and Medicine. CONCLUSION: data analyzed show the need to incorporate a psychophysical assessment of students matriculated in the University. Currently they pass only through a medical one. The University Health Center can provide preventive programmes as well as assistance and interventions related to rehabilitations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The Universities of the Renaissance and Reformation.

European universities had great intellectual and religious influence in the Renaissance and Reformation and exhibited considerable variety. Italian universities taught law and medicine to doctoral students. Their loose organization made it possible for professors to produce original research in law, medicine, philosophy, and the humanities. Northern European universities concentrated on teaching arts to undergraduates, while theology was the most important graduate faculty. Their stronger structure enabled Martin Luther and other professors of theology in German, Dutch, Swiss, and English universities to create and lead the Protestant. By the early seventeenth century universities everywhere were in decline.

Europe↗
PubMed2005

Socioeconomic factors and health risk behaviors among university students in Turkey: questionnaire study.

AIM: To explore relations between socioeconomic factors and health risk behaviors in university students in Turkey. METHODS: A total of 650 students currently enrolled at the university in Ankara were selected for the study by means of a circular sampling method. They answered a questionnaire on health risk behaviors. We used multivariate analysis to analyze the relations between socioeconomic variables and each of the following participants' behaviors in the last year: use of cigarettes, alcohol, or drugs; driving under the influence of alcohol; unprotected sex; attempted suicide; self-mutilation; physical fighting; carrying firearms or edged weapon; not wearing a safety belt in motor vehicles; or riding a motorcycle without a helmet. RESULTS: Health risk behaviors in university students were in general related to low socioeconomic status, except for alcohol use, which was related to high socioeconomic status. Among female students whose mothers had completed high school, 81.9% used alcohol, compared with less than 68% of female students whose mothers had not completed high school or had completed university (P<0.001). Also, 4.0% of female students whose mothers had completed high school had attempted suicide, compared with less than 1.5% of female students whose mothers had not completed high school or had completed university (P=0.026). In male students, important variables were parental education level and paternal employment status. Among male students who had unemployed fathers, 66.7% used cigarettes (P=0.015), 26.7% engaged in substance use (P<0.010), and 4.4 % attempted suicide (P<0.050) in comparison with 11.9 and 0.7%, respectively, of male students whose fathers were employed. Logistic regression showed male gender to be associated with an increase in all risk behaviors (odds ratio 1.114, 95% confidence interval 1.652-5.622, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study confirms the findings of similar studies in western developed countries, suggesting that relations between socioeconomic variables and health risk behaviors in young people reflect a basic phenomenon not greatly influenced by culture.

Adult↗