Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Trans Fatty Acids”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

[Fatty acids of the tuna of different fishing areas of the Mexican Pacific, canned in oil and water].

A direct relationship exists between the state of health and the diet, and inside this some components, such as the fatty acids (FA), influence mostly in the prevention of certain illnesses (coronary heart disease, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory answer, and arterial pressure). One of the main sources of essential FA are the marine products; the tuna is a marine food of wide consumption in Mexico due its readiness and low cost. The objective of this work was to determine the profile of fatty acids (FA) in tuna canned in oil and in water coming from three fishing areas of the Mexican Pacific. There were randomly obtained 7 oil-tuna commercial marks (AA) and 5 water- tuna (AW) coming from the next fishery areas: Baja California Sur (L1), Colima (L2) and Mazatlán (L3). The samples without draining were liquefied and thereafter it was obtained the methyl esters of fatty acids that were analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. In all the areas were identified 20 FA (mg/100 g); three AG omega 3 (EPA, DHA and linolenic) and two omega 6 (linoleic and arachidonic). In the AA of the three areas the most abundant saturated FA were estearric and palmitic acids, the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid was the cis-vaccenic, followed by the oleic acid. The behavior of those omega 3 in the AA of the three areas were similar: with the less quantity was the linolenic acid (447-755), continued by the EPA (979-1323) and finally high concentrations of DHA (1862-3327). In the AW the DHA was the most abundant fatty acid in all the areas (1086-4456), the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid was the palmitic (640-3809). It was observed the presence of trans fatty acids in high quantities in AW: linolelaidic (1394-1495) and elaidic (377-1234). The relationship omega 3/omega 6 in the AA was similar in L1 and L2, and lower in L3; in AW was higher in L2 and L3. In conclusion, evident variation exists in the content of FA among areas; it could be considered that the AA of L3 and AW of L2 as the richest in omega-3 and omega-6 FA. In general, the tuna in water is a richer food in FA omega 3 and omega 6 that the tuna in oil, independently of the fishery area.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Dietary fatty acids and coronary heart disease.

Epidemiological studies have confirmed a strong association between fat intake, especially saturated and trans fatty acids, plasma cholesterol levels and rate of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. Meanwhile it is clear, that early atherosclerosis is largely preventable by modifying nutritional behaviour and lifestyle. There is clear evidence that a diet moderate in total fat (25-35 % energy) is superior to extremes in dietary fat. Because fat is energy dense moderation in fat intake is also essential for weight control. Saturated fatty acids are very potent in increasing LDL-cholesterol concentration in plasma a dangerous risk factor for early CHD. Unsaturated fatty acids have numerous beneficial health effects. The results of prospective cohort studies fit well to the experimental experience of the antihypercholesterolemic action of Omega-6 fatty acids and the antithrombotic, vasodilatory and antiarrhythmic properties of Omega-3 fatty acids, while the optimistic rating of Omega-9 fatty acids is less supported by epidemiologic studies. The results of prospective cohort studies are confirmed by intervention trials revealing that saturated fatty acids enhance early development of CHD whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially of the Omega-3 type, significantly preserve from CHD. In context with a prudent diet pattern favourable dietary fatty acid composition offers the best chance for a reduced risk of CHD.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed2003

Effect of cereal grain and fibre supplements on the fatty acid composition of milk fat of grazing dairy cows in early lactation.

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the effects of cereal grain and fibre (hay or straw) supplements on the fatty acid composition of milk fat of grazing dairy cows in early lactation. In both experiments, grain supplements significantly increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of the endogenously synthesized 10:0-16:0 fatty acids. Of the C18 acids, the proportion of 18:0 and 18:3 was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by grain supplementation, while that of 18:2 was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Irrespective of diet, 18:1 trans-11 was the most dominant trans 18:1 isomer in milk fat. In the first experiment, the proportions of the 18:1 trans-11 isomer and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, 18:2 cis-9, trans-11) were highest for the pasture-only diets, and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with grain supplementation. The opposite result was observed in the second experiment, conducted in a different dairy region, suggesting that factors such as the quality of pasture on offer and the physiological state of the cow could affect the content of CLA and trans fatty acids in milk fat. In both experiments, there was a significant positive linear relationship between CLA and 18:1 trans-11. Fibre supplements had little effect on the fatty acid composition of the milk.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The effects of diet on inflammation: emphasis on the metabolic syndrome.

Reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease with diet is possible. The main dietary strategies include adequate omega-3 fatty acids intake, reduction of saturated and trans-fats, and consumption of a diet high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and whole grains and low in refined grains. Each of these strategies may be associated with lower generation of inflammation. This review examines the epidemiologic and clinical evidence concerning diet and inflammation. Dietary patterns high in refined starches, sugar, and saturated and trans-fatty acids, poor in natural antioxidants and fiber from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and poor in omega-3 fatty acids may cause an activation of the innate immune system, most likely by an excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines associated with a reduced production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The whole diet approach seems particularly promising to reduce the inflammation associated with the metabolic syndrome. The choice of healthy sources of carbohydrate, fat, and protein, associated with regular physical activity and avoidance of smoking, is critical to fighting the war against chronic disease. Western dietary patterns warm up inflammation, while prudent dietary patterns cool it down.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1996

cis/trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids as possible control mechanism of membrane fluidity in Pseudomonas putida P8.

Exponentially growing cells of Pseudomonas putida had an increased ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in response to increased growth temperatures. Resting cells in which fatty acid biosynthesis was stopped reacted to a thermal increase by converting cis-monounsaturated fatty acids to trans isomers. cis/trans Isomerization of up to 60% of the unsaturated fatty acids was also activated by alcohols of different chain length. Their effective concentrations apparently depended on the lipophilic character of the alcohols. Also, a salt shock caused by the addition of NaCl resulted in the production of trans fatty acids. However, cells that were adapted to growth media of high osmolarity synthesized cyclopropane fatty acids instead of trans fatty acids. Activity of cis/trans-isomerase was dependent on the growth phase and was significantly higher during logarithmic growth than during the stationary phase. The results of this study agree with the hypothesis that the isomerization of cis into trans unsaturated fatty acids is an emergency action of cells of P. putida to adapt membrane fluidity to drastic changes of environmental conditions.

1-Butanol↗
PubMed1995

Dietary oils, serum lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease.

Variable amounts of olive oil rather than hard fats were used in classic Mediterranean diets. We review the effects of replacing hard fats with olive oils or starchy foods on blood lipoprotein concentrations. The saturated fatty acids lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids raise both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) somewhat compared with oleic acid. If any fat is replaced by carbohydrates, fasting triglyceride values rise and HDL concentrations fall; effects on LDL depend on the type of fat that is being replaced. Trans isomers of oleic acid lower HDL and raise LDL and lipoprotein(a). The fatty acids in unhydrogenated fish oil potently lower triglycerides but may raise LDL somewhat. When body weight is forcibly kept constant, substitution of unsaturated oils such as olive oil for hard fats rich in saturated or trans fatty acids will produce a more favorable lipoprotein profile than replacement of fat by carbohydrates. However, high-oil diets might lead to obesity, which would undo their favorable effects.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1992

Effects of weight loss on the fatty acid composition of serum lipids in obese women.

The effect of a weight reduction regimen, consisting of a protein-sparing modified fast and an exercise program, on the fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids and cholesterol esters of obese women, is described. In phospholipids, this treatment did not induce any significant change of the different fatty acid families (total saturated, monounsaturated, omega 9, omega 7, omega 6 and trans-fatty acids), except for total omega 3 fatty acids which increased. Within families, individual fatty acids change however. The changes are compatible with increased delta 5 and delta 6 desaturase activity. In cholesteryl esters, significant changes occurred which are suggestive of an increase in serum of the fraction of cholesteryl esters of intracellular origin. The changes in fatty acid compositions may not be beneficial with respect to atherosclerosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Does visceral adipose tissue differ from subcutaneous adipose tissue in fatty acid content?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intra-abdominal adipose tissue differs from subcutaneous adipose tissue in fatty acid content. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy, with adipose tissue sampling from subcutaneous, omental, mesenteric and retroperitoneal sites. SUBJECTS: Nineteen subjects, 8 men and 11 women, with a mean age of 64 (range 39-80), mean weight 78.9 kg (range 51-157) and mean body mass index of 27.5 (range 19.2-51.4). Fourteen of the 19 were undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. MEASUREMENTS: Fatty acid content was assessed by gas chromatography and was compared between sites and between patients using general linear modeling. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess the association between subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. RESULTS: For each of 17 fatty acids analyzed, there was a statistically significant difference in mean fatty acid values across individuals (p < 0.001). For seven of the fatty acids, there was a borderline or significant difference in mean fatty acid values across site, but there was no consistent pattern for one site differing from the others. Subcutaneous adipose tissue fatty acid content was highly correlated to visceral adipose tissue for saturated, unsaturated and trans fatty acids (p < 0.05 for 13 of 17 fatty acids). Variability across individuals was much greater than across site. The total explained variability (R2) for each fatty acid ranged between 49 and 93%, with the vast majority contributed by differences between individuals. CONCLUSION. Fatty acid content of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue is a good approximation of visceral adipose tissue. Because variability in fatty acid content is much larger between individuals than within a single individual across sites, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue fatty acid content can be used as a distinguishing characteristic among human populations.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

Similarity between trans fat and saturated fat in the modification of rat mammary carcinogenesis.

Commercial hydrogenation of vegetable oils results in the introduction of trans fatty acids. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of feeding a fat which contained approximately 38% trans isomers (designated trans fat) on the induction of mammary tumors by dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in rats. The corresponding control fat (designated cis fat), which had a similar fatty acid composition, consisted of only cis isomers. Since both the trans and cis fats were rather saturated, a comparison was also made between these 2 types of fat and corn oil, which contains about 60% linoleic acid (C18:2). Each fat was present in the diet at 2 levels, 5 and 20% by weight. Although rats fed the 20% trans fat or cis fat diets had a slightly higher tumor incidence and yield than did those on the corresponding 5% fat control diets, the difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, rats fed the 20% corn oil diet developed a much greater number of tumors than did rats fed a diet containing only 5% corn oil. Further analysis of the data showed that diets containing either trans fat or cis fat were much less effective than were the corn oil diets in promoting the development of mammary neoplasia at either the 5 or 20% level. Our results thus suggest that trans fat behaves very much like a saturated fat in the modification of mammary tumorigenesis. A determination of the fatty acid content of the mammary fat pad indicated that its composition generally reflected the dietary fatty acid intake, with the incorporation of trans isomers into the mammary tissue found to be dependent on the quantity of trans fat in the diet.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2006

Trans, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vascular function-a yin yang situation?

Trans fatty acids (TFA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) have opposite effects on several biological functions. We report a study on the effects on risk markers for cardiovascular disease. Eighty-seven healthy males were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of daily intake of either 20 g of industrially produced TFA (IP-TFA), 4 g n-3 PUFA, or control fat, incorporated in bakery products as part of the daily food. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased in the TFA-group, triglycerides and mean arterial blood pressure decreased in the n-3 group. Heart rate variability (HRV), arterial dilatory capacity, flow mediated vasodilation, compliance, and distensibility were unchanged. Post hoc, we did a subgroup analysis of the results from the subjects with normal initial HRV. In these, 24-h heart rate (HR) was significantly increased by approximately three beats/min in the TFA group, with a decrease of the same magnitude in the n-3 group. A high HR is associated to an increased mortality and vice versa. Our results thus support the notion that IP-TFA and n-3 PUFA affect risk for cardiovascular mortality via mechanisms not only related to changes in plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Relationship between fatty acids and the endocrine system.

Significant interactions exist between fatty acids and the endocrine system. Hormones affect the metabolism of fatty acids and the fatty acid composition of tissue lipids. The principal hormones involved in lipid metabolism are insulin, glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol and growth hormone. The concentrations of these hormones are altered in chronic degenerative conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which in turn lead to alterations in tissue lipids. Lipogenesis and lipolysis, which modulate fatty acid concentrations in plasma and tissues, are under hormonal control. Neuropeptides are involved in lipid metabolism in brain and other tissues. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are also precursors for eicosanoids including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes, which have hormone-like activities. Fatty acids in turn alter both hormone and neuropeptide concentrations and their receptors. Saturated and trans fatty acids (TFA) decrease insulin concentration leading to insulin resistance. In contrast, PUFA increase plasma insulin concentration and decrease insulin resistance. In humans, omega-3 PUFA alter the levels of opioid peptides in plasma.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Comparative short-term incorporation of n-9 trans docosenoic (brassidic) and n-9 cis-docosenoic (erucic) acids into rat adipose tissue].

Trans-isomers of erucic acid (especially brassidic acid) do not incorporate in rat adipose tissue as well as erucic acid. Brassidic acid is partially converted into shorter trans-monoenes (mainly C18:1) since these acids have been identified in adipose tissue of rats fed brassidic acid as the only source of trans-fatty acid in the diet.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Trans mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to identify the trans isomers of C18 fatty acids in some human milk samples. SUBJECTS: Ten human milk samples from French women were collected in a local milk bank in order to assess their trans mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content. INTERVENTION: The fatty acid profile was examined using methyl and isopropyl ester derivatives. The combination of gas-liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and silver nitrate thin-layer chromatography was needed to describe the detailed fatty acid compositions, including the trans isomers of unsaturated C18 fatty acids. RESULTS: All the samples contained trans isomers of C18:1 acid (mean level 1.9 +/- 0.2% of total fatty acids), with trans vaccenic acid being the major isomer. The samples also contained various isomers of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid, but at lower levels. Trans isomers of PUFA are the same as those present in deodorised or deep-fried oils. One sample presented an abnormally high degree of isomerisation of alpha-linolenic acid (almost 50%). This was related to the dietary habit or consuming foods that were deep-fried in rapeseed oil. This milk sample also contained some cyclic fatty acid monomers. CONCLUSION: The human milk samples collected in this study contained some trans fatty acids, including isomers of essential fatty acids. This should be taken into account in the dietary intake of the newborn.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Influence of dietary partially hydrogenated vegetable and marine oils on membrane composition and function of liver microsomes and platelets in the rat.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of partially hydrogenated vegetable and marine oils on membrane composition and function of liver microsomes and platelets with particular reference to the metabolism of linoleic acid and the production of arachidonic acid metabolites. Four groups of male weanling rats were fed linoleic acid supplemented diets containing 20% (w/w) of partially hydrogenated low erucic acid rapeseed oil (HLRSO), partially hydrogenated herring oil (HHO), olive oil (OO) and trierucin + triolein (TE) for 10 weeks. An additional two groups were fed partially hydrogenated low erucic acid rapeseed oil and partially hydrogenated herring oil without linoleic acid supplementation (HLRSO- and HHO-, respectively). Substantial amounts of trans fatty acids were incorporated into liver microsomes (12.6% in group HLRSO) and platelets (7.0% in group HLRSO-). This incorporation was not dependent on the dietary linoleic acid level. Hepatic microsomal delta5 -desaturase activity was significantly increased after HLRSO feeding compared to 00 feeding. Delta6 -Desaturase activity did not vary in the linoleic acid supplemented groups. Both delta5 -and delta6 -desaturase activities were significantly increased in groups without linoleic acid supplementation. Docosenoic acid was incorporated into platelet phospholipids in contrast to liver microsomes. In the platelet, docosenoic acid seemed to have a special preference for phosphatidylserine. Very small amounts were incorporated into platelet phosphatidylinositol. Feeding diets HLRSO, HHO and 00 did not influence rat platelet cyclooxygenase or 12-lipoxygenase activity. Platelets from rats fed TE, however, produced significantly less 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) than platelets from rats fed OO. Feeding of HLRSO- and HHO- resulted in a significantly diminished production of the arachidonic acid metabolites 12-HETE, 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha in stimulated platelets and aorta. Thus, high dietary levels of trans isomers of monoenoic acids do not interfere with platelet cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase activity provided sufficient amounts of linoleic acid are available.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Regulation of trans fats: the gap, the Polder, and McDonald's French fries.

Lowering the intake of trans fatty acids (TFA) probably reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease. Estimates of the reduction vary from 4% based on changes in plasma LDL and HDL concentrations alone, to > 20% based on epidemiological associations when TFA intake is lowered by 2% of energy (5 g/day). Even the lowest estimate represents enough cases to justify measures to reduce TFA intake. In The Netherlands, a major reduction in TFA content of retail foods has been achieved in the 1990s through efforts of industry; government intervention has been minimal. Societal pressure is now helping to reduce the TFA content of fast foods. McDonald's French fries in The Netherlands now have less than 4% trans and 24% saturates, as opposed to 21% trans and 21% saturates in the USA. This illustrates the feasibility of reducing TFA in fast foods without increasing saturates. As a result of these developments, dairy and meat have become the major remaining source of TFA in Europe. The question whether these ruminant TFA have the same effect on coronary heart disease risk as industrial TFA has not been settled.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed2006

The scientific basis for TFA regulations-is it sufficient? Comments from the USA.

We presently have definitive evidence from multiple randomized trials that trans-fatty acids (TFA) have adverse effects on blood lipids, near definitive evidence that TFA increase inflammatory markers in blood, and strong evidence from prospective epidemiologic studies that high TFA intake is associated elevated risks of coronary heart disease. Food additives should be allowed to be used only if there is reasonable certainty of no harm. Thus, the present US Food and Drug Administration position of allowing TFA in the food supply is indefensible, and large numbers of Americans are dying prematurely because of its failure to act to responsibly.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1994

Trans-9-octadecenoic acid is biologically neutral and does not regulate the low density lipoprotein receptor as the cis isomer does in the hamster.

The concentration of cholesterol carried in low density lipoproteins (LDL-C) is primarily determined by the rate at which LDL-C is produced (Jt) and the rate at which the liver takes up this particle through receptor-dependent transport (Jm). The accumulation of specific dietary fatty acids in the liver profoundly alters these kinetic parameters and will either increase hepatic receptor activity or further suppress Jm, depending upon the particular fatty acid that enriches the various lipid pools. This study tests the thesis that the cellular effects of each fatty acid are determined by the ability of that lipid to act as an effective substrate for cholesteryl ester formation by examining the metabolic effects of either cis-9-octadecenoic acid (18:1(9c)), the preferred substrate for esterification, or trans-9-octadecenoic acid (18:1(9t)), a poor substrate for this reaction. When fed to hamsters for 30 days, the steady-state concentration of cholesteryl esters was markedly increased by the 18:1(9c), as compared to the 18:1(9t), compound. In animals receiving the 18:1(9c) fatty acid, hepatic receptor activity was significantly increased, LDL-C production was suppressed, and the steady-state LDL-C concentration was reduced. In contrast, the 18:1(9t) fatty acid did not significantly alter Jm, Jt, or the plasma LDL-C level from those values found in the control animals fed an isocaloric amount of a biologically neutral fatty acid, octanoic acid. Despite these different effects on the parameters of LDL metabolism, neither the cis nor trans fatty acid altered net cholesterol delivery to the liver from de novo sterol synthesis in any tissue in the body or from uptake of dietary cholesterol across the intestine. Therefore, these studies provide strong support for the thesis that fatty acids exert regulatory effects on hepatic LDL receptor activity by altering the distribution of cholesterol in the hepatocyte between a putative regulatory pool and the inert pool of cholesteryl esters. The direction and magnitude of the effects of specific fatty acids on receptor-dependent LDL transport appear to relate directly to the capacity of specific fatty acids to either promote or inhibit cholesteryl ester formation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effects of dietary cis and trans unsaturated and saturated fatty acids on the glucose metabolites and enzymes of rats.

The aim of the present study was to examine whether the level of dietary cis fatty acid (cFA), or the isomers (trans or cis) and/or the saturation of the fatty acids at high dietary fat levels altered the intracellular glucose metabolites and certain regulatory enzyme activities in the skeletal muscle and liver of rats. The animals were fed for 30 d on either a recommended control diet (7 % cFA, w/w) or a high-fat diet (20 % fatty acids, w/w). The high-fat diet was enriched with either cFA, trans fatty acid (tFA), a moderate proportion of saturated fatty acid (MSFA), or a high proportion of saturated fatty acid (HSFA). The most striking findings were observed in the gastrocnemius muscle with a HSFA diet. There was a significant increase in glucose-6-phosphate (306 %), glucose-1-phosphate (245 %), fructose-6-phosphate (400 %), fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (86 %), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (38 %), pyruvate (341 %), lactate (325 %), citrate (79 %) and the bisphosphorylated sugars as compared with the cFA diet. These changes were paralleled by an increase in muscle triacylglycerol content (49 %) and a decrease in glucose (39 %). In addition, the amount of cFA and the other types of fatty acid (i.e. tFA and MSFA) led to no great differences in glucose metabolism as compared with the respective control group. These data support the hypothesis that glucose changes induced by a HSFA diet are a multifaceted abnormality. Glucose and lactate transport and intracellular glucose metabolism could be the key biochemical defects involved in this detrimental effect on glucose metabolism.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗