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A prospective study of the neurological effects of lead in children.

In the past three years, our research group has investigated the relationship between lead exposure and mental and behavioural development. This has been carried out through studies in children and studies in animals. Earlier studies in children have shown that associations might be expected between environmental exposure to lead and various aspects of cognitive and behavioural development. Our study has examined, and continues to examine, a cohort of 151 children subdivided into three groups according to the level of lead exposure during early in utero development as assessed by maternal blood lead concentration and water lead exposure in early pregnancy. Data amassed to date include measurement of psychometric function and postnatal development at the ages of 1 and 2, together with biochemical measures of lead exposure. Assessment will continue through to early scholastic performance and will include measurement of deciduous tooth lead concentration as an integrated measure of long-term exposure.

Child↗

Interceptive approach to tooth eruption abnormalities: 10 year follow-up of a case.

A child affected by lack of eruption of the upper right primary cuspid from the presence of a compound odontoma was followed from 3 to 13 years of age. The early removal of the obstacle to eruption and the correct control of the case evolution allowed for a satisfactory alignment of the permanent teeth by means of minimal therapeutical intervention.

Child, Preschool↗

Unerupted second primary molars: report of two cases.

Two cases with an unerupted primary left mandibular second molar are described. second premolar was congenitally missing, in the other the unerupted primary molar was positioned inferiorly and lingually to its permanent successor. Unerupted primary molars should be extracted, but the time of extraction should be defined carefully by taking into consideration the development of the succedaneous premolar and the space relations in the permanent dentition.

Anodontia↗

Conservative multidisciplinary treatment approach in an unusual odontodysplasia.

An unusual case of odontodysplasia is presented, involving both primary and permanent dentition, with oligodontia of permanent teeth and hypoplasia, taurodontism and incomplete eruption of a first permanent molar. In order to improve the patient's appearance, occlusion and function, his intra- and inter-arch relationships were altered. To accomplish this, a multidisciplinary treatment approach was adopted, involving restorative and prosthetic treatments by a pediatric dentist, accompanied by periodontal surgery, endodontics and orthodontics.

Anodontia↗

Unusual impaction of a primary lateral incisor.

Impactions in the primary dentition are rare and usually are found in the posterior regions. They tend to be asymptomatic and are found on routine radiographic examination when the patient is in the mixed dentition or permanent dentition stage. A literature review shows no reports of impactions of primary incisors, but there is mention of possible etiologies for anterior impactions. An impacted lateral primary maxillary incisor was identified during routine radiographic examination of a young child. There is no known etiology for this particular case. Treatment options are discussed.

Bicuspid↗

[Surgical-orthodontic correction of unerupted upper canine teeth and motivation for the procedure from the patient's viewpoint].

The surgical correction of the retention of upper canines is made easier by the direct bonding method, furthermore it increases the chances of successful treatment. At the same time at teen-age the treatment is usually missing, since the persistent milk-teeth in the place of impacted canines are ensuring the aesthetic effect. The late treatment is motivated by aesthetic aspects also by loosing the milk-canines. Thus the indication of the treatment is a cure only from the orthodontist's aspect, from the patient's view it's only the aesthetics.

Adolescent↗

Crown dilaceration of permanent incisors following trauma to their primary predecessors.

Crown dilaceration of a permanent tooth constitutes 3% of traumatic injuries to developing teeth. It usually involves the maxillary incisors and less frequently their mandibular counterparts. This report concerns a patient, whose primary mandibular central incisors, following a fall at the age of 14 months, sustained partial avulsion with displacement. The teeth were repositioned by the father, with the aid of a pediatrician, and without the assistance of a dentist. The patient presented at the age of 8 years, and, following clinical and radiographic examination, a diagnosis was made of crown dilaceration with lingual displacement of the incisal third of the permanent mandibular central incisors, and hypoplastic enamel on all but the gingival third of their crowns. In addition to this, a supernumerary tooth was discovered labial to and between the mandibular right permanent central incisor and the mandibular right primary lateral incisor. After a brief review of the literature, the treatment of this patient is described and the restoration of the dilacerated teeth, followed by a discussion on crown dilaceration and issues concerning the restoration of such teeth.

Child↗