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PubMed1995

Secondary malignancy of the thyroid gland and its management.

BACKGROUND: Secondary cancer of the thyroid gland is widely acknowledged as infrequent but is a persistent problem requiring ongoing awareness, particularly with respect to clinical recognition and treatment. METHODS: From 1978 to 1993, a 15-year period, patients demonstrating secondary involvement of the thyroid gland as a surgical problem were collected and analyzed with regard to pathology, demography, behavior of primary and secondary disease, treatment, and patient outcome. RESULTS: In the 15-year span, 11 patients with secondary involvement of the thyroid gland were recognized, consisting of 3 men and 8 women with primary lesions occurring in oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, colon, pancreas, breast, skin, unknown, kidney, and lung. Needle biopsy produced a 90% malignancy rate but in only half of such cases was the diagnosis specific for secondary malignancy. Eight of 11 underwent palliative surgery, usually total thyroidectomy. No patient survived > 2 years. There was no undue surgical morbidity. One patient died of pulmonary embolus postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary cancer of the thyroid is rare and can be detected by fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the face of clinical findings. Where indicated, palliative thyroidectomy can be effective, because other methods of treatment appear ineffective.

Aged↗

PubMed1986

[The thyroid gland and adrenal cortex in the large fetus and their role in the development of macrosomia].

In a morphological study of thyroid glands and adrenal cortex of large fetuses compared to the controls the authors revealed a significant increase of the thyroid gland functional activity, as well as of glomerular and fascicular zones of adrenal cortex. The functional tension of the thyroid gland appeared to be reduced in large fetuses with obesity. Hyperfunction of all zones of the adrenal cortex was also revealed in them. In medium height fetuses with obesity hypofunction of the thyroid gland, as well as hyperfunction of the fascicular and fetal adrenal cortex zones were present. Correlation-regression analysis has revealed close interrelations between the functional state of the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex and fetal mass.

Adrenal Cortex↗

PubMed1978

[Role of thyroid gland dysfunction in the pathogenesis and course of cerebral circulatory disorders].

The functional state of the thyroid gland was studied in 160 patients with different forms of disturbed cerebral circulation. The observations included studies of the iodine content and its fractions in the blood serum and a scanning of the thyroid gland. The author established the significance of thyroid gland dysfunction in the pathogenesis of hypertensive disease and cerebro-vascular insufficiency. In patients with hypertensive crises these studies detected the existence of a hyperthyroid syndrome. It was also found that in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency accompanied by thyroid gland dysfunctions the clinical picture becomes more aggravated.

Cerebral Hemorrhage↗

PubMed1979

Malignant teratoma of the thyroid gland in an adolescent female.

Malignant teratoma of the thyroid gland was found in a 19-year-old female. She was given a combined surgical and irradiation treatment. The tumor was 5.0X4.0X3.6 cm and located in the lower right lobe of the thyroid gland. Light and electron microscopical examination revealed mature or immature derivatives of the three primordial germ layers. The dominant portion of the tumor was composed of numerous masses of cancerous epithelial cells, which were distributed randomly in the mesenchymal tissue. Tumor cells invaded and replaced the surrounding thyroid tissue with occasional tumor thrombi in the lumens of blood vessels. No metastatic tumor was found in the lymph nodes. The patient was given a course of external irradiation, a total dose of 4000 rads, to the right thyroid area. Eight months after surgery, she is well and without any evidence of recurrence or metastasis.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Hemangiosarcoma of the thyroid gland. Histological diagnosis problems.

A bleeding tumor of the thyroid gland in a 69-year-old woman is presented. Histologically, it was a hemangiosarcoma with proliferation and vessel neoformation: vascular-like clefts or distinct capillaries with tumoral endo- and perithelial structures were present. With reference to the published data, problems of differential diagnosis in the undifferentiated and giant cell carcinomas of the thyroid gland are discussed.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

[Endoscopic thyroid gland surgery without carbon dioxide neck insufflation].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate endoscopic thyroid gland surgery without carbon dioxide neck insufflation. METHODS: Sixteen patients with thyroid gland benign tumor, aged from 23-62 years, were selected and treated with endoscopic surgery. Eight cases received whole thyroid lobectomy and the other eight cases received partial thyroid lobectomy, the procedure was through a wall method or a single 2.0-3.0 cm horizontal skin incision. Among the 16 cases, 6 were thyroid adenoma and 10 were nodular goiter. RESULTS: All patients received endoscopic surgery, 2 cases with sub-clavicle approach and 14 cases with a single 2.0-3.0 cm horizontal skin incision approach. The recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid glands were easily identified and preserved during operation, the operating time lasted from 1.1 hours to 4.0 hours, no complication occurred, the postoperative cosmetic outcome was excellent. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that gasless technique is feasible and safe, so it suggested that the video-assisted thyroid surgery without carbon dioxide neck insufflation could be an alternative for thyroid gland surgery.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Experiences with fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid gland].

It is reported on 155 fine needle aspiration biopsies of the thyroid gland which above all were performed in cold nodes. In 81.9% of the cases unconspicuous cell pictures or cystico-regressive changes were present. Of the 17 findings suspicuous of malignoma (11%) hitherto 2 could histologically be diagnosed as carcinomas and 3 as adenomas with considerable regressive changes. The additionally established frequency of nodular strumas and cold nodes in 547 scintigraphically examined patients had the results of 54% nodular strumas and 48.4% of cold nodes in the total material. In 90.2% the nodular strumas revealed cold nodes. The rate of malignomas of all preparations of operations of the thyroid gland was altogether at 2.9% subtracting the secondary malignant processes 2.4% were found. These findings as well as the positive data from literature give the fine needle aspiration biopsy an important role in supplementing the morphologic diagnostics and the early recognition of malignomas of the thyroid gland.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Estimation of thyroid gland volume by spiral computed tomography.

The objective of this study was to test the accuracy of CT for the estimation of the volume of enlarged thyroid glands. An unenhanced spiral CT scan of neck and upper mediastinum was obtained in 36 patients with an enlarged thyroid gland. By manual segmentation the surface of the thyroid gland on 5-mm-thick slices was calculated; these surfaces were multiplied by the slice interval (10 mm) and summated to obtain the volume of the gland. All patients underwent a total or subtotal thyroidectomy. 1 cm3 of thyroid gland tissue was considered to weigh 1 g. A good correlation was found between the volume estimated by CT and the weight at pathological examination of the resected gland (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), with a mean difference of + 12 % (range: + 57.3 to -13.9 %). The volume calculation is reproducible among different observers (r = 0.99, p < 0.01). Computed tomography allows an easy, reliable and reproducible volume determination of enlarged thyroid glands.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Complete traumatic transection of the thyroid gland.

A case of traumatic transection of the thyroid gland with secondary substantial hematoma and respiratory distress is presented. Hemorrhage into the altered thyroid gland is well known. However, there are only a few reports of severe hemorrhage associated with trauma. A short review of the literature is given and the mechanism of trauma is discussed.

Aged↗

PubMed1984

In vivo specific uptake of labeled insulin by turtle (Chrysemys dorbigni) thyroid gland.

Insulin labeled with 125I was injected into turtles to study its specific uptake by the thyroid gland. The gel filtration behavior of labeled material in blood and thyroid gland was determined in order to ascertain if the uptake is specific. Most animals were pretreated with KI to saturate the gland with iodide. Maximum specific uptake of radioactivity by the thyroid gland was only detected in animals pretreated with KI. A significant dose-related reduction (ED50 = 0.5 micrograms/kg) was observed when unlabeled insulin was administered simultaneously with 125I-insulin. Prolactin, glucagon and growth hormone (2 mg/kg) did not affect 125I-insulin uptake. Most of the radioactive material extracted from the turtle thyroid 15 min after 125I-insulin injection coeluted with 125I-insulin on Sephadex G-50. This peak decreased as a function of time after 125I-insulin administration. Similar elution patterns were found for thyroid extracts from turtles previously treated with KI. The labeled hormone in the gland was rapidly degraded or processed to both higher and lower molecular weight compounds. Prior administration of KI suppressed the former, whereas when unlabeled insulin was injected simultaneously with 125I-insulin the amount of degradation products was reduced. The demonstration of radioactive degradation products is consistent with the intracellular receptor-mediated degradation hypothesis. These findings indicate the presence of specific insulin-binding sites in the thyroid gland.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Complex estimation of thyroid gland state in tundra voles, inhabiting the natural radioactive polluted sites].

Behow is presented the complex state of thyroid gland of tundra voles living in high level natural radioactivity conditions (Ukhta region of Komi Republic) by morphological and functional criteria. High sensitivity of thyroid gland under natural chronic irradiation of whole organism is noticed. The essential changes in the morphological structure and in the hormone level of the thyroid gland are found in animals, which live for a long time in the conditions of the radioactive pollution. It is determined, that the inside population processes influence on the structure and on the funcition of the thyroid gland.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Atypical thyroid follicles arising from an ultimobranchial-like cyst in a postnatal canine thyroid gland.

While investigating the intrinsic vasculature of the canine thyroid gland, atypical thyroid follicles were observed histologically, arising from a postnatal thyroid cyst of unknown origin, in stained sections of a male, 1-year-old, mesaticephalic dog. The animal was anesthetized, bled, killed by injection of Toxital directly into the heart, and perfused with 10% buffered neutral formalin solution. The thyroid tissue was fixed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned serially, and mounted on glass slides. Concordant with descriptions in the literature, this structure appeared to be a postnatal ultimobranchial-like cyst with direct connections to both ultimobranchial and mixed follicles. Seemingly, this observation has never been reported previously in the canine and would lend support to the hypothesis that ultimobranchial-like cysts may give rise to these atypical follicles. However, the authors are not totally convinced that all such thyroid cysts are solely ultimobranchial in orgin. A review of the literature supporting this contention is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Accumulation and localization of radiocalcium in the rat thyroid gland.

To determine the rate of accumulation of radiocalcium (45Ca) in the thyroid gland, the concentration of radiocalcium was measured in the blood serum and thyroid gland at various time intervals up to 7 days after a single ip injection of 45Ca in rats. The ratio of the 45Ca concentration in thyroid gland to serum (T:S) increased with the time interval after injection. Thyroid activity was varied by hypophysectomy or by feeding a low iodine diet with or without added thiouracil. The more active the gland, the faster it equilibrated with the serum 45Ca and the less was the T:S in the steady state. The equilibration was much slower than for radioiodide, taking several days in normal control rats and hours in very active glands. Autoradiographs showed that the 45Ca concentration was higher in association with the follicular epithelium than with the follicular lumen at 1 h or less after injection. However, at 24 h, the concentration of 45Ca was higher in the lumen than elsewhere in the gland. To determine rate constants describing the equilibration, the data in the normal gland were fitted with a model that took account of the differing rates of equilibration in cell and lumen. The presence of calcium in the lumen indicates that each time the follicular epithelial cell endocytosed stored luminal colloid before secretion, it also took in an appreciable amount of calcium.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Localization and role of leptin in the thyroid gland of the lizard Podarcis sicula (Reptilia, Lacertidae).

Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is a hormone secreted by adipocytes that regulates food intake and energy expenditure. The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis is markedly influenced by the metabolism status, being suppressed during food deprivation. The present study was designed to ascertain whether (1) lizard thyroid gland expresses the long form of leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) and (2) the leptin administration affects the thyroid gland activity in this species (and to verify whether leptin plays a similar role in reptiles as observed in the other vertebrates). The presence of leptin receptor in the thyroid gland of Podarcis sicula was demonstrated by immunohistochemical technique (avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex--ABC method). The role of leptin in the control of thyroid gland activity was studied in vivo using light microscopy (LM) technique coupled to a specific radioimmunoassay for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones (T4 and T3). Leptin (0.1 mg/100 g body wt)/day increased T4 and T3 release for 3 days but decreased the plasma concentration of TSH; using LM clear signs of stimulation in the thyroid gland were observed. These findings suggest that systemic administration of leptin stimulates the morphophysiology of the thyroid gland in the lizard through a direct mechanism involving Ob-Rb.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

[Radioisotopic studies in cancer of the thyroid gland].

The authors analyze the results from the carried out radioisotope investigations in preoperation and postoperation period of 42 patients with thyroid gland cancer. The test for 131J cumulation and thyreoscintigraphy were performed prior to operation. A part of the patients was stressed to reveal hyperthyroid function of the thyroid gland. The cases of cold nodules of the thyroid gland prevail on the scintigraphy. The test for 131J cumulation, thyreoscintigraphy, determination of the level of the proteinbound radioiodine in serum and Hamolski test were carried out as control investigations after the operation prior to percutaneous radiation and radioiodine therapy. Patients with hypothyroidism predominate in the first investigation. The cases with partial resection of thyroid gland prevail in scintigraphy, with cases of "white" scintigraphy and cases with normal scintigraphyic image of the gland. The proteinbound radioiodine in serum, besides the majority of the cases with normal values, in a part of the examined-shows etevated values. Homolski test in the majority of the patients is within the normal limits and the cases with elevated vales might be due to the specific changes in the capapcity-binding ability of thyroxinbinding glubin, but are always suspicious for metastases in function. The complex radioisotope investigation of the thyroid gland are basic methods for the early thyroid cancer diagnosis, for the determination of the therapeutic trends and prognosis of the patient and for the follow-up in dynamics the progress of the disease and the effect of the carried out treatment.

Carcinoma↗

PubMed1992

The changing pattern of surgical pathology of the thyroid gland in Zambia.

Review of reports of thyroid tissue sent for histopathology to the Department of Pathology at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka (UTH) by one of the five general surgical units at the institution during the period January 1981-December 1990 shows a 20pc decrease in the incidence of colloid goitre and doubling of the incidence of the adenoma and carcinoma when compared to the study done at the Central Hospital, Kitwe in the late sixties. In our study for the general pathology of the thyroid gland female to male ratio is 7.4:1; 1.25:1 when only thyroid cancers are considered. The incidence of papillary carcinoma is substantially lower than in the west. Recently, there has been an increased incidence of thyroid abscesses associated with HIV infection. Knowledge of the local pattern of surgical pathology of an organ is important for planning the operative management more effectively but in many developing countries, such as ours, this information is not readily available. Goitre is common in Zambia and to our knowledge to date there is only one comprehensive report done during the period January 1966, to March 1971. This deals with the Northern and Western regions of the country. This study was undertaken to look into the surgical pathology of the thyroid gland seen at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, which is in the central part of the country.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The function of thyroid glands subjected to deep freezing (--196 degrees)].

The function of the thyroid gland transplanted after being frozen to --196 degrees C was studied in experiments on rats. The gland was transplanted to thyroidectomized animals. Glands frozen without the use of cryoprotective agents and also in the presence of a cryoprotector--polyethyleneoxide with a mol. wt. of 400 (PEO-400) were used. Besides, a study was made of the effect of different rates of chilling on the thyroid gland. In assessment of the gland function a determination was made of tissue respiration, of I-131 consumption, and blood thyroid hormone content. To assess the cryoprotective effect of PEO-400 and for the choice of its optimal concentration the NMR method and roentgenostructural analysis werea applied. The thyroid gland proved to take and to retain its capacity to hormone formation after its freezing to the temperature of --196 degrees C according to a special program in the presence of PEO-400.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Ontogeny and ultrastructure of somatostatin and calcitonin cells in the thyroid gland of the rat.

Calcitonin cells are relatively numerous in the thyroid gland of the rat. In contrast, somatostatin cells are very scarce except at the time of birth and a few days thereafter, when they are conspicuously numerous. Somatostatin cells of the thyroid gland, which are ultrastructurally similar to somatostatin cells in gut and pancreas, also contain immunoreactive calcitonin. It is not clear whether somatostatin cells in the rat thyroid gland produce calcitonin or accumulate calcitonin from the environment.

Animals↗