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PubMed1998

Specificity of dating aggression and its justification among high-risk adolescents.

Ninety-five high-risk adolescents were studied to determine whether their dating aggression and its justification as a response to interpersonal problems were specific to the current partner, general to dating relationships, or part of a global age-mate (same-sex peers and opposite-sex dating partners) aggression problem. Approximately one-third of males and two-thirds of females reported physical aggression against their current dating partner. Males' aggression (and its justification) toward their current dating partner was part of a generalized pattern of dating aggression, whereas for females, physical aggression against a current dating partner (and its justification) was partner-specific and unrelated to aggression in other relationships. Findings are discussed with regard to intervention and future research on adolescent dating aggression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Unemployment, underemployment, and mental health: conceptualizing employment status as a continuum.

The economy is one of the most important social environments that affect well-being, and community psychologists have long studied the social costs of one key economic stressor--job loss. But economically inadequate employment has received much less research attention than unemployment in regard to mental health effects. This paper contrasts these two literatures and considers factors that might account for their differential growth including actual rates of unemployment and underemployment. Recent panel studies offer no support for another possible basis for this differential growth--the assumption that inadequate employment is more like adequate employment than unemployment. Implications of a paradigm shift from a dichotomous perspective (employment vs. unemployment) to a continuum perspective with variations of both unemployment and employment are discussed for research and prevention. Another implication is the need to expand standard labor force statistics to reflect better the degree of underemployment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A randomized study of neighborhood effects on low-income children's educational outcomes.

Experimental data from the Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration were used to examine (a) if moving from high- to low-poverty neighborhoods (via randomization) was associated with low-income minority children's achievement, grade retention, and suspensions/expulsions; (b) if moving minimized gender differences in these outcomes; and (c) potential mediators of observed program effects. Data on school-age children (mean age = 11.79 years, SD = 3.26) were obtained from standardized assessments and parent and adolescent interviews during the New York City site's 3-year follow-up evaluation (N = 588). Moving to low-poverty neighborhoods had positive effects on 11-18-year-old boys' achievement scores compared with those of their peers in high-poverty neighborhoods. These male adolescents' scores were comparable to females' scores, whereas male adolescents in high-poverty neighborhoods scored 10 points lower than female peers. Homework time and school safety partially accounted for program effects. From a policy perspective, the program benefited disadvantaged male adolescents at high risk for dropping out of school.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

"A coarse and clumsy tool": Helen Thompson Wooley and the Cincinnati Vocation Bureau.

From 1911 to 1921, Helen Thompson Wooley served as director of the Vocation Bureau of the Cincinnati Public Schools. In this position she designed and supervised a massive longitudinal study comparing the development of adolescents who remained in school with those who left school to go to work. Although the original goals of this study were not accomplished, the achievements of the Vocation Bureau brought national recognition to the city and to Helen Wooley. The accomplishments of the bureau reflected Wooley's view of the role of experimental psychology in contributing to the scientific understanding of adolescents and to educational and social reforms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Adolescent mothers and repeated childbearing: effects of a school-based intervention program.

This study examined the effectiveness of a public school program for pregnant teenagers in preventing rapid repeated childbearing. Students permitted to attend longer than seven weeks postpartum were much more likely to avoid having another child in the next five years than were students required to return to their regular schools. The results indicate the potential of school-based programs to improve life outcomes for adolescent mothers and their children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

An ecological, interpersonal skills approach to drop-out prevention.

Interventions to keep students in school have tended to be deficit-oriented and have met with little success. Attention to the school ecology and its ability to support the diverse needs and interests of students, and efforts to increase students' engagement and teach them skills to meet everyday challenges are proposed that begin long before students become disengaged from school.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Combining commercial, Health Boards' and GDPs' sponsorship in an effort to improve dental attendance for young school leavers. GPDs' involvement and opinion.

Using a telephone survey technique, general dental practitioners' opinions and involvement in a dental health campaign were examined. The campaign was planned and organised by the Forth Valley Health Board Community Dental Service. The objectives of the campaign were to promote regular dental visits and oral health awareness among 15-18-year-old schoolchildren. The campaign linked commercial sponsorship with Health Board financing. The majority of the GDPs were positive towards the campaign and engaged enthusiastically in the activities suggested by the campaign organisers. Although there was a subjective feeling of disappointment regarding the uptake of dental services by new patients, 85% of the GDPs were in favour of similar annual campaigns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The response of 1578 school leavers to a campaign combining commercial, Health Boards' and GDPs' sponsorship in an effort to improve dental attendance.

A dental health promotion campaign was developed by Forth Valley Health Board in conjunction with the Scottish Health Education Group and the Department of Marketing at Strathclyde University. The aim was to encourage dental attendance among early school leavers. The emphasis was on the contribution of dental care to appearance and attractiveness. To highlight the importance of appearance, a major clothing retailer offered discounts on clothes to participants who made a dental visit. The impact of the campaign was evaluated by a questionnaire 3 months after its close. Recall of the campaign was high at 62% and 16% actually initiated a dental visit. However, only 2% claimed that the campaign was their main reason for attending. The project demonstrated the feasibility of collaboration between a commercial company and a health board in a health promotion effort. The results underline the difficulties in initiating a behaviour change, overcoming apathy and modifying the lack of felt need for dental care among the age group concerned. It does, however, suggest that there is potential for a more prolonged marketing effort.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Lipophilic antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipoprotein classes: distribution and interaction.

OBJECTIVE: To study the lipoprotein distribution of supplemented coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), vitamin E, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). DESIGN: Balanced three-period crossover study. SETTING: University research unit. SUBJECTS: Eighteen apparently healthy free-living non-smoking volunteers (nine women, nine men), mean age 26 +/- 3 y, recruited among the university students; no dropouts. INTERVENTIONS: Three supplementation periods of 10 days: 100 mg/day CoQ10, 350 mg/day D-alpha-tocopherol, and 2 g/day concentrated fish oil. Fasting venous blood samples were collected twice before the first period and then after each period. Plasma and isolated lipoproteins were analysed for cholesterol, triacylglycerol, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, CoQ10, and fatty acid composition. RESULTS: Significant (P < 0.05) increase in CoQ10 and alpha-tocopherol occurred in all lipoprotein classes after supplementation. CoQ10 was primarily incorporated into low-density lipoprotein (LDL). alpha-tocopherol and fish oil n-3 PUFAs had similar patterns. They were equally distributed between LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), with a smaller part in VLDL. The total sum of PUFA was unchanged following all supplementations, but fish oil increased the amount of n-3 fatty acids at the expense of n-6 fatty acids. CONCLUSION: Lipoprotein distribution of CoQ10 is markedly different from that of alpha-tocopherol, suggesting that they may be metabolised by distinct routes. alpha-Tocopherol is distributed similarly to n-3 fatty acids, thus providing protection on location for the oxidatively labile PUFAs.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: a review.

This paper reviews research examining the link between cannabis use and educational attainment among youth. Cross-sectional studies have revealed significant associations between cannabis use and a range of measures of educational performance including lower grade point average, less satisfaction with school, negative attitudes to school, increased rates of school absenteeism and poor school performance. However, results of cross-sectional studies cannot be used to determine whether cannabis use causes poor educational performance, poor educational performance is a cause of cannabis use or whether both outcomes are a reflection of common risk factors. Nonetheless, a number of prospective longitudinal studies have indicated that early cannabis use may significantly increase risks of subsequent poor school performance and, in particular, early school leaving. This association has remained after control for a wide range of prospectively assessed covariates. Possible mechanisms underlying an association between early cannabis use and educational attainment include the possibility that cannabis use induces an 'amotivational syndrome' or that cannabis use causes cognitive impairment. However, there appears to be relatively little empirical support for these hypotheses. It is proposed that the link between early cannabis use and educational attainment arises because of the social context within which cannabis is used. In particular, early cannabis use appears to be associated with the adoption of an anti-conventional lifestyle characterized by affiliations with delinquent and substance using peers, and the precocious adoption of adult roles including early school leaving, leaving the parental home and early parenthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Social dimensions of adolescent substance use.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore in detail the relationship between various social aspects of young people's lives and substance use and differences in the degree of influence exerted by the different social factors as a function of age. Design, setting, participants. The study was a survey of pupils aged 11-16 in a stratified sample of five English schools. Data from 4516 participants were obtained in relation to their cigarette, alcohol and illicit drug use and their contact with the police, perceived academic achievements and future expectations, religious beliefs, family structure, the importance of family versus peer opinions and suspension from school. MEASURES: Cumulative, age-specific preferences of substance misuse were compared. Logistic regression was used to rank the various risk factors. RESULTS: Substantial differences were found between substance users and non-users and the various risk factors being examined. For example, of those who had only been in trouble with the police, 18.8% used illegal drugs compared with 1.6% of those who had not had a police contact and who had no other risk factors. Many of these relationships were age-sensitive. For instance, the negative relationship between belief in God and illicit drug use became stronger as age increased (non-believers: y = 8.1886x - 9.16 R(2) = 0.9484; believers: y = 5.1514x - 8.08 R(2) = 0.9247). These results suggest that, within this sample of English adolescents, there was a strong relationship between substance use and the social factors examined. Although there were differences depending upon whether cigarette, alcohol or illicit drug use was being modelled, logistic regression indicated that the social factors could be ranked in the following order of importance: concurrent use of the second and third substances, having been in trouble with the police, perceived poor academic performance and low future academic expectations, a lack of religious belief, coming from a non-intact family, favouring peer over family opinion and having been suspended from school. Many of these relationships were age-sensitive with substance use peaking at age 15. CONCLUSION: The models and relationships presented in this paper show that a constellation of behaviours are related to adolescent substance use. Also demonstrated is that behaviours cannot be considered in isolation, but need to be examined from an holistic or biopsychosocial standpoint. These relationships are complex and future research should consider not only causality of adolescent substance use, but also of the aetiology of the satellite behaviours.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Syringe borrowing persists in Dublin despite harm reduction interventions.

AIMS: To measure the frequency of syringe borrowing in young Irish injecting drug users (IDUs) and identify associated characteristics. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Addiction treatment services in Dublin. PARTICIPANTS: Treated IDUs (N = 246). MEASUREMENTS: Data on drug injecting and syringe borrowing in the previous 6 months. FINDINGS: The median age was 22 years and the median length of injecting history was 19 months. Syringe borrowing was reported by 173 (70.3%) participants. A multivariate analysis identified seven characteristics significantly associated with syringe borrowing. These included early school leaving and parental unemployment. IDUs with long injecting histories who had injected less frequently were more likely to borrow. Injection of more than one substance was significantly associated with borrowing of syringes. Syringe borrowing was associated with having more intimate social relationships with other IDUs, less perceived risk in borrowing from acquaintances and usually opting to inject in the company of other IDUs. CONCLUSIONS: Syringe borrowing is commonly practised by young IDUs. Those with a background of social deprivation are more likely to engage in this risk behaviour. IDUs who report borrowing are more intimately involved with other IDUs and tend to perceive less risk or dangerousness in borrowing. In addition to syringe exchange, there is a need to work cognitively with IDUs to identify and challenge assumptions that they may have regarding the safety involved in borrowing from others, particularly from those with whom they have close social relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A longitudinal study of the effects of adolescent cannabis use on high school completion.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent to which weekly cannabis use during mid-adolescence may increase the risk of early school-leaving. SETTING: A prospective study of a general population sample of adolescents studied from ages 15-21 years in Melbourne, Australia. METHOD: Computer-assisted self-completion questionnaires and telephone interviews conducted in six waves at ages 15-18 and again at age 21 in a sample of 1601 male and female school students. RESULTS: Weekly cannabis use, assessed prospectively, was associated with significantly increased risk of early school-leaving. This effect remained after adjustment for a range of prospectively assessed covariates including demographic characteristics, other substance use, psychiatric morbidity and antisocial behavior. There was suggestive evidence of an interaction between weekly cannabis use and age with the effects of weekly cannabis use on early school-leaving being strongest at the youngest ages and diminishing progressively with age. CONCLUSIONS: Early regular cannabis use (weekly use at age 15) is associated with increased risk of early school-leaving. These effects of regular cannabis use may diminish with increasing age and are likely to operate through the social context within which cannabis is used and obtained.

Adolescent↗