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PubMed1998

Onset and course of the first schizophrenic episode.

Schizophrenia seems to occur with equal frequency in all countries and cultures. The ecological and social disparity of prevalence rates in open societies is not due to social causes, but to selection processes. At what point in the course of the disease social disadvantage begins and on account of which mechanisms is a question of both theoretical and practical importance. In a representative sample of 232 first episodes the true onset of schizophrenia is assessed by means of a standardized interview (IRAOS). The onset is 3 to 4 years later in women than in men, which is a result of the protective effect of estrogens as confirmed by animal experiments and by a controlled clinical study. For women the distribution of disease onset across the entire age range shows a delayed increase in adolescence and a second peak in the age group 40-45, presumably due to the fading effect of estrogen around menopause. For three quarters of all schizophrenias the onset lies between 15 and 30 years of age, the period of steepest social development. The distribution of the social biography through the psychosis, which occurs on average 3-4 years earlier in males than in females, determines the social starting conditions of the disorder and affects the early social course. Nearly 75% of the total cases begin with a prodromal phase of 5 years on average. The psychotic prephase lasts 1.1 years. The mainly negative prodromal symptoms are often associated with social and cognitive deficits already at this stage. In a case control study social stagnation or decline occur already during the prodromal phase. After the end of the first episode the mean values of social disability and the objective social status remain fairly stable over a period of at least three years. So far treatment and rehabilitation measures are not started until after first admission, which means after several years' duration of the disease when the majority of social deficits have already become manifest.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Historical demography in China: review and perspective.

"This paper argues that the development of historical demography in China will not only contribute greatly to our understanding of the particular population and social development dynamics in China, but will also enhance our understanding of the role of population for social and economic development in general.... After a review of the recent development of population studies in China, this paper will review the current state of Chinese historical demography and examine some research issues and data sources which can help broaden the horizons of population research in China."

Asia↗
PubMed1980

A social work department develops and tests a screening mechanism to identify high social risk situations.

This paper describes a model for developing and testing a screening mechanism to identify high psychosocial risk patient situations in need of early intervention by social workers. Although the criteria developed need further refinement, it was found that multiple criteria are significantly more predictive of high risk than single factors and that three variables, (1) severity of illness: life threatening, (2) severity of illness: physically dysfunctional; and (3) chronic illness were good predictors of need for social work services. It is suggested that similar screening mechanisms be developed and utilized in hospitals throughout the country.

Health Status Indicators↗
PubMed1984

Psycho-social achievement in the latency-aged child with spina bifida within the family structure.

This project aims: 1) to appraise the psycho-social development of a sample of latency-aged spina bifida children upon entry to school; 2) to learn about the social influences that promote or impede the child's development, and 3) to identify ways that psycho-social intervention can be useful to families in which there is a congenitally disabled child. A longitudinal, observational case study was conducted over a six month period. This approach provided information on the impact of social influences, disability, and trauma on the child's development. The results indicate that a delay in reaching the important physical milestones of independent locomotion and continence hinders the achievement of standard psycho-social developmental goals; it does not exclude their achievement. By the sixth month in first grade, all of the children had adapted satisfactorily to school. Thus, the difference between the able-bodied and the spina bifida child was not one of kind, but one of degree. Spina bifida was found to put no ceiling on the child's psycho-social development.

Achievement↗
PubMed1993

Changing regional demography in the Federated States of Micronesia: contrasting planning challenges in an emerging Pacific nation.

"Island nations consisting of small landmasses separated by large expanses of ocean face particularly severe challenges in their quest for economic and social development. In this paper, planning concerns in one such nation, the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), are examined. The study opens with a description of each of the four separate states in the FSM.... Regional aspects of FSM development are then examined by a statistical analysis of the geographical distribution of population in the individual states.... The study concludes with an assessment of the regional challenge of developing the FSM into an economically and culturally sustainable nation."

Demography↗
PubMed1986

The impact of parental life change on the early development of children.

The effect of parental life change on children's mental and social development was explored in a longitudinal study of 193 families. Data on life changes, social supports, home environment, child development and interactions were obtained in a series of nine interviews from before the child's birth to 48 months after birth. For the sample as a whole, significant negative correlations were obtained between maternal life change in the first year of the child's life, and the child's IQ and receptive language at 4 years. An examination of subgroups revealed, however, that this relationship was strongest for mothers low in both personal coping resources and in social support. Findings suggest that both direct and indirect effects of maternal life change on the child contribute to the observed relationship.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Act No. 89 of 1988 assigning resources to the Colombian Institute of Family Welfare, 29 December 1988.

This Act increases contributions to the Colombian Institute of Family Welfare to 3% of the value of monthly salaries. The increase is to be used exclusively for continued financing of community welfare shelters for infants. These shelters attend to the basic necessities of nutrition, health, protection, and individual and social development of children from the poorest social strata in the country. Further provisions of the Act relate to procedures for payments to the Institute.

Americas↗
PubMed1999

Quality of life assessment in MND: development of a social withdrawal scale.

A scale to measure 'social withdrawal,' was developed specifically for use with MND patients. Scale design was based upon patient-focused interviews which were used to explore patients' concerns. The impact the condition had upon their social interactions with others was salient for all patients and affected their overall quality of life. Using issues raised by patients, a 23-item scale was generated to specifically and quantitatively measure social withdrawal and this scale was psychometrically evaluated. The scale was administered to a sample of 23 patients at varied stages of progression of MND, and to a control group of patients with arthritis with similar levels of physical disability. For MND patients withdrawal from the community was found to be closely related to severity of physical symptoms and depression. Specific patients were identified who are particularly susceptible to withdrawal and depression. Comparison of the pattern of withdrawal in the MND and arthritis patient groups suggested that there may be differences between the factors governing social withdrawal in different patient populations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a social justice gauge and its use to review the Canadian Nurses Association's Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses.

Betty Bekemeier and Patricia Butterfield undertook a critical review of 3 American nursing documents in relation to the concept of social justice. Their article inspired a review of the Canadian Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses, using a Social Justice Gauge developed by the Canadian Nurses Association. The article outlines the development of the gauge and its use in this review. Although some evidence of generic and outdated language is evident in the Canadian code, the text appears well aligned with social justice ideals overall. That being said however, there still remains significant possibility for enlarging the application of social justice, especially in relation to the place of nurses in healthcare institutions and in nontraditional nursing settings, in future revisions of the code. Work to further examine, adapt, and test the Canadian Nurses Association's Social Justice Gauge is encouraged.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The intersection of biotechnology and pharmacogenomics: health policy implications.

Increasing knowledge of the genetic basis of disease is changing the landscape of health care. Two critical aspects are growth in biotechnology and growth in personalized health care, particularly targeting medicines based on genetic information (pharmacogenomics). This paper provides an overview of the health policy implications of the integration of biotechnology and pharmacogenomics. I examine four factors that determine whether relevant technologies will be successfully adopted, using case studies for illustration. Key policy challenges include determining the appropriate role of policy in (1) providing incentives to develop socially beneficial interventions and (2) facilitating development of the evidence base.

Biotechnology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuropeptides and non-human primate social deficits associated with pathogenic rearing experience.

There is a persuasive evidence that autism is highly heritable and likely to be substantially determined by polygenic mechanisms. Nevertheless, some intriguing findings in children raised in conditions of extreme social deprivation suggest that an autistic-like syndrome may occur as a consequence of environmental conditions. A particularly close model of this human syndrome has been studied in rhesus monkeys for almost half a century. Monkeys reared in pathogenic rearing conditions manifest considerable deficits in social interaction and increased self-directed behaviors. We have been interested in the possibility that disruptions in normal social development in non-human primates might be expressed in neuropeptide systems which have emerged in rodent studies as important candidates for a unique social biology. In recent studies, we have described persistently reduced CSF OT levels in male rhesus monkeys with significant social deficits. We also found that OT levels were positively related to the expression of affiliative social behaviors. Alterations were also detected in both CRH and AVP receptor binding patterns in limbic structures likely to influence social and emotional development. Taken together, these data suggest that abnormal rearing influences the development of brain systems critical to normal social and emotional competence in rhesus monkeys and may contribute to the development of autistic-like symptomatology associated with pathogenic rearing histories.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of development and population policies on fertility in India.

This article examines the impact of development and population policies on fertility decline and regional variations in India during the 1970s. Indicators of development at the household level include female literacy and education, infant mortality, and poverty; at the village level they include availability of such social services as schools, medical facilities, and transportation and communication facilities. Multiple regression analysis of data aggregated at the state level demonstrates that conditions conducive to fertility decline include high adult female literacy and low infant mortality as indicators of social development, and high contraceptive use and, to a lesser extent, high female age at marriage as proximate determinants of fertility. There are reasons to believe that India's national family planning program contributed to the decline in fertility observed since the 1960s. The pace of fertility decline in the future will depend upon the pace of infant mortality decline, enhancement in female education, and improvements in family planning programs.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1984

The role of parental attitudes in the development of temperament in twins at home, school and in test situations.

In the La Trobe Twin Study, data are collected on temperament and social development in 3-15 year old twins and singletons from four different sources: questionnaires to parents covering development from birth to the present plus the Bristol Social Adjustment Guide completed by the teacher, Sattler's Behavior and Attitude Checklist completed by the tester, and the Qualitative Score on the Porteus Maze Test. Particular stresses are identified which the parents perceive as distinguishing a multiple from a singleton birth. Whereas they perceive no differences between the first and second-born in birth complications, the second-born is judged less favourably particularly in MZ pairs. The distinction continues in the later assessments by the teacher and tester, where in addition the male twins are seen as being different from other children both in cognition and in temperament. It is proposed that social and cognitive development of twins are interrelated and have two unique components, one related to the greater problems accompanying a multiple birth and the other to comparisons between cotwins.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Excess female child mortality in the developing world during the 1970s and 1980s.

"How did...excess female child mortality evolve from the 1970s to the 1980s, during a period when mortality declined significantly? Is there a relationship between the intensity of the phenomenon and levels of mortality or certain social development indicators? These are some of the questions which the article discusses on the basis of reliable and comparable data taken from approximately 60 [developing] countries."

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Methylmercury effects on the social behavior of Macaca fascicularis infants.

Observations of the social behavior of Macaca fascicularis exposed in utero to methylmercury (MeHg) and nonexposed control infants were performed as part of a study of the toxic, reproductive and developmental effects of maternal MeHg intake. Infants were tested twice weekly from 2 weeks to 8 months of age. Data were summarized into 6 categories of social behavior and 7 categories of nonsocial behavior. Analysis of the most prevalent behavior indicated that MeHg-exposed offspring exhibited a decrease in social play behavior and a concomitant increase in nonsocial passive behavior. The MeHg effect on social play behavior tended to decrease with age, while the group differences in nonsocial passive behavior tended to increase. The results indicate that maternal intake of MeHg during pregnancy can affect the social development of infant primates by suppressing social interactions and increasing nonsocial behavior.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

Cortisol responses and social buffering: a study throughout the life span.

The ability of specific adult females to moderate plasma cortisol responses throughout the life span was examined in male guinea pigs maintained in large mixed age/sex groups. At four critical life stages of social development (preweaning, periadolescent, sexually but not socially mature, and sexually and socially mature), the same male guinea pigs were exposed to the stressor of exposure to a novel environment for 4 h while either alone, with an unfamiliar adult female, or with a favored adult female, as based on objective criteria from behavioral observation at that life stage. In preweaning males (9-19 days of age), the favored female (biological mother), but not an unfamiliar female, reduced the cortisol response in the novel environment. In periadolescents (49-61 days), an unfamiliar female, but not the favored female, buffered the cortisol response. At the sexually but not socially mature stage (114-126 days), the cortisol response to novelty was depressed in all conditions, and not affected by either female. At the sexually and socially mature stage (270-330 days), the favored female, but not the unfamiliar female, moderated cortisol levels. These results corroborate previous findings in infants and full adults, demonstrate marked age-specific changes in the ability of females to buffer hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses, and identify a heretofore undescribed period of cortisol response suppression in maturing male guinea pigs. The changing pattern of social buffering during the life span described here for the guinea pig might represent a more general pattern for males of other group-living mammals.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1998

Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love.

The purpose of this paper is to review existing behavioral and neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Both love and social attachments function to facilitate reproduction, provide a sense of safety, and reduce anxiety or stress. Because social attachment is an essential component of love, understanding attachment formation is an important step toward identifying the neurobiological substrates of love. Studies of pair bonding in monogamous rodents, such as prairie voles, and maternal attachment in precocial ungulates offer the most accessible animal models for the study of mechanisms underlying selective social attachments and the propensity to develop social bonds. Parental behavior and sexual behavior, even in the absence of selective social behaviors, are associated with the concept of love; the analysis of reproductive behaviors, which is far more extensive than our understanding of social attachment, also suggests neuroendocrine substrates for love. A review of these literatures reveals a recurrent association between high levels of activity in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and the subsequent expression of social behaviors and attachments. Positive social behaviors, including social bonds, may reduce HPA axis activity, while in some cases negative social interactions can have the opposite effect. Central neuropeptides, and especially oxytocin and vasopressin have been implicated both in social bonding and in the central control of the HPA axis. In prairie voles, which show clear evidence of pair bonds, oxytocin is capable of increasing positive social behaviors and both oxytocin and social interactions reduce activity in the HPA axis. Social interactions and attachment involve endocrine systems capable of decreasing HPA reactivity and modulating the autonomic nervous system, perhaps accounting for health benefits that are attributed to loving relationships.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The impact of assertive community treatment on the social relationships of people who are homeless and mentally ill.

Two randomized experiments compared the effectiveness of the assertive community treatment (ACT) team against other treatments (outpatient therapy, drop-in center, and brokered case management) in improving the social relationships of individuals who were both homeless and suffered from severe and persistent mental illness. In both studies clients assigned to ACT teams reported having more professionals in their social networks than clients assigned to the other treatments. Clients did not report significant differences between treatment conditions on most of the other social relationship dimensions. Further attention to developing social skills and network interventions within ACT teams are recommended.

Adult↗