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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

High-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy of amniotic fluids from spina bifida fetuses and controls.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify proton containing metabolites by in vitro 1H NMR spectroscopy of amniotic fluids from fetuses with spina bifida and controls. STUDY DESIGN: Fourteen amniotic fluids from spina bifida fetuses and 18 controls were obtained. Concentrations of carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids were determined. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the data. RESULTS: At 15 and 39 weeks amenorrhea, the estimated median amniotic fluid concentrations of succinic acid and glutamine were significantly higher in the spina bifida group compared to controls, 37 and 64%, respectively. Whereas creatine and creatinine were significantly lower, 27 and 36%, respectively. Amenorrhea influenced the concentrations of most compounds with the exception of lactic acid. CONCLUSION: 1H NMR spectroscopy shows significantly higher succinic acid and glutamine concentrations in amniotic fluids derived from spina bifida fetuses compared with controls. A derangement in amino acid metabolism is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Development of a class-specific ELISA for sulfonylurea herbicides (sulfuron screen).

The development of a direct competitive ELISA for the detection of a broad range of sulfonylurea herbicides (SUs) is described. Polyclonal antibodies were generated in rabbits using three different immunizing haptens. Antiserum with the broadest specificity was obtained with a mesosulfuronbenzylamine derivative which was coupled via a succinic acid spacer to keyhole limpet hemocyanine. A heterologous enzyme tracer which did not contain the succinic acid bridge was prepared using activated horseradish peroxidase. The direct competitive ELISA was optimized and applied for spiked tap and surface water samples. From 30 SUs, 8 compounds showed a molar cross-reactivity (CR) higher than 100% (this value was set for the hapten) and 11 compounds CRs between 10% and 100%. The ELISA can detect 16 SUs at a concentration of 0.1 microg/L or lower. Different surface and tap water samples were spiked with chlorimuron ethyl, metsulfuron methyl, or primisulfuron methyl at concentrations of 100, 200, or 500 ng/L and subsequently analyzed by both ELISA and HPLC-UV. Correlation analysis revealed good agreement between both methods (r2 = 0.983/0.948/0.982; n = 21 for each analyte). Using ELISA, no sample pretreatment other than filtration was necessary.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1985

Enzymes of vitamin B6 degradation. Purification and properties of two N-acetylamidohydrolases.

alpha-(N-Acetylaminomethylene)succinic acid hydrolase (Compound A hydrolase, EC 3.5.1-) and alpha-hydroxymethyl-alpha'-(N-acetylaminomethylene)succinic acid hydrolase (Compound B hydrolase, EC 3.5.1-) were purified to homogeneity from Pseudomonas MA-1 and Arthrobacter Cr-7, respectively. The two inducible enzymes catalyze Reactions 1 and 2, respectively, which release the first generally useful anabolic intermediates during growth of these organisms with (formula; see text) pyridoxine as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Compound A hydrolase is a monomeric protein of Mr 32,500 with aspartic acid as its NH2-terminal residue. Compound B hydrolase (Mr congruent to 205,000) is a multimer containing probably six identical subunits with glycine as the NH2 terminus. The two enzymes have quite different amino acid analyses, although both are high in Asx and Glx, lack tryptophan, and show similar stabilities to pH and temperature. Compound A hydrolase has a pI of 4.4, a Km of 3.3 microM, and a Vmax of 3.1 mumol X min-1 X mg-1 at pH 6.5 and 25 degrees C; no analogue substrates were found. Compound B hydrolase has a pI of 4.2, a Km of 25 microM, and a Vmax of 3.8 mumol X min-1 X mg-1 at 25 degrees C and pH 7.0; it also hydrolyzes Compound A slowly. Both enzymes are inhibited competitively by di- and tricarboxylic acids, itaconic acid being among the most effective. Sulfite inhibits both enzymes by a time-dependent mechanism not yet understood. The two amidases appear to differ greatly in architecture despite the similarity in properties and in the overall reactions they catalyze.

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed2002

Pseudomonas putida strain PCL1444, selected for efficient root colonization and naphthalene degradation, effectively utilizes root exudate components.

Previously, we have described the selection of a plant-bacterium pair that is efficient in rhizoremediating naphthalene pollution in microcosm studies. After repeated selection for efficient root tip colonization upon inoculation of seeds of grass cv. Barmultra and for stable and efficient growth on naphthalene, Pseudomonas putida PCL1444 was selected as the most efficient colonizer of Barmultra roots. Here, we report the analysis of Barmultra root exudate composition and our subsequent tests of the growth rate of the bacterium and of the expression of the naphthalene degradation genes on individual exudate components. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of the organic acid and sugar root-exudate components revealed that glucose and fructose are the most abundant sugars, whereas succinic acid and citric acid are the most abundant organic acids. Tn5luxAB mutants of PCL1444 impaired in naphthalene degradation appeared to be impaired in genes homologous to genes of the upper naphthalene degradation pathway present in various Pseudomonas strains and to genes of the lower pathway genes for naphthalene degradation in P. stutzeri. Highest expression for both pathways involved in naphthalene degradation during growth in minimal medium with the carbon source to be tested was observed at the start of the logarithmic phase. Naphthalene did not induce the upper pathway, but a different pattern of expression was observed in the lower pathway reporter, probably due to the conversion of naphthalene to salicylic acid. Salicylic acid, which is described as an intermediate of the naphthalene degradation pathway in many Pseudomonas strains, did induce both pathways, resulting in an up to sixfold higher expression level at the start of the logarithmic phase. When expression levels during growth on the different carbon sources present in root exudate were compared, highest expression was observed on the two major root exudate components, glucose and succinic acid. These results show an excellent correlation between successful naphthalene rhizoremediation by the Barmultra-P. putida PCL1444 pair and both efficient utilization of the major exudate components for growth and high transcription of the naphthalene catabolic genes on the major exudate components. Therefore, we hypothesize that efficient root colonizing and naphthalene degradation is the result of the applied colonization enrichment procedure.

Carbon↗
PubMed1996

Mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species after brain ischemia in the rat.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Brain mitochondria have a substantial capacity to generate reactive oxygen species after ischemia when the components of the respiratory chain are reduced and molecular oxygen is present. We tested the hypothesis that brain mitochondria in vivo produce reactive oxygen species after ischemia/reperfusion (IR) in rats at a rate sufficient to escape endogenous antioxidant defenses. METHODS: Ischemia-dependent production of hydroxyl radical in the hippocampus of the anesthetized rat was monitored with the use of intracerebral microdialysis. Transient global ischemia was produced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion and hemorrhagic hypotension to a mean arterial pressure of 35 mm Hg for 15 minutes followed by reperfusion for 60 minutes. Salicylic acid was infused into the hippocampus during the experiments, and changes in the recovery of its hydroxylated product, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA), were used to assess the effects of inhibitors of mitochondrial complex I on formation of hydroxyl radical during IR. Hydroxylation data from control groups of animals were compared with data from animals undergoing IR during treatment with either a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor alone or the inhibitor plus succinic acid. RESULTS: Transient ischemia led to a fivefold increase in the recovery of 2,3-DHBA by microdialysis after 1 hour relative to control animals (P < .05). Inhibition of mitochondrial complex I prevented 2,3-DHBA formation after IR; this effect could be reversed by infusion of succinic acid by microdialysis during IR. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that reactive oxygen species generated by mitochondrial electron transport escape cellular antioxidant defenses and promote highly damaging hydroxyl radical activity after transient brain ischemia in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Alpha tocopheryl succinate, retinoic acid and polar carotenoids enhanced the growth-inhibitory effect of a cholesterol-lowering drug on immortalized and transformed nerve cells in culture.

OBJECTIVE: Statins (cholesterol lowering drugs) with a closed-ring structure (lovastatin, simvastatin and mevastatin) and an open-ring structure (pravastatin and fluvastatin) are currently used in the management of cardiac disease. Lovastatin and simvastatin inhibit the growth of tumor cells; however, the studies on the effect of a statin in combination with micronutrients such as alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TS), 13-cis retinoic acid (RA) and polar carotenoids (PC) have never been performed. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effect of mevastatin alone and in combination with the above micronutrients on the growth of mouse neuroblastoma (NB) cells and rat immortalized dopamine (DA) neurons in culture. In addition, a comparative efficacy of mevastatin and pravastatin on the growth of NB cells was studied. METHODS: Cells were treated with mevastatin in combination with individual antioxidants, alpha-TS, RA and polar carotenoids, 24 hours after plating. Fresh growth medium and agents were changed at two days after treatment, and the viability in control and experimental groups was determined at three days after treatment by MTT assay. Each experiment was repeated three times with triplicate samples per treatment. Growth in experimental groups was expressed as % of untreated cells. RESULTS: Mevastatin inhibited the growth of neuroblastoma (NB) cells and immortalized, non-tumorigenic dopamine (DA) neurons in culture in a dose-dependent manner. Immortalized DA neurons were more sensitive to mevastatin than NB cells. Pravastatin at similar concentrations was ineffective in inhibiting the growth of NB cells. Mevastatin in combination with alpha-TS, RA or PC was more effective in reducing the growth of NB and DA neurons than the individual agents. CONCLUSIONS: Statins with a closed-ring structure can inhibit the growth of established cancer cells as well as immortalized cells (equivalent to pre-malignant lesion), whereas statins with an open-ring structure may be ineffective. A combination of a statin having a closed-ring structure with alpha-TS, RA and PC may be one of the potentially useful anti-cancer agents for prevention and treatment strategies.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Yeast cultivation on the water-soluble oxidation products of brown coal].

The object of this work was to find out whether a mixture of organic acids produced at the first and second stages of lignite oxidation can be used as a substrate for cultivating six yeast cultures belonging to the Candida genus. Succinic acid has been shown to be the best accumulated component in the mixture. When C. guilliermondii VSB-249 was cultivated on succinic acid, its growth was inhibited by alpha-naphthoic acid, 1,2-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid and isophthalic acid. It might be concluded therefore that a mixture of acids produced at the first atage of oxidation can serve as the source of carbon for Candida since it contains less inhibitors than a mixture of acids produced at the second stage of lignite oxidation.

Candida↗
PubMed2004

Characterization of infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization samples by Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy.

Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FT-IR ATR) spectroscopy was used to characterize thin films of succinic acid, a matrix compound commonly used with infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (IR-MALDI) mass spectrometry. IR spectra of succinic acid thin films deposited alone and in combination with the analyte biomolecules insulin and cytochrome c were obtained by FT-IR ATR spectroscopy. Spectra of analyte and matrix alone were similar to those obtained previously from KBr pellets, Nujol mull, or thin-film absorption, although the ATR spectra have significantly lower background interferences. Thin films deposited from mixtures of water and methanol have additional peaks compared to films deposited from a methanol solution. These additional peaks are attributed to carboxylate groups stabilized by residual water molecules. No evidence was found to suggest that residual water absorption contributes to absorption at wavelengths typically used for IR-MALDI. Absorption of energy by analyte vibrational modes with rapid energy transfer to the matrix is suggested as a contributor to desorption and ionization consistent with the FT-IR ATR results.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Stimulation of biosynthetic activity by novel succinate esters in rat pancreatic islets.

Selected esters of succinic acid are currently under investigation as possible insulinotropic agents for the treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ten novel esters of succinic acid upon biosynthetic activity in rat pancreatic islets. In the absence of any other exogenous nutrient, glycerol-3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl succinate (0.5 mM), D-arabitol-5-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetramethylsuccinate (0.5 mM), and 4-tert-butylsuccinate (2.5 mM) exerted little or no effect upon L-[4-3H]phenylalanine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material. A modest but significant increase in biosynthetic activity to approximately 150% of basal value was found in the presence of L-threitol-1,2,4-trimethylsuccinate (2.0 mM) and ethanediol-1,2-diethylsuccinate (2.5 mM). A two- to five-fold increase in protein biosynthesis was observed in islets exposed to propanediol-1,2-dimethylsuccinate, glycerol-1,2-dimethylsuccinate-3-hydrogenosuccinate, L-threitol-3-succinoyl-1,2,4-trimethylsuccinate, glycerol-1,2-dimethylsuccinate or ethanediol-1,2-dimethylsuccinate (2.5 mM each), these esters being mentioned in order of increasing biological efficiency. There was a significant correlation between these results and the insulinotropic action of the same esters. The present findings thus reinforce the view that such esters act as nutrients in islet cells and, therefore, offer the advantage over pharmacological agents currently used for the treatment of type-2 diabetes in stimulating both the biosynthetic and secretory activity of insulin-producing B-cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Biochemical mechanisms involved in monomethyl succinate-induced insulin secretion.

Esters of succinic acid stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells. Using collagenase-isolated rat islets, the transduction mechanisms involved were investigated. In freshly isolated perifused islets, monomethyl succinate (MMSucc), in the presence of basal (2.75 mM) glucose, stimulated insulin release in a biphasic pattern. This secretory response was dependent on extracellular calcium movement into the beta-cell, since the calcium channel blocker nitrendipine (5 microM) abolished it. The glucokinase inhibitor mannoheptulose (20 mM) had no effect on its secretory action, while the protein kinase-C inhibitor staurosporine (20 nM) reduced secretion to MMSucc. In addition, while ineffective alone, the diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor monooleoylglycerol (25 microM) potentiated MMSucc-induced insulin release. A similarly amplified response occurred in the presence of forskolin (0.25 microM), a compound that elevates islet cAMP levels. The sodium salt of succinic acid (20 mM) had no effect on insulin release in the presence or absence of forskolin. Prior treatment with MMSucc in the presence of 2.75 mM glucose sensitized islets to the usually weak insulin secretory effect of 7.5 mM glucose. Other groups of islets were incubated for 2 h with myo-[2-3H]inositol to label their phosphoinositide pools. These islets were subsequently stimulated, and the kinetics of [3H]inositol efflux and insulin secretion were measured. MMSucc induced a rapid and sustained dose-dependent increase in [3H]inositol efflux rates. In batch-incubated islets, MMSucc increased inositol phosphate levels. Finally, MMSucc (20 mM), in the presence of 8 mM glucose, did not influence the detritiation of [5-3H]glucose, but reduced the oxidation of [U-14C] glucose. These results support the following conclusions. First, MMSucc is a potent activator of islet phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Second, the activation of protein kinase-C appears to contribute to the acute insulin secretory effect of MMSucc. Third, MMSucc-induced increases in phosphoinositide hydrolysis contribute at least in part to its ability to acutely stimulate insulin release and prime the beta-cell to subsequent stimulation. Finally, mitochondrial events associated with the oxidative metabolism of MMSucc may underlie its insulinotropic action.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2005

Cytotoxicity of liposomal alpha-tocopheryl succinate towards hamster cheek pouch carcinoma (HCPC-1) cells in culture.

There is compelling evidence for the cancer chemopreventive effects of vitamin E and related compounds. Of all the vitamin E derivatives that have been investigated to date, vitamin E acid succinate is the most effective anti-cancer agent. This report describes the preparation and testing of liposomal formulation of mono alpha-tocopheryl ester of succinic acid (alpha-TOS) for cytotoxicity against hamster cheek pouch carcinoma cell line (HCPC-1). Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) of phosphatidylcholine incorporating 70 microM alpha-TOS were superior to alpha-TOS alone or SUV without incorporated alpha-TOS, as inducers of apoptosis in HCPC-1 cells. Liposomal alpha-TOS perturbed the lipid structure in cells, promoted apoptosis, and decreased cell viability. The mechanism of action of alpha-TOS appears to involve membrane damage and induction of ceramide mediated apoptosis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of ammonium succinate on pharmacological effects of acetylsalicylic acid].

Ammonia succinate potentiates the main pharmacological properties and reduces the toxic effects (ulcerogenic action and general toxicity) of acetylsalicylic acid. The new preparation astam, representing a combination of acetylsalicylic acid with ammonia succinate in a 2:1 ratio, is proposed. Astam exhibits antiexudative, capillary-reinforcing, antiproliferative, pain-relieving, antipyretic, antiaggregant, and antioxidant properties. In addition, the drug inhibits the development of structural-metabolic disorders in the case of chronic immune inflammation of joints and various internal organs.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The use of hydroxyl-radical-generating systems for the treatment of olive mill wastewaters.

Three hydroxyl-radical producing biomimetic systems, composed of CuII, hydrogen peroxide and pyridine, glucaric or succinic acid, were able to perform decolorization of olive mill wastewaters (OMW) >85 % within 3 d combined with a significant removal of total phenols (>75 %). The systems consisting of 50 mmol/L succinic acid, 5-10 mmol/L CuSO4 and 100 mmol/L H2O2 were the most effective at OMW treatment, and led to the reduction of phenol contents to <1 % along with high decolorization (>88 %) and acceptable values of chemical oxygen demand.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1996

Effects of the methyl esters of pyruvate, succinate and glutamate on the secretory response to meglitinide analogues in rat pancreatic islets.

The insulinotropic action of the meglitinide analogues KAD-1229, A-4166 and repaglinide was examined in rat pancreatic islets deprived of exogenous nutrient or incubated in the presence of nutrient secretagogues such as D-glucose and the methyl esters of pyruvic acid, succinic acid and glutamic acid. The meglitinide analogues exerted little effect on insulin release in the absence of exogenous nutrient or in the presence of methyl pyruvate. They caused obvious stimulation of insulin output in the presence of D-glucose, dimethyl succinate or dimethyl glutamate. It is proposed, therefore, that suitable esters of dicarboxylic nutrients could be used to potentiate the secretory response to meglitinide analogues in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Insulinotropic action of the polyacetate esters of two non-nutrient monosaccharides in normal and diabetic rats.

The polyacetate esters of certain non-nutrient monosaccharides, such as L-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose, were recently reported to display positive insulinotropic action and, hence, proposed as possible tools for stimulation of insulin release in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. In the present study, the secretory response to four carbohydrate esters was compared in islets of both normal and hereditary diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Three major findings are documented. First, in islets exposed to the dimethyl ester of succinic acid (10.0 mmol/l), D-mannoheptulose hexaacetate (1.7 mmol/l) was found to stimulate insulin release in both normal and diabetic rats. Second, relative to the control value recorded in the sole presence of the succinic acid ester, the increments in insulin output evoked by D-mannoheptulose hexaacetate, alpha-L-glucose pentaacetate and beta-D-glucose pentaacetate (all 1.7 mmol/l) were not lower and, on occasion, even higher in diabetic rats than in control animals. Last, the sole exception to such a rule was encountered in islets exposed to beta-L-glucose pentaacetate, in which case the hexose moiety of the ester might mimic the inhibitory effect of alpha-D-glucopyranose upon phosphorylase a-catalyzed glycogenolysis in islets from diabetic rats. These findings reinforce the concept that the insulinotropic action of monosaccharide esters is not solely attributable to the catabolism of their carbohydrate moiety but also to a direct effect of the esters themselves upon a yet unidentified receptor system. They also provide further support to the possible use of the esters of non-nutrient monosaccharides as insulinotropic tools in type-2 diabetes.

Animals↗