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PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of regional environmental and health hazards by applying synthetic measures.

Large geographical areas, urban and rural regions of 49 voivodships in Poland, were evaluated from the point of view of existing environmental and health hazards caused by chemical contamination of the environment. Using routine sources of information, we selected four health-related environmental indicators and eight environmental-related health indicators. All indicator values were normalized and then aggregated to synthetic measures of environmental and health hazards, using the taxonometric method. The synthetic measures characterized the urban and rural regions of the entire country and were used for their ranking for remedial purposes. A consistency of environmental and health synthetic measures was found in urban regions (correlation coefficient r = 0.58). The spatial distribution of environmental and health hazards was determined using geo-graphical information system (GIS) methods. The application of kriging and the interpolation of data improved the interpretation of the results. The worst situation was found in the southwest regions of Poland, which are heavily industrialized with a high population density.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1983

An outline of population geography of Jiangsu province, China.

"Jiangsu (Kiangsu) Province [China] is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River which divides it into two parts, South Jiangsu and North Jiangsu. The area of the province is 102,000 sq. km with a population of 60,521,114 and a density of 605 per sq. km in 1982. The area of Jiangsu is slightly larger than that of Hungary (93,000 sq. km). But the population is 5.7 times and the density of population 5.2 times larger than those of Hungary. This paper states the tendency of population growth, the geographical distribution and present condition of urban and rural population, discussing briefly the rational redistribution of [the] population of Jiangsu."

Asia↗
PubMed2004

Characteristics and health implications of fine and coarse particulates at roadside, urban background and rural sites in UK.

Recent studies have pointed to evidence that fine particles in the air could be significant contributors to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Epidemiologists looking at the health effects of particulate pollution need more information from various receptor locations to improve the understanding of this problem. Detailed information on temporal, spatial and size distributions of particulate pollution in urban areas is also important for air quality modellers as well as being an aid to decision and policy makers of local authorities. This paper presents a detailed analysis of temporal and seasonal variation of PM(10) and PM(2.5) levels at one urban roadside, one urban background and one rural monitoring location. Levels of PM(10), PM(2.5) and coarse fraction of particulates are compared. In addition, particulate levels are compared with NO(2) and CO concentrations. The study concludes that PM(10) and PM(2.5) are closely related at urban locations. Diurnal variation in PM(2.5)/PM(10) ratio shows the influence of vehicular emission and movement on size distribution. This ratio is higher in winter than in summer, indicating a build-up or longer residence time of finer particulates or washout due to wet weather in winter. In the second part of this study, a disease burden analysis is carried out based on the dose-response relationships recommended by the UK Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollution. The disease burden analysis indicates that if Marylebone Road (MR) levels of PM(10) were prevalent all over London, it will result in around 2.5% increase in death rates due to all causes. Whereas, if Bloomsbury (BB) levels were prevalent in London, which is more likely to occur as this is more representative of the urban background environment to which people in London are likely to be exposed, the corresponding increase would be around 1.7%. Considering this, in London, at Bloomsbury levels, 973 deaths and 1515 respiratory hospital admissions (RHA) are attributable to PM(10) while 2140 RHA are attributable to NO(2). After deducting the disease burden due to background levels at Rochester (RC), PM(10) emission caused by anthropogenic activities in London equates to 273 additional deaths and 410 additional RHA, while NO(2) account for additional 1205 incidences of RHA.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study on the spatial distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus balance, and regional nitrogen flow through crop production.

The spatial distribution patterns of the nitrogen and phosphorus input/intake amounts in crop production within two small basins are examined, based upon a cropping unit distribution map that is obtained from remote sensing data analysis. Firstly, we examine the availability and suitability of approaches to the spatial distribution analysis of cultivation patterns classified from material flow characteristics of crop production using seasonal remote-sensing data. Secondly, material flow units in crop production are grouped according to the cultivation patterns obtained from the remote-sensing data analysis. Consequently, the spatial patterns of the amounts of both nitrogen and phosphorus inputs/intakes through crop production on farmland are examined and their spatial distribution maps are prepared according to the material flow units. In addition, we developed a nitrogen flow and runoff model and the model is simulated based on the examination of the results of spatial distribution patterns of the material flow units. The annual nitrogen runoff from small catchments, where various crops are cultivated, varies from 2.7 kg ha(-1) year(-1) to 108 kg ha(-1) year(-1) and the annual balanced losses of nitrogen in small catchments varied from -30 kg ha(-1) year(-1) to 101 kg ha(-1) year(-1). Also, the monthly changes in soil nitrogen of each material flow unit is estimated at -55 kg ha(-1) as a maximum decrease and 114 kg ha(-1) as a maximum increase. These results indicate that the spatial distribution patterns of nutrient input and intake through agricultural activities should be considered when analyzing the material flows and nutritient movement in soil-water systems in rural areas for watershed environmental control and regional agricultural management.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Governments' perceptions and policies of population redistribution in East and South East Asia.

"This paper is based on the results of the Third Inquiry among Governments on Population and Development carried out in 1977 by the UN Secretariat. It reports on perceptions and policies concerning international migrations, spatial distribution of the national population, internal migration and settlement patterns in fourteen South East and East Asian countries. "It appears that nearly all countries under consideration were concerned with the spatial distribution of population both as a factor related to problems caused by excessive natural increase and as a problem on its own right. The majority of countries were prepared to pursue policies affecting basic trends in internal migration. Most governments declared their willingness to alter patterns of rural or both rural and urban settlement. Only two countries were interested in increasing emigration; the remaining ones were satisfied with the existing levels of international migration."

Asia↗
PubMed1997

Effects of second office and hospital consulting practices of physicians on rural communities.

This research examined the prevalence of second offices and hospital consulting practices of physicians in Missouri, the characteristics of physicians participating in such practices, the change in availability of services through these practices, the characteristics of counties and hospitals involved, and the practice organization of participating physicians. The assessment of the factors was conducted within the conceptual framework of community and physician characteristics, practice form and organization, and health system resources. In 1993, 64 of the 93 nonmetropolitan counties in Missouri gained, on average, 1.3 full-time equivalent physicians through second office and hospital consulting practices. Eighteen nonmetropolitan counties lost, on average, 0.4 full-time equivalent physicians through these practices; 11 nonmetropolitan counties were not affected. The majority of physicians engaged in these two types of practices are nonprimary care specialists. Consequently, in addition to the net contribution to total physician service availability, many nonmetropolitan counties gained access locally to a wider variety of specialty services. This change in availability of physician services, not generally incorporated in decisions, needs to be considered when policy efforts are undertaken to change the spatial and specialty distribution of physicians.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1991

Community lifestyle characteristics and incidence of Hodgkin's disease in young people.

Risk of Hodgkin's disease (HD) in young adults has frequently been associated with limited access to social contact in childhood and related correlates of childhood social class. In addition, case clustering has sometimes been associated with influxes of population into relatively isolated communities. To investigate this further, disease incidence rates for HD at ages 0 to 24 from a specialist tumour registry have been regressed against relevant electoral ward characteristics derived from routine census and Ordnance Survey data for England and Wales. Proximity to built-up areas and higher socio-economic status (SES) emerge as significant risk factors. The relative risks are 1.21 (95% Cl: 1.01-1.46) for high SES wards and 1.29 (1.05-1.58) for "inner zone" wards. No association of disease risk with distance travelled to work was apparent. Regions farther from built-up areas have a lower overall incidence and a shift, particularly for males, of the age distribution towards older ages. The distribution resembles the intermediate pattern for HD reported from European rural areas of low SES but never previously for high SES. Isolated areas also show an increased intensity of spatial clustering (29% of cases being classified as clustered). These findings have implications for the 'late host response' model which suggest a viral aetiology for Hodgkin's disease in young people and provide a basis for future analytical studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Nonmetro population rebound continues and broadens.

"As the decade of the 1990s has progressed, the nonmetro [U.S.] population has received a substantial net influx of people, leading to sharp reduction in the number of counties with population decline.... A third of the nonmetro counties grew at a rate higher than the Nation as a whole (5.6 percent) from 1990-95, and such counties had three-fourths of all nonmetro growth.... Among major regions, nonmetro population growth continued to be much faster in the West than elsewhere...."

Americas↗
PubMed2004

Estimation of plant diversity at landscape level: a methodological approach applied to three Spanish rural areas.

Approaches linking biodiversity assessment with landscape structure are necessary in the framework of sustainable rural development. The present paper describes a methodology to estimate plant diversity involving landscape structure as a proportional weight associated with different plant communities found in the landscape mosaic. The area occupied by a plant community, its patch number or its spatial distribution of patches are variables that could be expressed in gamma plant diversity of a territory. The methodology applies (1) remote sensing information, to identify land cover and land use types; (2) aspect, to discriminate composition of plant communities in each land cover type; (3) multi-scale field techniques, to asses plant diversity; (4) affinity analysis of plant community composition, to validate the stratified random sampling design and (5) the additive model that partitions gamma diversity into its alpha and beta components. The method was applied to three Spanish rural areas and was able to record 150-260 species per ha. Species richness, Shannon information index and Simpson concentration index were used to measure diversity in each area. The estimation using Shannon diversity index and the product of patch number and patch interspersion as weighting of plant community diversity was found to be the most appropriate method of measuring plant diversity at the landscape level.

Biodiversity↗