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PubMedDate not supplied

[Utility of prolonged incubation and terminal subcultures of blood cultures from immunocompromised patients].

The value of blind terminal subcultures (7 and 30 days) and prolonged incubation (30 days) of blood cultures from immunosuppressed patients was analyzed in the Fundación Favaloro, the Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia and the Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez. A total of 2707 blood cultures and 369 patients were included (transplantation of solid organs 154, oncohematologic disorders 106 and solid tumors 109). Bact-Alert bottles were incubated at 35 degrees C for 30 days in the Bact-Alert System. Bottles with positive signals were routinely removed, and aliquots of the broth were Gram stained and subcultured aerobically in chocolate agar and Sabouraud agar. A total of 136 bacteremic episodes were obtained. The positivization time of blood cultures was 81.6% at 24 h, 93.3% at 48 h, 94.5% at 72 h and 97.7% within 7 days. Only 3 (2.2%) episodes were positive by blind terminal subcultures and 1 (0.75%) by prolonged incubation (14 days). The median time and range of positivization in hours were 13.8 and 2.2-168, respectively. The microorganisms isolated were coagulase negative staphylococci (n = 24), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 22), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 21), Escherichia coli (n = 18), Acinetobacter spp (n = 9), Candida spp (n = 8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 6), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 5), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 5), Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella spp and Capnocytophaga sputigena (n = 2), Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecium, Citrobacter diversus, Candida albicans, Klebsiella oxytoca, Chryseomonas luteola, Serratia marcescens, Abiotrophia spp, Campylobacter jejuni, Moraxella catarrhalis, Moraxella urethralis, Neisseria sicca, beta hemolytic group G streptococci, Rhodococcus equi, Micrococcus spp, Cryptococcus neoformans and Streptococcus mitis (n = 1). In our experience, blind terminal subcultures and prolonged incubation of blood cultures from immunosuppressed patients are unnecessary and cost expensive.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed1997

[Bacteraemia in patients with HIV disease: aetiological spectrum and profile of antimicrobial susceptibility].

A retrospective survey of non-opportunistic bacterial pathogens isolated from blood cultures of patients with HIV disease has been carried out for a 6-year period, and the antibiotic susceptibility of the 748 microorganisms cultured from 682 consecutive patients, has been evaluated. Gram-positive organisms significantly prevailed over gram-negative ones, with Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus faecalis, Xantomonas maltophilia, Salmonella and Pseudomonas sp. as the most common isolates, and Rhodococcus equi, Serratia, Acinetobacter and Alcaligenes sp. as emerging pathogens. Useful suggestions may be obtained for empiric antimicrobial treatment of suspected sepsis in HIV-infected patients, from the evaluation of the antibiotic susceptibility profile of these non-opportunistic bacterial pathogens.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1992

[The first isolation of Dermatophilus congolensis van Saceghem 1913 in Czechoslovakia].

The authors present a report on the first detection of the strain Dermatophilus congolensis in Czechoslovakia. The strain was isolated from ulcerations on the dorsal part of the foot of a 47-year-old patient who previously worked for several years in Libya. Based on examinations of smears from cultures of an isolated strain and four strains from a collection, from experimental dermatofilosis of a rabbit the authors describe the micromorphology of strains of D. congolensis under a light and electron microscope (transmission an and raster microscope). They describe the colonial morphology, haemolytic properties and in particular detail the haemolytic interaction of strains of D. congolensis with Streptococcus agalactiae, Rhodococcus equi and with strains of S. aureus (monoproducers of beta-haemolysin and delta-haemolysin resp.). They assessed the sensitivity of strains of D. congolensis to some staphylococcal bacteriocin-like substances.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1995

[Not Available].

Rhodococcus equi is a facultative intracellular, obligate aerobe, partially acid fast, gram-positive pathogen that causes cavitary pneumonia in animals and immunocompromised humans. We describe 8 cases of R. equi pneumonia in patients with advanced HIV infection (CD4 counts less than 100/mm3), 7 males and 1 female (mean age 30.8 years), observed between 1991 and 1994. A history of exposure to farm animals was found in 4 patients. The most common presenting symptoms were fever, malaise, dyspnea, cough and hemoptysis, chest pain and weight loss. Chest x-rays showed tipical focal area of consolidation throughout the lung (3 upper, 3 lower and 2 middle fields) associated with cavitation in 4 cases. The definitive diagnosis in our hands was delayed only in the first case in which conflicting data resulted from blood culture (Bacillus sp. isolation) and sputum examen (acid-fast bacterium in the Ziehl-Neelsen stain). Final microbiological diagnosis depended on blood cultures (n=5), bronchoalveolar lavage (n=1), sputum (n=1), lung biopsy (n=1). All the patients were treated with prolonged courses of antibiotic therapy (259 days, range 120-340 in 6 dead patients; more than one year and two months respectively in two patients alive). According to microbial susceptibility TMP/SMX, vancomycin, imipenem, rifampin, aminoglycosides, macrolides and quinolons were more frequently used. Resistant R. equi mutants were selected during therapy with TMP/SMX (n=2), rifampin (n=1) and erythromycin (n=1). Five patient underwent pulmonary lobectomy after exclusion of metastatic bacterial lesions. Only 2 patients are alive, one after 365 days of antibiotic therapy and upper lung lobectomy, one after 60 days of antibiotic therapy. Optimal antimicrobial therapy and the role of surgery remain, in our experience, uncertain.

English Abstract↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Isolation and comparative analysis of glycolipid fractions in bifidobacteria].

A comparative TLC analysis of lipid extracts from Bifidobacterium longum B 379 M, B. bifidum 791, and B. adolescentis 94 BIM has been performed. It is demonstrated that carbohydrate-containing lipid components were present in the bacteria, which differed in their chromatographic mobility (Rf) from similar compounds isolated from actinomycetes Stomatococcus mucilaginosus PCM 2415T, Nocardiopsis dassonvillei PCM 2492, Propionibacterium propionicum PCM 2431, Saccharopolyspora hirsuta PCM 2279 (= ATCC 27875T), Rhodococcus equi PCMT 559 (= ATCC 3969), and Gordonia bronchialis PCM 2167. Polar lipids of bifidobacteria exhibited the closest similarity to their counterparts from propionic acid bacteria. Preparative chromatography (silica gel column I; elution with chloroform, acetone, and methanol) of the lipid extract of B. adolescentis 94 BIM made it possible to isolate fractions containing nonpolar lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids. Further purification of the glycolipid fraction (column II; eluant, methanol gradient in chloroform) produced preparations of glycolipids and phospholipids. The preparations were studied by two-dimensional TLC using solvent systems chloroform-methanol-H2O MiLi Q (65 : 25 : 4, v/v/v) and n-butanol-acetic acid-H2O MiLi Q (60 : 20 : 20, v/v/v) for directions I and II, respectively. Two major glycolipids were revealed (G1 and G2), in addition to compounds characteristic of the polar lipid group and minor glycolipids (g), the latter being present in considerably lesser amounts.

Bifidobacterium↗
PubMed1990

[Isolation of Listeria ivanovii in Slovakia].

From October 1977 to May 15, 1989 in Slovakia 39 strongly haemolytic strains of L. ivanovii were isolated from a woman after delivery of a stillborn foetus--from the lochiae, placenta and rectal smear, from five symptom-free subjects from the faeces, from the rectal smears of two sheep, from the intestinal contents in the portion of the terminal ileus from 28 free living small terrestrial mammals, one strain from meat--beef steak, from the lungs, liver and kidneys of a dead young sheep and one strain from silage. The strains from the lochiae and placenta as well as those from the organs of sheep were detected already as primocultures on commonly used blood agar, the other strains after varying periods of cold enrichment and subsequent inoculation on a solid selective medium with nalidixic acid and acriflavin. All strains had typical biochemical properties, among which from the diagnostic aspect in particular the catalase formation and acid formation from d-xylose is important, as well as the negative reaction with mannitol, rhamnose and alpha-methyl-d-mannoside. All strains agglutinated in O-factor serum X and gave a typical shovel-like shape CAMP test with Rhodococcus equi. The frequent incidence of L. ivanovii in micromammals indicates their importance as reservoir animals for this species of microorganism. The latter were detected on the territory of all three Slovak regions and in the capital of Slovakia, Bratislava.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Production and partial characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the neotype strain of Mycobacterium bovis.

Six monoclonal antibodies (MAB) to virulent Mycobacterium bovis ATCC 19210 were produced, using a suspension of heat-inactivated whole cells. Immunoglobulin isotype for MAB VMB6, VMB73, and VMB93 was IgG1, and for VMB31, VMB99, and VMB119, it was IgG2a. Monoclonal antibodies were examined for cross-reactivity to M tuberculosis, M kansasii, M fortuitum, M paratuberculosis, M avium serovars 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10, M chelonei, M phlei, M scrofulaceum, M smegmatis, Nocardia asteroides, and Rhodococcus equi. Monoclonal antibodies could be grouped on the basis of binding activity by ELISA and immunoblot analysis, in which MAB VMB6, VMB31, and VMB119 had binding activity to M bovis; MAB VMB93 and VMB99 detected M bovis and M tuberculosis antigens, and MAB VMB73 reacted with other mycobacterial species, as well as with N asteroides and R equi. Apparent molecular mass of antigens was 30 to 25 kilodaltons (kD) for VMB6, VMB31, and VMB119 and 63 kD for VMB93 and VMB99, and ranged from greater than 200 to 31 kD for VMB73, as estimated by immunoblot analysis. Monoclonal antibody binding activity to 18 field isolates of M bovis was evaluated, using ELISA. Each of 18 field isolates was detected, using MAB VMB6, VMB31, or VMB119; 10 isolates were detected, using MAB VMB93/VMB99, and 14 were detected by use of MAB VMB73. Use of MAB in ELISA failed to detect antigens from M bovis strain AN-5.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Pulmonary malakoplakia in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Differential diagnostic considerations.

Malakoplakia is an unusual inflammatory condition characterized histopathologically by accumulations of benign macrophages, or von Hansemann's cells, that are associated with diagnostic intracellular and extracellular calcospherites, termed Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. Currently believed to represent an acquired defect of macrophage digestion, malakoplakia most commonly occurs in the urinary tract and is associated with a variety of infectious agents, notably gram-negative bacilli. We describe a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who presented with a cavitating lingular mass. A transbronchial biopsy specimen revealed pulmonary malakoplakia, the seventh reported case of this condition and the second reported occurrence of pulmonary malakoplakia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Microbiological cultures were positive for Rhodococcus equi. The significance of this finding, and the differential diagnosis of intra-alveolar histiocytic proliferations in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Phospholipase C in Listeria.

The cooperative and antagonistic effect of extracellular bacterial proteins of Streptococcus agalactiae, Rhodococcus equi, Corynebacterium ovis, and Corynebacterium haemolyticum with proteins of listerial strains of various sources, species and serovars of the membrane of sheep erythrocytes was investigated. Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii produce, beside listeriolysin, further proteins. Their specific effect on the sheep erythrocyte membrane becomes apparent after the appearance of substances produced by the organisms under study. Ten strains of L. ivanovii produced phospholipase C responsible for the zone of incomplete haemolysis. It was inhibited by the non-haemolytic sphingomyelinase D of C. ovis and C. haemolyticum. Chromatographic analysis revealed that phospholipase C splits sphingomyelin in the membrane of sheep erythrocytes. The inhibition of double haemolysis of L. ivanovii by sphyngomyelinase D of C. ovis on agar plates with washed (!) sheep erythrocytes can be utilized as a specific and rapid identification test of L. ivanovii.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Cytologic and bacteriologic evaluation of tracheobronchial aspirates from clinically normal foals.

Thirty-eight tracheobronchial aspirates (TBA) were collected from twenty 1 to 6-month-old foals, which were free of clinical signs of respiratory tract or other infectious disease. We collected TBA from 9 of the foals 3 times when they were approximately 8, 16, and 24 weeks old. Aspirates were examined cytologically after staining with modified Wright-Giemsa, Gram, toluidine blue, and prussian blue stains. Aerobic bacterial culturing was performed on all aspirates. Of the 20 initial TBA, 4 (20%) were normal cytologically on the basis of previously defined criteria for TBA from clinically normal horses, 6 (30%) had a high percentage of eosinophils (greater than 5%), 8 (40%) were classified as indicative of subacute inflammation, and 2 (10%) were classified as indicative of acute inflammation. Nine (45%) were positive for mast cells and none were positive for hemosiderin-laden macrophages (hemosiderophages). Of the 9 foals from which samples were collected at 16 and 24 weeks of age, results were similar, except for an increase in the number of TBA classified as indicative of chronic inflammation (33% and 22% respectively) and the number positive for hemosiderophages (33% and 88%, respectively). One TBA was considered nondiagnostic because of pharyngeal contamination. Culturing of 12 of the 37 aspirates (32%) yielded a potential microbial pathogen. Only 2 were positive cultures from the same foal. The following organisms were isolated: beta-hemolytic Streptococci spp (4), Actinobacillus/Pasteurella spp (4), Rhodococcus equi (2), unidentified nonenteric Gram-negative rod (1), and Escherichia coli (1). Thirty-four of the 37 aspirates (92%) yielded light growth of various organisms considered to be nonpathogenic and normal inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Purification of the phospholipase D of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by recycling isoelectric focusing.

Recycling isoelectric focusing was investigated as a method for purification of phospholipase D (PLD) from cultures of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Supernatant fluids from cultures of equine isolate 155 in brain-heart infusion broth were dialyzed against distilled water, concentrated by lyophilization, and fractionated by preparative isoelectric focusing in free solution in a pH 3 to 13 gradient with 6M urea. Protein concentration, pH, and PLD activity of the 10 resulting fractions were determined. Two PLD activity assays were used: release of 14C choline from labeled sphingomyelin and synergistic hemolytic activity with Rhodococcus equi factors. Enzyme activity focused in 2 fractions at pH 8.5 to 9.8. The synergistic hemolytic assay was simple and rapid for detecting PLD in partially purified fractions. Electrophoretic examination of the fraction containing the highest concentration of PLD activity revealed protein bands at 14, 21, and 31.7 kD Mr, suggesting purification to near-homogeneity. Proteins from the 31.7-kD band were labeled by antibodies in serum from a goat with chronic C pseudotuberculosis infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

In vitro susceptibility of bacteria to a ticarcillin-clavulanic acid combination.

In vitro testing of bacterial susceptibility to a combination of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid was done, using 406 aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative isolates (considered to be pathogens) cultured from equine and small animal specimens. A microdilution broth technique of susceptibility testing was performed, using trays with wells containing a range of doubling concentrations of dehydrated ticarcillin (range, 0.50 to 128 micrograms/ml) with fixed concentration of clavulanic acid (4 micrograms/ml). The following isolates of equine origin were (90%) susceptible to concentrations of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid combinations of less than or equal to 16 and 4 micrograms/ml, respectively: Staphylococcus aureus, S intermedius, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Ent agglomerans, Ent cloacae, Escherichia coli, Actinobacillus sp, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Rhodococcus equi, Proteus vulgaris, and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Isolates of small animal origin (90%) susceptible to less than or equal to 16 and 4 micrograms of ticarcillinclavulanic/ml included S aureus, S intermedius, Ent aerogenes, Ent agglomerans, Pasteurella multocida, B bronchiseptica, Pr mirabilis, and Serratia sp.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1987

[New species of the genus Listeria: Listeria seeligeri].

Listeria seeligeri is a recently described species which shares 28% to 1% DNA relatedness with the other species of the genus Listeria. G + C% content of the type strain is 36. Peptidoglycan type (variation A1 gamma) as well as teichoic acids are identical to those found in L. monocytogenes. L. seeligeri can be easily distinguished from the other species using the following markers: hemolysis (CAMP-tests with Staphylococcus aureus and Rhodococcus equi) and acid production from D-xylose, L-rhamnose and alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. No specific antigen allow to characterize L. seeligeri strains which belong to serogroups 1/2 (81%), 4 (12%) and 6 (6%). 85% of these strains proved to be phage typable. So far, more than 100 strains were isolated, mainly in Europe, from environment and animal healthy carriers. Unless one case of meningitis in human, strains of this species are experimentally non virulent.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Susceptibility of equine bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents.

In vitro antimicrobic susceptibility patterns of commonly isolated aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens of equine origin were determined, using the agar-plate dilution method. All organisms were recent clinical isolates and included Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, (coagulase positive) Staphylococcus sp, Streptococcus equi, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Actinobacillus sp, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella. In vitro susceptibility levels were outlined for 14 antimicrobics as follows: amikacin less than or equal to 4.0 micrograms/ml, ampicillin less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml, amoxicillin less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml, cefadroxil less than or equal to 8.0 micrograms/ml, chloramphenicol less than or equal to 8.0 micrograms/ml, erythromycin less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml, gentamicin less than or equal to 2.0 micrograms/ml, kanamycin less than or equal to 4.0 micrograms/ml, penicillin less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml, tetracycline less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml, sulfadimethoxine less than or equal to 10.0 micrograms/ml, ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine less than or equal to 0.5/9.5 micrograms/ml, sulfadiazine less than or equal to 10.0 micrograms/ml, and trimethoprim/sulfadiazine less than or equal to 0.5/9.5 micrograms/ml.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1982

Hemolytic properties of exosubstance of serovar 5 Listeria monocytogenes compared with beta toxin of Staphylococcus aureus.

Hemolytic exosubstance of serovar 5 Listeria monocytogenes, tested in native and pre-purified forms, produced identical interactions with exosubstances of certain bacterial species to those of Staphylococcus aureus beta toxin on agars with ovine, rabbit, human and equine erythrocytes. In the same way like the staphylococcal beta toxin, it enhanced hemolysis of other L. monocytogenes serovars, though only slightly and after a longer time of incubation. With the hemolysin of Corynebacterium pyogenes it produced a characteristic sickle-shape hemolysis on sheep blood agars. The listerial exosubstance observed had a direct hemolytic effect on sheep, rabbit, human and horse erythrocytes in both agar and tube tests. In addition to the direct hemolysis in tube tests it produced the hot-cold type hemolysis in titres considerably exceeding those of direct action on sheep erythrocytes. The staphylococcal beta toxin macroscopically altered only sheep erythrocytes, with which it produced hot-cold hemolysis in tube tests, and gave no visible reaction with other erythrocytes used either in agar or tube tests. A comparison of both exosubstances showed that their hemolytic activity was strongly enhanced by the exosubstance of Rhodococcus equi on sheep, rabbit and human blood agars, though only the hemolysin of serovar 5 L. monocytogenes had its hemolysis enhanced on horse erythrocytes also.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Clinical pharmacologic aspects of cefixime in dogs.

The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefixime, a new third-generation orally administered caphalosporin, was determined for reference and clinical isolates from dogs. The MIC of the drug for all but 1 of the 18 Enterobacteriaceae isolates tested, 1 Pasteurella canis, 1 Rhodococcus equi, 1 Streptococcus canis, and 1 Streptococcus group G isolate, was less than 1.0 microgram/ml. The MIC for 9 Staphylococcus intermedius isolates ranged from 1.56 to 6.25 micrograms/ml and, for 8 Sta aureus isolates, the MIC values ranged from 1.56 to 12.5 micrograms/ml. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinomyces sp, and a single Bordetella bronchiseptica isolate were considered resistant to cefixime. Cefixime was administered orally in 2 phases at a standard dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight to clinically normal adult male and female dogs. In the first phase, the drug was given once as a capsule and once as a suspension. In the second phase, it was administered once per day for 6 consecutive days in capsule form. Serum drug concentration was determined by use of a microbiological assay, and the following kinetic values were estimated for each dog: area under the concentration-time curve, peak serum drug concentration (Cmax), time of Cmax, absorption half-life, and elimination half-life (t1/2el). The kinetic profile of the drug in serum after oral administration of a single dose of cefixime was similar, with mean Cmax values of 3.36 and 4.76 micrograms/ml after treatment with the capsule and suspension, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[The fist detection of Giardia spp. in horses in the Czech Republic].

The first occurrence of Giardia spp. in horses in the Czech Republic is reported. During preventive examination of 360 five-month up to 14-year horses from various parts of the region of Central Bohemia carried out from January 1993 to June 1994 in the parasitological laboratory of the State Veterinary Institute in Prague, the Giardia cysts were detected in the excrements of 18 (5%) horses, mostly 2-4 years of age, and in two foals 3 and 6 weeks old. During the period between March 1993 and June 1994, systematic and repeated observation was aimed at a group of 38 racing horses two up to four years of age from two studs in the surroundings of Prague. In one of these studs Giardia spp. cysts were found in 7 horses (35%) out of a total of 20 animals. During bacteriological examination of horses infected with Giardia carried out parallely, only in one animal pathogenic bacteria Rhodococcus equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus were detected in the excrements. After the application of Entizole (following discontinuation of the preparation on days 4 and 50), however, the result of bacteriological examination was negative. The size of cysts (n = 100) was 12.8-16.0 x 9.6-11.2 microns (with the mean of 14.6 x 9.9 microns) there was no finding of free trophozoites of Giardia in the horse excrements examined. On the basis of morphological characteristics of the protozoon cysts and of the structure of median bodies (following excystation of the Giardia cysts in vitro), the intestinal flagellate found in horses can be included into the morphological group of G. intestinalis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗