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PubMed1996

Differential effects of lidocaine infusions into the ventral CA1/subiculum or the nucleus accumbens on the acquisition and retention of spatial information.

Reversible, lidocaine-induced lesions of the CA1/subicular subfield of the ventral hippocampus or the shell region of the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc.) were used to assess the roles of these structure during the acquisition and retention of a spatial response as measured by the Morris water-maze task. Acquisition and retention tests were administered over 2 phases of 6 trials, respectively. Rats receiving reversible lesions of the ventral CA1/subiculum prior to the acquisition phase of this task required significantly longer path lengths to find a hidden platform than animals which received control infusions of artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Rats with similar lesions to the N.Acc. were unimpaired. During the retention phase, 30 min after the acquisition phase, rats with prior ventral CA1/subiculum or N.Acc. lesions had similar path lengths to control animals. Lidocaine infusions into either the ventral CA1/subiculum or N.Acc. prior to the retention phase did not impair performance relative to control animals. These results suggest that the N.Acc. is not involved in either the acquisition or retention of spatial information. In contrast, the ventral CA1/subiculum does appear to be involved in the initial use of novel spatial information necessary for the performance of a spatially mediated escape response, but is not involved in the retention or retrieval of previously acquired spatial information.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1993

Biliary retention in a chronic choledocho-venous fistula in the rat: induction of portal hypertension but not of biliary cirrhosis.

In this study we investigated whether the retention of compounds which are excreted into the bile could contribute to portal hypertension in secondary biliary cirrhosis. Choledochovenous fistulas were grown in rats for 4 weeks. 6/13 of the animals had biochemical evidence of partial obstruction. Microsomal function, as measured by the aminopyrine breath test, was decreased in all animals with biliary retention while microsomal cytochrome P-450 content was decreased only in rats with evidence of obstruction. All animals with biliary retention with or without partial obstruction had portal hypertension. Animals with biliary retention and partial obstruction had hypercholeresis but decreased bile salt excretion. All animals with a chronic catheter in the biliary tree had a loss of the negative permselectivity of the sinusoidal-canalicular barrier and decreased maximal bile secretory pressure. Only animals with biochemical evidence of obstruction had moderate fibrosis and ductular proliferation as determined by stereological techniques. Unexpectedly, morphometric analysis also revealed an increase in hepatocyte mass induced by biliary retention. We conclude that bile contains a compound(s) which induces portal hypertension. This putative substance is neither bilirubin nor a bile acid since portal hypertension was also observed in animals with biliary retention without obstructive signs.

Aminopyrine↗
PubMed1999

Brain renin angiotensin system (RAS) in stress-induced analgesia and impaired retention.

Physiological stress is known to produce analgesia and memory disruption. Brain renin angiotensin system (RAS) has been reported to participate in stress response and plays a role in the processing of sensory information. Angiotensin receptors (AT), particularly AT1 subtypes have been reported to be distributed in brain areas that are intimately associated with stress response. The purpose of present study was to examine the modulation of AT1 receptor in the immobilization stress and angiotensin II (AngII)-induced analgesia and impaired retention, and to determine whether resultant behavioral changes involve common sensory signals. Result of present experiments showed that immobilization stress in mice and rats, and intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of AngII (10 and 20 ng) in rats produced an increase in tail-flick latency. Similarly, post training administration of AngII or immobilization stress produced impairment of retention tested on plus-maze learning and on passive avoidance step-down task. Both these responses were sensitive to reversal by prior treatment with losartan (10 and 20 mg/kg), an AT1 AngII receptor antagonist. On the other hand, naloxone, an opiate antagonist preferentially attenuated the stress and AngII-induced analgesia and retention deficit induced by immobilization stress, but failed to reverse the AngII induced retention deficit. These results suggest immobilization stress-induced analgesia and impaired retention involves the participation of brain RAS. Further, failure of naloxone to reverse AngII-induced retention impairment shows. AngII-induced behavioral changes are under control of different sensory inputs.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1998

Mechanism of separation on cholesterol-silica stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography as revealed by analysis of quantitative structure-retention relationships.

The retention characteristics of a newly synthesized stationary phase were determined for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography obtained by chemical immobilization of cholesterol on spherical silica gel. For a designed series of analytes the retention factors, log k, were determined at several compositions of the methanol-water mobile phase. Logarithms of retention factor corresponding to a hypothetical pure water eluent, log k(w), were calculated by extrapolation of the linear relationships of individual log k data versus volume percent of methanol. The series of 24 test analytes were characterized structurally by means of the logarithms of n-octanol-water partition coefficients, log P, by a set of the linear solvation energy relationship (LSER)-based descriptors of the polarity and bulkiness of the analytes and by structural descriptors of analyte size and polarity acquired by molecular modelling. Quantitative structure retention relationships (QSRR) were derived by multiple regression analysis using the three groups of structural descriptors of analytes and the log k(w) data determined on the new stationary phase. For the sake of comparison the corresponding QSRR equations were also derived for retention parameters determined on a standard octadecylsilica and on the so-called immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) stationary phase. The QSRR analysis clearly proved distinctive retention properties of the new cholesterol-silica stationary phase. It has been concluded that the new phase may possess valuable analytical specificity. Its application for modelling penetration of xenobiotics through biological membranes appears rather unlikely.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed2001

Gender differences in problem severity at assessment and treatment retention.

Women in treatment for substance abuse have been reported to have more severe problems at assessment than men but not to differ in treatment retention. To examine gender differences in problems at assessment, 30-day retention, and treatment completion, data from Detroit's publicly funded substance abuse treatment system were used. Women had significantly more severe problems at assessment, lower 30-day retention, and lower treatment completion rates than men. These gender differences in retention remained significant even after controlling for problem severity, primary drug of abuse, and referred treatment setting. There was no evidence of improvements in women's problems at assessment or retention over time during this period. Women presented with more severe problems at assessment and were less likely to stay in treatment for 30 days or to complete treatment than men. Monitoring gender differences in problems at presentation and retention outcomes is recommended to assess local need for interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The retention of 14C-labelled poly(acrylic acids) on gastric and oesophageal mucosa: an in vitro study.

Polymers that bind from solution onto gastric mucosa can be used either as a means of facilitating localised drug delivery, or can act as therapeutic agents in their own right (e.g. by forming a protective layer or by inhibiting enzymes). In our previous study [Int. J. Pharm. 236 (2002) 87], the binding and retention of labelled poly(acrylic acid)s on sections of gastric mucosa from pigs was evaluated using 'dynamic flow' conditions and a high molecular weight poly(acrylic acid) was found to bind most avidly. In the current study, 3% solutions of 'low', 'high' and 'ultra high' molecular weight polymers were evaluated in the 'dynamic flow' model for their ability to bind to tissues from the fundic and pyloric regions of the stomach and the oesophagus of pigs. All the polymers tested were retained on each mucosa for extended periods; the high and ultra high molecular weight polymers showed the greatest retention. Examination of the kinetics of polymer elution suggested that two fractions exist, 'bound' and 'unbound' polymer, showing differing retention profiles. The high molecular weight polymer showed the greatest retention on pyloric tissue, particularly on the upper sections. The retention of the ultra high and high molecular weight polymer was similar on the fundic and oesophageal mucosa, and the distribution was even across the tissue. It was concluded that poly(acrylic acid) binding from solution presents a therapeutic opportunity, and the differences in binding and retention of the polymers on the different mucosae could present an opportunity for targeting.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2001

Selective intracellular retention of extracellular matrix proteins and chaperones associated with pseudoachondroplasia.

Mutations in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) gene result in pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH), which is a chondrodysplasia characterized by early-onset osteoarthritis and short stature. COMP is a secreted pentameric glycoprotein that belongs to the thrombospondin family of proteins. We have identified a novel missense mutation which substitutes a glycine for an aspartic acid residue in the thrombospondin (TSP) type 3 calcium-binding domain of COMP in a patient diagnosed with PSACH. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy both show abnormal retention of COMP within characteristically enlarged rER inclusions of PSACH chondrocytes, as well as retention of fibromodulin, decorin and types IX, XI and XII collagen. Aggrecan and types II and VI collagen were not retained intracellularly within the same cells. In addition to selective extracellular matrix components, the chaperones HSP47, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and calnexin were localized at elevated levels within the rER vesicles of PSACH chondrocytes, suggesting that they may play a role in the cellular retention of mutant COMP molecules. Whether the aberrant rER inclusions in PSACH chondrocytes are a direct consequence of chaperone-mediated retention of mutant COMP or are otherwise due to selective intracellular protein interactions, which may in turn lead to aggregation within the rER, is unclear. However, our data demonstrate that retention of mutant COMP molecules results in the selective retention of ECM molecules and molecular chaperones, indicating the existence of distinct secretory pathways or ER-sorting mechanisms for matrix molecules, a process mediated by their association with various molecular chaperones.

Aggrecans↗
PubMed2002

Lung surgery: identifying the subgroup at risk for sputum retention.

OBJECTIVES: Sputum retention after lung surgery is a potentially lethal condition, which can progress to atelectasis, pneumonia and respiratory failure requiring ventilatory support. Previous studies have concentrated on the treatment of postoperative respiratory complications but few have studied the risk factors for sputum retention. This prospective study was designed to identify the risk factors which may lead to the development of sputum retention after lung surgery. METHODS: Three hundred sixty-one patients underwent lung surgery between January 1997 and December 1999 in a specialist Thoracic Surgery Unit (pneumonectomy, lobectomy, wedge or segmental resection, bullectomy, etc). Preoperative and intraoperative data collected prospectively included potential risk factors: chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)<50%, current smokers, ischaemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVA), resection of phrenic or recurrent laryngeal nerve, or absence of regional analgesia. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed. RESULTS: Sputum related complications occurred in 108 patients (30%). There were 17 deaths of which nine were due to complications related to sputum retention. Univariate analysis confirmed current smokers (n=128), COAD (n=103), IHD (n=41), prior history of CVA (n=16), FEV1<50% (n=48), and absence of regional anaesthesia as significant risk factors (P<0.01). The multivariate analysis confirmed current smokers, IHD and absence of regional anaesthesia as risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: A subgroup of lung surgery patients at high risk for postoperative sputum retention can be predicted by the presence of one of the following criteria: current smokers, history of COAD, CVA, or IHD, and absence of regional analgesia. Prophylactic measures should be considered in this group to reduce the incidence of sputum retention.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Carpet properties that affect the retention of cat allergen.

BACKGROUND: Although the importance of carpeting on airborne levels of cat allergen (Fel d 1) has been demonstrated, no studies have been performed to determine specific properties of carpet that may affect its retention and removal. OBJECTIVES: This study characterizes factors that affect the retention of cat allergen on tufted carpets. The experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the amount of allergen-containing dust recovered from vacuum samples of tufted carpet sources was dependent on micro (fiber) or macro (construction) retention properties of carpets. METHODS: Twenty-six types of custom manufactured carpet were spiked and embedded with reference dust containing Fel d 1. A standardized vacuum surface sampler was used to recover dust from the samples. Allergen was assayed using a standard, monoclonal antibody ELISA. RESULTS: Carpet-surface area and fluorocarbon-fiber treatments were found to have the largest effects on retention and recovery of cat allergen. The style per se of a carpet, such as loop or cut pile, does not affect allergen retention. These results are generally in agreement with previous studies on dust mite allergen retention. CONCLUSIONS: Carpets that are easiest to clean would have the following properties for release of cat allergen and in this order: low pile density and height, fluorocarbon coating of fibers, high denier per filament, and a fiber shape with a low surface area.

Allergens↗
PubMed2003

Precise gas chromatography with retention time locking in comprehensive toxicological screening for drugs in blood.

The long-term precision of three retention parameters, the absolute retention time (RT), the relative retention time related to dibenzepin (RRT), and the internal retention index based on the alkylfluoroaniline series (RI), were studied with 14 basic drugs on HP-5 and DB-17 columns with and without the use of the retention time locking option (RTL). Using the constant flow mode in all experiments, the RTL method was found to produce superior precision with all three retention parameters compared to the non-RTL method on each column. The results showed that RTL offers a significant advantage within a single instrument method, not only between methods, with CV<0.1% by RRT. Consequently, a dual-column gas chromatographic procedure with nitrogen-phosphorus detection was described for comprehensive screening for basic drugs in 1-ml whole blood samples. The method consisted of one-step liquid-liquid extraction with butyl acetate, identification using RRT in the RTL mode, and quantification based on single point calibration. The method allowed reliable screening and quantification of 124 basic drugs at therapeutic and toxic concentration levels in autopsy blood.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2000

QSRR prediction of chromatographic retention of ethynyl-substituted PAH from semiempirically computed solute descriptors.

Retention prediction of 12 ethynyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their six unsubstituted parent compounds has been elucidated by the application of quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) analysis. Retention data of the PAH were obtained from reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) utilizing an octadecylsilica stationary phase operated under linear-gradient elution (60:40 water/acetonitrile to pure acetonitrile in 40 min). Six solute descriptors (moment of inertia, total energy, polarizability, ionization potential, dipole moment, subpolarity), computed from the optimized semiempirical AM1, MNDO, and PM3 solute geometries, were examined. Results from one-parameter QSRR analysis showed that retention of solutes was best predicted with solute polarizability as the parameter, computed from the AM1-(r = 0.969), MNDO-(r = 0.970), or PM3 (r = 0.967)-optimized solute geometries. From two-parameter QSRR analysis involving a size-specific parameter accompanied by a polarity parameter, it was found that solute retention was best reproduced by using solute polarizability and subpolarity as the parameters calculated from the AM1-(r = 0.983), MNDO-(r = 0.983), or PM3 (r = 0.984)-optimized solute geometries. On the basis of the results from both one-parameter and two-parameter regression analysis, the two-parameter QSRR equation with polarizability and subpolarity as parameters was found to be the best relation in relating solute molecular structure to retention under the HPLC conditions investigated. The results obtained in this study are of significance to predicting the identify of unknown product components based solely on parameters derived from solute structure.

Alkynes↗
PubMed2001

Prediction of retention in micellar electrokinetic chromatography from solute structure. 1. Sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles.

Like other chromatographic techniques, retention factor, k, in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is directly related to solute partition coefficient and the chromatographic phase ratio as k = Kphi. Unlike conventional chromatography, however, the phase ratio and partition coefficient can be accurately determined in MEKC for a given micellar pseudostationary phase. This means that retention factor in MEKC can be predicted for solutes with known micelle-water partition coefficients without any prior experimentation. In this paper, the use of this simple relationship for prediction of retention behavior in MEKC is examined. The principle of additivity of functional group contribution to partitioning is used to calculate the micelle-water partition coefficient, Kmw, for SDS micellar pseudophase. The micellar substituent constants for 20 functional groups (training set) were determined. Using these substituent constants, the Kmw and retention factors for a group of 80 neutral solutes (test set) were predicted. The linear plot of predicted versus observed log k had an R2 = 0.97 and a slope equal to 1.01. It is shown that the retention times (thus chromatograms) in MEKC can be predicted from the calculated retention factors after only one initial experiment to measure teo and t(mc) under the experimental conditions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Retention indexes for temperature-programmed gas chromatography of polychlorinated biphenyls.

A noninteger retention index was defined based on a series of PCB internal standards, namely congeners 8 (2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl), 31 (2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl), 44 (2,2',3,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl), 101 (2,2',4,5,5'-pentachlorobiphenyl), 138 (2,2',3,4,4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl), 180 (2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorobiphenyl), and 194 (2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5'-octachlorobiphenyl). These retention index markers are common congeners present in technical mixtures and most environmental samples, and they show a linear dependence of retention time on the number of chlorine atoms, in the temperature-programmed analysis. The index values are calculated with a single regression equation instead of the Van den Dool and Kratz equation. The retention indexes of all 209 PCBs on two commonly used columns (DB-XLB and DB-5), as well as on a supplementary column of DB-17 in capillary gas chromatography, were determined using this system. The reliability of the retention index is quite good, with the average 95% confidence limits for three measurements on each PCB being +/-0.1 index unit under the same chromatographic conditions and +/-0.4 index unit under different column head pressures. The effect of heating rate of the programmed runs on the retention index was also investigated. The inversion of the elution order of some congener pairs on the DB-XLB column for different temperature heating rates was observed. Our index values were compared with those of Castello and Testini.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1997

Ion exclusion chromatography: parameters influencing retention.

Ion Exclusion Chromatography (IEC) finds application in the separation of a wide range of small, neutral or partially ionized molecules. In IEC, the strong as well as weak electrolytes are eluted unseparated, the first at the beginning and the latter at the end of the elution. The retention volumes of the remaining electrolytes are found to be proportional to their dissociation constant values. The dead and inner volumes of the chromatographic column can be determined from the observed dependence of retention volumes on dissociation constant values. The retention mechanism is described by the analytical equations and by the results obtained from the computer simulation of the column performance (using global thermodynamic and chromatographic equations or the Craig method). The mixed retention mechanism involving hydrophobic adsorption and screening effect is observed for weak electrolytes and aromatic compounds. Aromatic compounds are found to be retained almost solely by a reverse-phase mechanism involving interaction of the solute with the unfunctionalized regions of the stationary phase. The purpose of this paper is to survey the field. Using theoretical and experimental approaches, I show how different parameters can influence ion-exclusion solute retention. Although this retention is affected by the physicochemical parameters of the sorbent, stationary and mobile phases especially, this study primarily deals with the structural solute parameters, stationary phase form and column temperature, that have had little or no discussion in literature.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

The effect of retention on orthodontic relapse after the use of small continuous or discontinuous forces. An experimental study in beagle dogs.

Relapse is a major concern in orthodontics for which avoidance retention is the general procedure. However, the effect of retention on relapse after active tooth movement with different force regimes has never been studied in a standardized experimental setting. Mandibular third premolars were extracted in 19 young adult beagle dogs. Three months later, the second premolars were bodily moved distally with forces of 10 cN or 25 cN. The forces were applied for 24 h d-1 or for 16 h d-1. After 4 months, relapse was allowed in half of the animals, while in the others relapse was preceded by retention for 90 d. Statistical analyses were performed on the relation between force regime, active tooth movement, retention, and relapse. Force magnitude had no effect on relapse, while continuous forces resulted in a longer-lasting and more pronounced relapse than did discontinuous forces. A significant positive correlation was found between the amount of active tooth movement and both the rate and the total amount of relapse, but not between the amount of active tooth movement and the duration of the relapse. Retention had no effect on the duration of the relapse, but it strongly decreased its total amount. Finally, the effect of retention on the amount of relapse was strongly correlated with the amount of active tooth movement.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Carcinoembryonic antigen: enhancement of liver colonisation through retention of human colorectal carcinoma cells.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is an oncofetal antigen whose function in the progression of colorectal carcinoma remains unclear although recent studies suggest it participates in homotypic cellular adhesion. We have previously shown that 40 micrograms of CEA injected intravenously into athymic nude mice enhances experimental metastasis in liver and lung by two human colorectal carcinoma cell lines that are injected intrasplenically 30 min later. The metastatic potential of another three moderately to highly metastatic colorectal carcinoma cell lines and of one weakly metastatic line has now been analysed in this model. CEA pretreatment only enhanced colony formation by cell lines that were weakly metastatic in untreated nude mice; it did not affect experimental metastasis by highly metastatic lines. CEA pretreatment enhanced the retention of 125I Idudr-labelled weakly metastatic tumour cells within the liver and lungs 4 h after intrasplenic injection but not the retention of highly metastatic tumour cells or inert latex beads. A significant correlation existed between the formation of experimental metastases and the early retention of tumour cells within the liver after intrasplenic injection. Aggregation did not appear to be important for retention in liver because CEA did not aggregate colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro. Also CEA did not alter natural host effector cell function in a cytolysis assay in vitro. We suggest that CEA facilitates liver colonisation by three of eight human colorectal carcinomas in athymic nude mice by increasing the hepatic retention of tumour cells. The potential mechanisms by which CEA may increase the retention of tumour cells in the liver are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Ischemia increases neutrophil retention and worsens acute renal failure: role of oxygen metabolites and ICAM 1.

UNLABELLED: The role of neutrophils in acute renal failure (ARF) is controversial. Although ARF occurs in neutropenic subjects, we found that ischemic kidneys activated neutrophils to cause ARF in isolated perfused rat kidneys. To further define the interaction between neutrophils and renal ischemia, we performed quantitative assessment of neutrophil accumulation during renal ischemia. Non-ischemic and ischemic rat kidneys were perfused by the isolated kidney technique with unstimulated, primed, or fully activated, indium-labeled neutrophils. Neutrophil accumulation was quantitated by measuring indium retention after 60 minutes of perfusion. In non-ischemic kidneys, only activated neutrophils were retained while after 20 minutes of renal ischemia, unstimulated as well as primed neutrophils were retained. Following 10 minutes of ischemia, primed neutrophils (but not unstimulated neutrophils) were retained. In the presence of neutrophil retention, there were decreases in GFR and tubular sodium reabsorption. To determine the role of ICAM 1 in ischemic injury, rats were treated with anti-ICAM 1 prior to ischemia and ischemic kidneys were reperfused with unstimulated neutrophils and anti-ICAM 1. After ischemia, the neutrophil component of reperfusion injury in isolated kidneys was prevented with anti-ICAM 1. Oxygen metabolites have been shown to induce EC expression of ICAM 1. To determine the role of ICAM 1 in oxidant-mediated renal injury, ischemic isolated kidneys were reperfused with catalase (CAT) and non-ischemic kidneys were perfused with hydrogen peroxide. Following ischemia, reperfusion with CAT prevented neutrophil retention and injury. In non-ischemic kidneys, hydrogen peroxide caused primed neutrophil retention, activation and renal injury which were completely prevented with anti-ICAM 1. IN CONCLUSION: (1) Ischemic kidneys cause neutrophil retention, activation, and worsening of renal injury in isolated kidneys; and 2) neutrophil retention is dependent on the state of neutrophil activation, duration of renal ischemia and is mediated by oxygen metabolites and ICAM 1. This synergism could account for the high frequency of ARF in conditions such as sepsis where there is both renal hypoperfusion and neutrophil priming.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1997

Subject retention in a controlled clinical trial.

Threats to subject retention in a controlled clinical trial require strategies that encourage continued participation of subjects, with consideration of the effect of the strategies on the dependent variable. Methods to encourage retention must be based on sensitivity to the patient's changing condition and perspective. Primary considerations in the design and implementation of an intervention study are the acceptability of the intervention to particular patients and the compatibility of the intervention with other care activities. In addition, qualities of the research personnel and changes in patient conditions are important factors in retention of subjects. Vignettes illustrate the threats to retention and solutions used in a clinical trial. Threats to retention include the research nurse's approach and patient factors such as worries, control issues, visitors, symptoms of confusion and pain, and lack of cooperation. Retention strategies include supporting and educating research nurses, providing empathy and respect, including patients in decisions, negotiating with visitors, alleviating symptoms, and supporting a plan of care consistent with both the research protocol and the patient's recovery. While providing a similar approach to all groups, experimental researchers in a variable clinical environment must also provide some individualization and communication to retain valuable subjects who are ill.

Adult↗