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PubMed2004

Evolution of resource competition between mutually dependent digital organisms.

We study the emergence and dynamics of competing strains of digital organisms in a world with two depletable resources. Consumption of one resource produces the other resource as a by-product, and vice versa. As a consequence, two types of mutually dependent organisms emerge that each prey on the waste product of the other. In the absence of mutations, that is, in a purely ecological setting, the abundances of the two types of organisms display a wide range of different types of oscillations, from regular oscillations with large amplitude to irregular oscillations with amplitudes ranging from small to large. In this regime, time-averaged abundance levels seem to be controlled by the relative fitness of the organisms in the absence of resources. Under mutational pressure, on the other hand, populations evolve that seem to avoid the oscillations of intermediate to large amplitudes. In this case, the relative fitness of the organisms in the presence of resources plays an important role in the time-averaged abundance levels as well.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1986

Personal and social resources in children of patients with bipolar affective disorder and children of normal control subjects.

The authors examined the personal resources (social problem-solving ability, internal locus of control, self-esteem, and self-perceived competence) and social resources (social network structure and support) in 23 children of patients with bipolar affective disorder (probands) and 33 children of normal control parents. Positive resource profiles were related to psychiatric well-being in the offspring. Nondisordered probands, in particular, demonstrated a strikingly positive profile of personal resources as well as a wide range of peer, sibling, and other kin supporters. Disordered probands had a strikingly negative set of personal resources and a relatively greater reliance on nonkin adult supporters. The absence of a supportive best friend was associated with affective disorder across offspring groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Impact of multiple-family groups for outpatients with schizophrenia on caregivers' distress and resources.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of multiple-family group treatment on distress and psychosocial resources among family caregivers of persons with schizophrenia. METHODS: A total of 97 consumers with schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder and their caregivers were randomly assigned to receive multiple-family group treatment (N=53) or standard psychiatric outpatient care (N=44). Reliable and valid measures were used to assess caregivers' distress, caregivers' resources, and consumers' clinical status. RESULTS: After consumers' clinical status and baseline rates of caregivers' distress and caregivers' resources were controlled for, the caregivers of consumers who received multiple-family group treatment experienced greater reductions in distress but no increases in resources compared with caregivers of consumers who received standard psychiatric care. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple-family group treatment reduced caregivers' distress but did not increase caregivers' resources relative to standard psychiatric care.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

How to search for information on transcultural nursing and health subjects: Internet and CD-ROM resources.

With the proliferation of electronic resources available to search for subjects related to transcultural nursing and health, nurses must keep abreast of computer-based tools that enable them to quickly and efficiently obtain information on a variety of topics. This article provides suggestions for narrowing and focusing a search on transcultural nursing and related subjects using key terms indexed in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, International Nursing Index, Medline, Index Medicus, and Psychological Abstracts/PsychLit. Information about accessing the Native American Resource Information Service, Education Resources Information Center, Infotrac/Expanded Academic Index, and Sociological Abstracts also is provided. In the article, selected examples of Internet sites of interest in transcultural nursing and health are identified with their universal resource locator, and they are annotated. Web sites for U.S. government agencies, organizations, and commercial groups that concern transcultural nursing and health are cited. Global transcultural health and nursing Internet resources also are included.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed2001

Frontline talk: teachers' linguistic resources when talking about mental health and illness.

Talk about mental health and mental illness was examined using Potter and Wetherell's system of discourse analysis. Participants were 8 health coordinators (teachers) from a range of New Zealand secondary schools. They were interviewed on the topics of mental health and mental illness. Verbatim transcripts from the interviews were analyzed, and three mental health and illness linguistic resources were identified: a mental health as illness resource, a mental well-being resource, and a mental illness resource. Each resource was examined, and the practical consequences of this language use was discussed in relation to the role of teachers as frontline mental health professionals.

Communication↗
PubMed2002

Immigrant women: making connections to community resources for support in family caregiving.

The purpose of this ethnographic study was to understand how immigrant women caregivers accessed support from community resources and identify the barriers to this support. The study included 29 Chinese and South Asian women caring for an ill or disabled child or adult relative. All experienced barriers to accessing community services. Some possessed personal resources and strategies to overcome them; others remained isolated and unconnected. Family and friends facilitated connections, and a connection with one community service was often linked to several resources. Caregivers who failed to establish essential ties could not initiate access to resources, and community services lacked outreach mechanisms to identify them. These findings contribute new understanding of how immigrant women caregivers connect with community resources and confirm the impact of immigration on social networks and access to support.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Model-driven user interfaces for bioinformatics data resources: regenerating the wheel as an alternative to reinventing it.

BACKGROUND: The proliferation of data repositories in bioinformatics has resulted in the development of numerous interfaces that allow scientists to browse, search and analyse the data that they contain. Interfaces typically support repository access by means of web pages, but other means are also used, such as desktop applications and command line tools. Interfaces often duplicate functionality amongst each other, and this implies that associated development activities are repeated in different laboratories. Interfaces developed by public laboratories are often created with limited developer resources. In such environments, reducing the time spent on creating user interfaces allows for a better deployment of resources for specialised tasks, such as data integration or analysis. Laboratories maintaining data resources are challenged to reconcile requirements for software that is reliable, functional and flexible with limitations on software development resources. RESULTS: This paper proposes a model-driven approach for the partial generation of user interfaces for searching and browsing bioinformatics data repositories. Inspired by the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) of the Object Management Group (OMG), we have developed a system that generates interfaces designed for use with bioinformatics resources. This approach helps laboratory domain experts decrease the amount of time they have to spend dealing with the repetitive aspects of user interface development. As a result, the amount of time they can spend on gathering requirements and helping develop specialised features increases. The resulting system is known as Pierre, and has been validated through its application to use cases in the life sciences, including the PEDRoDB proteomics database and the e-Fungi data warehouse. CONCLUSION: MDAs focus on generating software from models that describe aspects of service capabilities, and can be applied to support rapid development of repository interfaces in bioinformatics. The Pierre MDA is capable of supporting common database access requirements with a variety of auto-generated interfaces and across a variety of repositories. With Pierre, four kinds of interfaces are generated: web, stand-alone application, text-menu, and command line. The kinds of repositories with which Pierre interfaces have been used are relational, XML and object databases.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed2006

A survey of the use of electronic scientific information resources among medical and dental students.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate medical and dental students' utilization of electronic information resources. METHODS: A web survey sent to 837 students (49.9% responded). RESULTS: Twenty-four per cent of medical students and nineteen per cent of dental students searched MEDLINE 2+ times/month for study purposes, and thiry-two per cent and twenty-four per cent respectively for research. Full-text articles were used 2+ times/month by thirty-three per cent of medical and ten per cent of dental students. Twelve per cent of respondents never utilized either MEDLINE or full-text articles. In multivariate models, the information-searching skills among students were significantly associated with use of MEDLINE and full-text articles. CONCLUSION: Use of electronic resources differs among students. Forty percent were non-users of full-text articles. Information-searching skills are correlated with the use of electronic resources, but the level of basic PC skills plays not a major role in using these resources. The student data shows that adequate training in information-searching skills will increase the use of electronic information resources.

Computer Literacy↗
PubMed2001

The organisational and human resource challenges facing primary care trusts: protocol of a multiple case study.

BACKGROUND: The study is designed to assess the organisational and human resource challenges faced by Primary Care Trusts (PCTs). Its objectives are to: specify the organisational and human resources challenges faced by PCTs in fulfilling the roles envisaged in government and local policy; examine how PCTs are addressing these challenges, in particular, to describe the organisational forms they have adopted, and the OD/HR strategies and initiatives they have planned or in place; assess how effective these structures, strategies and initiatives have been in enabling the PCTs to meet the organisational and human resources challenges they face; identify the factors, both internal to the PCT and in the wider health community, which have contributed to the success or failure of different structures, strategies and initiatives. METHODS: The study will be undertaken in three stages. In Stage 1 the key literature on public sector and NHS organisational development and human resources management will be reviewed, and discussions will be held with key researchers and policy makers working in this area. Stage 2 will focus on detailed case studies in six PCTs designed to examine the organisational and human resources challenges they face. Data will be collected using semi-structured interviews, group discussion, site visits, observation of key meetings and examination of local documentation. The findings from the case study PCTs will be cross checked with a Reference Group of up to 20 other PCG/Ts, and key officers working in organisational development or primary care at local, regional and national level. In Stage 3 analysis of findings from the preparatory work, the case studies and the feedback from the Reference Group will be used to identify practical lessons for PCTs, key messages for policy makers, and contributions to further theoretical development.

Decision Making, Organizational↗
PubMed2003

The interface between health sector reform and human resources in health.

The relationship between health sector reform and the human resources issues raised in that process has been highlighted in several studies. These studies have focused on how the new processes have modified the ways in which health workers interact with their workplace, but few of them have paid enough attention to the ways in which the workers have influenced the reforms.The impact of health sector reform has modified critical aspects of the health workforce, including labor conditions, degree of decentralization of management, required skills and the entire system of wages and incentives. Human resources in health, crucial as they are in implementing changes in the delivery system, have had their voice heard in many subtle and open ways - reacting to transformations, supporting, blocking and distorting the proposed ways of action.This work intends to review the evidence on how the individual or collective actions of human resources are shaping the reforms, by spotlighting the reform process, the workforce reactions and the factors determining successful human resources participation. It attempts to provide a more powerful way of predicting the effects and interactions in which different "technical designs" operate when they interact with the human resources they affect. The article describes the dialectic nature of the relationship between the objectives and strategies of the reforms and the objectives and strategies of those who must implement them.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

BioAfrica's HIV-1 proteomics resource: combining protein data with bioinformatics tools.

Most Internet online resources for investigating HIV biology contain either bioinformatics tools, protein information or sequence data. The objective of this study was to develop a comprehensive online proteomics resource that integrates bioinformatics with the latest information on HIV-1 protein structure, gene expression, post-transcriptional/post-translational modification, functional activity, and protein-macromolecule interactions. The BioAfrica HIV-1 Proteomics Resource http://bioafrica.mrc.ac.za/proteomics/index.html is a website that contains detailed information about the HIV-1 proteome and protease cleavage sites, as well as data-mining tools that can be used to manipulate and query protein sequence data, a BLAST tool for initiating structural analyses of HIV-1 proteins, and a proteomics tools directory. The Proteome section contains extensive data on each of 19 HIV-1 proteins, including their functional properties, a sample analysis of HIV-1HXB2, structural models and links to other online resources. The HIV-1 Protease Cleavage Sites section provides information on the position, subtype variation and genetic evolution of Gag, Gag-Pol and Nef cleavage sites. The HIV-1 Protein Data-mining Tool includes a set of 27 group M (subtypes A through K) reference sequences that can be used to assess the influence of genetic variation on immunological and functional domains of the protein. The BLAST Structure Tool identifies proteins with similar, experimentally determined topologies, and the Tools Directory provides a categorized list of websites and relevant software programs. This combined database and software repository is designed to facilitate the capture, retrieval and analysis of HIV-1 protein data, and to convert it into clinically useful information relating to the pathogenesis, transmission and therapeutic response of different HIV-1 variants. The HIV-1 Proteomics Resource is readily accessible through the BioAfrica website at: http://bioafrica.mrc.ac.za/proteomics/index.html.

Africa↗
PubMed2006

Complementary and alternative medicine: oncology nurses' experiences, educational interests, and resources.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe oncology nurses' experiences with patients communicating interest in or use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies along with oncology nurses' CAM resources and educational interests. DESIGN: National mailed survey. SETTING: A national medical center and research institute. SAMPLE: A random sample of 850 Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) members who are RNs involved in direct patient care. METHODS: Respondents completed a demographic questionnaire and the Nurse Complementary and Alternative Medicine Knowledge and Attitude Survey. Initial analysis compared the demographics of the sample to the ONS membership. Descriptive analysis was used to further describe nurses' experiences with patients communicating interest in or use of CAM, nurses' interest in CAM education, and nurses' use of CAM resources. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Experiences, resources, interests, and CAM therapies. FINDINGS: Oncology nurses reported their experiences with patients who communicated interest in or use of CAM therapies. Respondents demonstrated considerable interest in learning more about specific CAM therapies and used a variety of resources to find information on CAM therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing oncology nurses' experiences, resources used, and interest in learning about CAM therapies is the first step in determining the learning needs of oncology nurses in the direct patient care environment. The next step is to obtain baseline information on oncology nurses' CAM knowledge and attitudes for developing and providing appropriate education. CAM education will provide nurses with knowledge to support and advocate for their patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Oncology nurses are the bridge to help patients safely integrate evidence-based CAM therapies into conventional treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of electronic versus print format and different reading resources on knowledge acquisition in the third-year medicine clerkship.

BACKGROUND: Many medical students have access to electronic and print resources. It is not known if the format or the choice of resources effects knowledge acquisition over an entire clerkship. PURPOSE: To determine if the format (electronic or print) or choice of reading materials is associated with knowledge acquisition during the 3-year internal medicine clerkship. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study. During the last week of the clerkship, students took the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) exam and completed a survey ranking the reading materials used. RESULTS: One hundred and fourteen 3rd-year internal medicine clerkship students participated. The most commonly reported resources were UpToDate (99%), a review or question book (93%), and Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (82%). Multivariate analysis showed a significant beneficial effect of any use of Harrison's (linear regression, p < .04, absolute difference 3 points, SD = 1.4) on NBME score. The format of the most important resource-electronic (61%) or print (39%)-did not predict the NBME score, p > .80. CONCLUSIONS: The format (electronic or print) of resources did not appear to effect NBME score in the medicine clerkship. A secondary analysis showed the use of Harrison's textbook was associated with improved knowledge acquisition.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Grammatical and resource components of sentence processing in Parkinson's disease: an fMRI study.

BACKGROUND: Sentence comprehension requires linguistic processing as well as cognitive resources such as working memory (WM) and information-processing speed (IPS). The authors hypothesize that sentence comprehension difficulty in patients with mild PD is due to degradation of the large-scale neural network that supports cognitive resources during sentence processing. OBJECTIVE: To understand the neural basis for sentence comprehension difficulty in PD. METHOD: Regional brain activity with blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI was monitored while seven PD patients and nine healthy seniors answered a simple probe about written sentences that vary in their grammatical and cognitive resource properties. RESULTS: Healthy seniors recruited posterolateral temporal and ventral inferior frontal regions of the left hemisphere, brain regions associated with grammatical processing that were also activated by PD patients. Healthy seniors also recruited left dorsal inferior frontal, right posterolateral temporal, and striatal regions that are associated with cognitive resources during sentence processing. Direct contrasts showed that striatal, anteromedial prefrontal, and right temporal regions are recruited to a significantly lesser degree in PD, but these patients have increased activation of right inferior frontal and left posterolateral temporal-parietal areas during sentence comprehension. CONCLUSION: These findings associate impaired sentence comprehension in PD with interruption of a large-scale network important for cognitive resources during sentence processing. These results also imply compensatory up-regulation of cortical activity that allows patients with mild PD to maintain sentence comprehension accuracy.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Intraoperative resource utilization in anesthesia for liver transplantation in the United States: a survey.

UNLABELLED: Among the intraoperative resources expended for liver transplantation, laboratory tests, personnel, high-flow infusion devices, high-tech monitoring equipment, and veno-venous bypass vary from institution to institution. Although of obvious interest to the anesthesia liver transplantation community and others, little is known regarding current utilization of these resources on a national level. To determine the resource utilization among liver transplantation centers in the United States, we conducted a national survey between April and July 2002. Results were stratified according to pediatric versus adult recipient populations and transplantation case volume. Of 99 centers that received the survey by mail, 66 (66.6%) responded. Pediatric liver transplantation programs were distinctly different in personnel, equipment, monitoring, and veno-venous bypass utilization when compared with adult or mixed-age programs. Among laboratory studies, statistically significant trends emerged for fewer intraoperative determinations of the activated clotting time, magnesium, and phosphate with increasing transplantation volume. The results describe national practice patterns and may be useful for programs to compare their approaches and develop clinical pathways. There is wide variation of resource use between centers. The survey results do not consistently correlate with the few recommendations found in the current literature. IMPLICATIONS: Currently no comprehensive data are available describing the intraoperative use of laboratory tests, personnel, infusion and perfusion equipment, monitoring technology, and veno-venous bypass by liver transplantation programs. These postal survey results provide an overview of utilization of these resources in anesthesia for liver transplantation.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

From phenotype to genotype: issues in navigating the available information resources.

OBJECTIVES: As part of an investigation of connecting health professionals and the lay public to both disease and genomic information, we assessed the availability and nature of the data from the Human Genome Project relating to human genetic diseases. METHODS: We focused on a set of single gene diseases selected from main topics in MEDLINEplus, the NLM's principal resource focused on consumers. We used publicly available websites to investigate specific questions about the genes and gene products associated with the diseases. We also investigated questions of knowledge and data representation for the information resources and navigational issues. RESULTS: Many online resources are available but they are complex and technical. The major challenges encountered when navigating from phenotype to genotype were (1) complexity of the data, (2) dynamic nature of the data, (3) diversity of foci and number of information resources, and (4) lack of use of standard data and knowledge representation methods. CONCLUSIONS: Three major informatics issues arise from the navigational challenges. First, the official gene names are insufficient for navigation of these web resources. Second, navigational inconsistencies arise from difficulties in determining the number and function of alternate forms of the gene or gene product and maintaining currency with this information. Third, synonymy and polysemy cause much confusion. These are severe obstacles to computational navigation from phenotype to genotype, especially for individuals who are novices in the underlying science. Tools and standards to facilitate this navigation are sorely needed.

Databases, Genetic↗
PubMed1997

Home care resource consumption and patient outcomes: what are the relationships?

This study examined empirical relationships between measures of home care resource consumption and patient outcome measures in a sample of 201 patients who began new episodes of home care with one of ten Medicare-certified home care agencies in Ohio. We found that, while the total volume of home care resource consumption (i.e., total visits and costs) was similar for patients whose episodes ended with discharge at home vs. hospitalization, patients discharged to hospitals consumed home care resources in a much shorter period of time. We also found that resource consumption patterns were very similar regardless of whether patients improved or declined in clinical and functional health during the episode of home care. Results suggest that home care agencies should carefully project both resource consumption and patient outcome targets when negotiating service contracts with managed care organizations, especially for Medicare patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Linking patch-use behavior, resource density, and growth expectations in fish.

Optimality theory rests on the assumptions that short-term foraging decisions are driven by variation in environmental quality, and that these decisions have important implications for long-term fitness. These assumptions, however, are rarely tested in a field setting. We linked behavioral foraging decisions in food patches with measures of environmental quality covering larger spatial (resource density) or temporal (growth parameters) scales. In 10 lakes, we measured the food density at which benthic fish give up foraging in experimental food patches (giving-up density, GUD), quantified the biomass of benthic invertebrates, and calculated the maximum individual size (L(infinity)) of bream (Abramis brama L.), a typical benthivore in these lakes. We found positive relationships between resource density and both GUD and L(infinity), and a positive relationship between L(infinity) and GUD. Prey characterized as vulnerable to predation contributed most to the relationships between resource density and either GUD or L(infinity). A path analysis showed that resource density and L(infinity) directly explained 54% and 28%, respectively, of the variation in GUD, whereas 86% of the variation in L(infinity) was explained by resource density, with mostly indirect contribution from GUD. We conclude that the short-term foraging behavior of benthivores matched our expectations based on optimality theory by being positively linked to variables on environmental quality operating at both a larger spatial scale and a longer temporal scale.

Animals↗