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PubMed1997

Family planning in the 21st century: perspective of the International Planned Parenthood Federation.

Many women still die as a result of pregnancy or childbirth and yet there are an increasing number of women who wish to regulate their fertility and space or limit their child-bearing. This paper, outlining some success stories, elucidates the family planning challenges and identifies key messages to indicate the role that IPPF can play in the 21st century. Issues such as advocacy for sexual and reproductive health and rights, increased male participation, serving the interests of marginalized groups, appropriate technology, quality of care and cooperation between various partners, all need to be addressed to improve sexual and reproductive health including family planning in the 21st century.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2006

Special needs of adolescent and young women in accessing reproductive health: promoting partnerships between young people and health care providers.

This article considers the unique challenges and opportunities that health care providers (HCPs) face when they address the sexual and reproductive health and rights of young women accessing services. Some of the difficulties that HCPs encounter in their work are highlighted, including poor remuneration, the impact of their personal biases and the effect of an under-equipped working environment. The financial, logistical and emotional challenges young people face in accessing services are also described, as well as some small changes that could promote fruitful partnerships between HCPs and their young clientele. Also considered is how international documents concerning reproductive health can be utilized as advocacy tools to ensure that, when governments speak of making young people's needs a priority, resources are also made a priority-so that reproductive health can become a reality for all young people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Different outcomes of sperm competition in right and left sides of the female reproductive tract revealed by thymidine-3H-labeled spermatozoa in the rat.

We attempted to record directly the results of sperm competition between two male rats in samples from female reproductive tracts. Gametes of 7 male rats were labeled in vivo by repeated injections of thymidine-6-3H. 33 females were mated successively with one of the injected males and with a noninjected male, or vice versa. Samples of the resulting sperm mixtures were recovered from both the uterine horns and the oviducts of the females. Pure samples of the injected males' sperm were obtained from uterine horns of females mated solely to them. Smears of samples were evaluated autoradiographically. Except for one male, the injections resulted in a broad peak of sperm labeling with maximum intensity on days 56-58 postinjection. This labeling enabled the assessing of contribution of either male to uterine and tubal sperm in the competitive matings. The injections did not influence competitive ability of male gametes in terms of sperm transport to horns or oviducts. The outcomes of sperm competition were significantly different in the right and left sides in most female subjects. Nevertheless, the outcomes were usually similar in a horn and a tube on the same side of the body. In vivo sperm labeling appears to be a useful method in the study of rodent sperm competition.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Implications of bride price on domestic violence and reproductive health in Wakiso District, Uganda.

OBJECTIVE: Bride price payment is a gender issue with implications on gender relations in different socio-cultural contexts. It also impacts Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights. In a qualitative study on the perceptions of domestic violence in Wakiso district, payment of bride price emerged as one of the key factors associated with domestic violence. The study explored experiences, motivations, meanings, consequences and reproductive health implications of bride price payment in Wakiso district Uganda. METHODS: 10 single-sex focus group discussions and 14 in-depth interviews were conducted in Wakiso and Nangabo sub-counties, Wakiso district from July 2003 through March 2004. Data was analyzed by thematic content analysis, assisted by Easy Text software for data retrieval. FINDINGS: Participants perceived bride price as indicating that a woman was 'bought' into the man's household, which reduced her household decision-making roles. It limited women's independence and perpetuated unequal gender power relations, especially regarding health-seeking behaviour. CONCLUSION: Bride price payment is a contextual factor that the community in Wakiso District, Uganda, perceived as associated with domestic violence, with serious sexual and reproductive health implications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Counselling about genetic disease: an Islamic perspective.

Genetic counselling is the process by which an individual or a family obtains information about a genetic condition that may affect them, so that they can take the appropriate decisions about marriage, reproduction and health management. Islamic teaching encourages counselling and stresses that the counsellor should be considerate, compassionate and should keep the secrets of the person or family involved. He/she should not impose his/her views on the clients. Some Arab countries encourage premarital medical examination to detect carriers of common hereditary diseases such as thalassaemia. However, this is still controversial, as it infringes the human rights of individuals. Reproductive options open to carriers of hereditary diseases are outlined in this paper, such as prenatal diagnosis, adoption, donation of a sperm, ova or preembryo and preimplantation diagnosis, and their acceptability within Islam is discussed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1997

The baby market.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1985

[Presentation of a new tachistoscopic test procedure for measuring functional hemisphere asymmetries of the optic field].

A newly developed tachistoscopic test using visual half-field-stimulation was tried on a clinical population of 178 primary school children. Words and geometric figures were presented. The results showed inconsistent effects of increased tiredness on the one hand and training effects on the other hand, while doing the test. The amount of asymmetry in the performance was not effected. The construction of the test was based on results of a previous study with similar items on a normal population of the same age. Therefore the items within a pair of simultaneously presented words or geometric figures in the two visual half-fields are generally of equal difficulty as perception is regarded. Therefore asymmetries in the perception are due to functional hemispheric asymmetry. Vertical oriented four-letterwords show no significant difference between reproduction from the right or left visual half-field. This discrepant finding regarding to the literature is discussed in respect of different methodology, different age distribution of the population, and different state of skills in reading and writing. Geometric figures showed marked asymmetries on the level of reproduction. Such items were much better recognized, if they were presented in the left visual half-field.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Investigation of reproductive organs of male children and juvenile of the Meng and the Han nationality in Chifeng area].

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the development and the health of reproductive organs of male children and juvenile between the Meng and the Han nationality in the Meng nationality area. METHODS: Male juvenile(4-18 years old) of the Meng nationality (n = 2,315) and the Han nationality (n = 2,832) were divided into four age groups. Height, weight, length and perimeter of penis, volume of left and right testis and reproductive organs illness were examined. RESULTS: In 13-18 years group, the developmental speed of reproductive organs was faster in Mongolia male juvenile than that in the Han nationality (P < 0.02). After 13 years old, the developmental speed of reproductive organs of male living in town is faster than that in the country (P < 0.05). Illness of male reproductive organs was common such as hernia, varicocle etc. CONCLUSIONS: There was difference of developmental status and the prevalence rate of reproductive organs of male children and juvenile between the Meng and the Han nationality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Ethics of justice and ethics of care. Values and attitudes among midwifery students on adolescent sexuality and abortion in Vietnam and their implications for midwifery education: a survey by questionnaire and interview.

UNLABELLED: Adolescent's sexuality and related reproductive health and rights problems are sensitive issues in Vietnam. Globalisation has had an impact on the lifestyles of young people, and rising numbers of abortion and STI/HIV risks among youth are posing major health concerns in the country. These problems need to be addressed. Midwives belong to a key category of health personnel in Vietnam, whose task it is to promote adolescents' sexual and reproductive health and prevent reproductive ill health. It is important to understand future midwives' perceptions and attitudes in order to improve their education and training programmes. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate Vietnamese midwifery students' values and attitudes towards adolescent sexuality, abortion and contraception and their views on professional preparation. METHODS: A quantitative survey including 235 midwifery students from four different secondary medical colleges in northern Vietnam was carried out in 2003. A qualitative study addressing similar questions was performed and 18 midwifery students were individually interviewed. FINDINGS: Findings revealed a general disapproval of adolescent pre-marital sexual relations and abortion-'an ethics of justice'-but also an empathic attitude and willingness to support young women, who bear the consequences of unwanted pregnancies and social condemnation-'an ethics of care'. Gender-based imbalance in sexual relationships, limited knowledge about reproductive health issues among youth, and negative societal attitudes were concerns expressed by the students. The students saw their future tasks mainly related to childbearing and less to other reproductive health issues, such as abortion and prevention of STI/HIV. CONCLUSION: Midwifery education in Vietnam should encourage value-reflective thinking around gender inequality and ethical dilemmas, in order to prepare midwives to address adolescents' reproductive health needs.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1994

The abortion battle: the Canadian scene.

In January 1988 the Supreme Court of Canada struck down the country's archaic abortion law on the ground that it imposed arbitrary delays and unfair disparities in access to abortion across the country. Since then, the conservative government of Canada has made a few attempts to introduce a new abortion policy, but it did not get passed in the parliament because the revised bills failed to protect women's right to 'life, liberty, and security of the person' within the meaning of the Canadian Charter. Canada has been without an abortion law for over four years and there has been a wide range of provincial policies and confusion in the country. Despite the legal vacuum, Canadian women are not frenziedly having abortions. However, the militancy of the anti-abortion groups has steadily intensified with continued assault on a woman's right to make reproductive choices. Since no law, short of banning abortions altogether, is going to satisfy abortion opponents, the abortion battle will rage on in Canada.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2000

Making legal abortion available in Brazil: partnerships in practice.

This article describes the participation of feminist groups who work in the area of women's reproductive health and rights in campaigns for the provision of legal abortion in public hospitals in Brazil. Brazilian criminal law permits therapeutic abortion in cases where pregnancy is the result of rape or poses a serious risk to the life of the woman. Today, as a result of the combined efforts of feminists, health professionals and policymakers, more than 20 hospitals in Brazil are officially permitted to perform therapeutic abortions within the existing law. A model programme has also been developed to train service providers to do legal abortions, where the agreement of a hospital board can be obtained. This training has also improved care for illegally obtained, incomplete abortions in those hospitals but not in hospitals where doctors have not been trained. Problems with lack of access and concerns about the lack of public acceptance of abortion remain. Women not only need the right to abortion but also more services and health professionals who are trained to perform abortions across the whole country.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2004

Observations on reproductive health programs in the Baltic States.

Public attention in Sweden has been drawn to three neighboring states that recently joined the European Union: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. At this historic moment, it seems instructive to look at how the rapidly reformed health sectors of these ex-Soviet republics are responding to the vision of reproductive health articulated in Cairo 10 years ago. Reproductive health and rights have improved in these states in spite of recent reforms often acting to oppose improvement. Reforms such as the introduction of family medicine need continued adjustment, especially regarding antenatal care. One special challenge is the retention of essential mid-level providers, such as midwives, as the mode of HIV transmission becomes increasingly sexual.

Baltic States↗
PubMed2004

Annual variations of adrenal gland hormones in the lizard Podarcis sicula.

The adrenal gland regulates metabolism and maintains normal electrolyte balance. Adrenal hormones are equivalent in all vertebrates; the chromaffin tissue produces adrenaline and noradrenaline and the steroidogenic tissue produces most of the steroid hormones present in mammals. Podarcis sicula belongs to the Squamata family of lizards and it is the most abundant lizard species in southern Italy. This species shows a reproductive annual cycle and the presence of seasonal variations in the activity of the hypothalamus-hypophyseal-thyroid axis. To investigate the existence of an annual cycle of lizard adrenal gland, we have measured plasma concentrations of corticosterone, ACTH, noradrenaline and adrenaline. We have shown that corticosterone rapidly increased from January to March to reach a peak value that persisted until July, then, it slowly decreased until December. ACTH levels increased from January to May and slowly decreased from July to December. Noradrenaline levels were higher in March and then decreased until December. On the contrary, adrenaline levels increased from March to July and slowly decreased until December. Our results demonstrate the existence of an annual cycle of the lizard adrenal gland activity. This is very interesting because its activity is important to rightly regulate the reproductive status of the Podarcis sicula lizard.

Adrenal Glands↗