American Red Cross nursing: essential to disaster relief.
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War, as a major human disaster, affects many aspects of life, including medical education. This report describes curricular and extracurricular activities of the students at the Zagreb University School of Medicine during the wars in Croatia and neighboring Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although condensed versions of the curricula were prepared in case of a major breakdown in civilian life, the school maintained the continuity and quality of its curriculum throughout the war. Students engaged in extracurricular activities related to medical aspects of the war, including organization of resuscitation and first aid courses, collecting medical documentation on war victims, humanitarian help to refugees, and peace-promoting activities. Some students joined mobile surgical teams on the battlefronts. After army service, most of them returned to the school and successfully continued with their studies. The school also accepted guest-students from other new states emerged from former Yugoslavia. The authors found that the students' engagement in extracurricular activities related to medicine was enormously beneficial both to the psychological well-being of the students and to the region's peace-building efforts.
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Hurricanes are often devastating for the victims. Although millions of dollars and hours are invested, relief efforts could be more effective. The purpose of this article is to utilize the lessons learned from Hurricane Mitch as a guide for holistic practice in both hurricane preparation and response planning.
On June 3, 1998, at 10:59 a.m., a high-speed train (Intercity Express, ICE) traveling at 200 kilometers per hour collided with a bridge at Eschede, Germany, causing it to collapse. The force of the collision, combined with the speed of the train's rear engine, propelled the rear wagons into the structure. The accident caused 101 deaths and 103 injuries. Four minutes after the accident, the alarm was reported; sixteen minutes after the accident, the first doctor on emergency call was on the scene, arriving from Celle, approximately twenty kilometers away. In the first four hours after the crash, different rescue organizations brought a total of 1,844 people to the accident site, including 461 ambulance personnel and paramedics. Thirty-nine aircraft, including helicopters and army aircraft, were available at the scene. Ninety-five passengers passed away on site. Many of the surviving passengers had multiple injuries and were stuck in the train; although they had to be rescued from the severely damaged wagons, all patients, with one exception, were on the way to hospitals by 12:55 p.m. The casualties were distributed among twenty-two hospitals; two victims later had to be transferred to other hospitals for medical reasons. This paper details the factors that were responsible for the success of the rescue operations at Eschede.
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